近年來，人為活動引起優養化使藻華問題日益增加，包括大量使用化肥、改變食物網結構和引進外來物種等。此外，氣候變遷的影響也提升了藻華發生的頻率。許多研究認為，超音波是抑制藻華的有效方法，但其參數尚無統一的標準。同時，過氧化氫(hydrogen peroxide, H2O2)經常被用於水處理，而過一硫酸氫鉀(potassium peroxymonosulfate, PMS)因其氧化特性，近年來受到廣泛研究。
本研究首先針對超音波對銅綠微囊藻的處理效果，以細胞完整性為標準，選擇最佳頻率，並在此頻率下進行多項實驗分析，研究其對藻類細胞的影響。接著，分別結合氧化劑H2O2及PMS進行比較，以了解超音波結合氧化劑來處理藻華問題的效能是否得以提升。最後，根據戶外條件設計一套模組，以便未來實際應用。
研究結果發現，在六個超音波頻率中(28kHz、40kHz、50kHz、72kHz、80kHz、120kHz)，28kHz對藻細胞的影響最大。經過10分鐘的處理，細胞完整性顯著降低約60%，並隨著超音波處理時間的增加而進一步降低。此外，還使用掃描式電子顯微鏡 (scanning electron microscope, SEM)及穿透式電子顯微鏡(transmission electron microscope, TEM)對藻細胞的型態與超微結構進行觀察。根據不同的實驗顯示，當藻密度越高，會減弱超音波處理藻細胞的效果，然而在傍晚時應用超音波處可能會使處理效率增加。但在具有重金屬的水體中，超音波可能會造成藻類吸附或累積的重金屬再次釋放。
根據超音波分別結合氧化劑H2O2及PMS的研究，在不同處理時間後立即觀察顯示，單獨使用超音波對藻細胞的影響最大，其次為結合氧化劑使用，最後為單獨使用氧化劑。然而，經過相同時間處理後，隨著觀察時間的延長，超音波結合氧化劑對藻細胞的影響最大，其次為單獨使用氧化劑與單獨使用超音波。這表明，單獨使用超音波會在短時間內對藻細胞產生影響，但效果有限；而結合氧化劑的使用能達到更佳效果。然而，需要注意的是，藻細胞內物質的釋放可能會對水體造成風險。

In recent years, eutrophication caused by anthropogenic factors such as excessive chemical fertilizers, changes in food web structure, and exotic species, coupled with climate change, has exacerbated algal blooms. Ultrasonic treatment is considered an effective method to inhibit algal blooms, but standardized parameters are still lacking. Additionally, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is commonly used in water treatment, while potassium peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is noted for its oxidizing properties.
This study examined the effect of ultrasonic treatment on Microcystis aeruginosa, focusing on the optimal frequency for cell integrity. Among six frequencies (28kHz, 40kHz, 50kHz, 72kHz, 80kHz, 120kHz), 28kHz was most effective, reducing cell integrity by about 60% after 10 minutes. Higher algal density reduced the ultrasonic effect, but evening applications might improve efficiency. However, ultrasonic treatment in water bodies with heavy metals may re-release these metals.
Comparing H₂O₂ and PMS combined with ultrasound, short-term results showed ultrasound alone had the greatest immediate impact on algal cells. However, over time, ultrasound combined with oxidants was most effective. This suggests that while ultrasound alone has a strong short-term effect, combining it with oxidants offers better long-term results, but caution is needed due to potential substance release from algal cells.

[1] M. L. San Diego-McGlone, R. V. Azanza, C. L. Villanoy, and G. S. Jacinto, "Eutrophic waters, algal bloom and fish kill in fish farming areas in Bolinao, Pangasinan, Philippines," Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 57, no. 6-12, pp. 295-301, 2008. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X08001811?via%3Dihub.
[2] V. Klemas, "Remote sensing of algal blooms: an overview with case studies," Journal of coastal research, vol. 28, no. 1A, pp. 34-43, 2012.
[3] K. Petropoulos et al., "Re-modeling ELISA kits embedded in an automated system suitable for on-line detection of algal toxins in seawater," Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 283, pp. 865-872, 2019.
[4] J. Huisman, G. A. Codd, H. W. Paerl, B. W. Ibelings, J. M. Verspagen, and P. M. Visser, "Cyanobacterial blooms," Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 471-483, 2018.
[5] D. J. Conley et al., "Controlling eutrophication: nitrogen and phosphorus," vol. 323, ed: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2009, pp. 1014-1015.
[6] D. J. Barrington, E. S. Reichwaldt, and A. Ghadouani, "The use of hydrogen peroxide to remove cyanobacteria and microcystins from waste stabilization ponds and hypereutrophic systems," Ecological Engineering, vol. 50, pp. 86-94, 2013.
[7] H. C. Matthijs et al., "Selective suppression of harmful cyanobacteria in an entire lake with hydrogen peroxide," Water research, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 1460-1472, 2012.
[8] S. Wacławek, H. V. Lutze, K. Grübel, V. V. Padil, M. Černík, and D. D. Dionysiou, "Chemistry of persulfates in water and wastewater treatment: A review," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 330, pp. 44-62, 2017.
[9] G. Fan, L. Cang, H. I. Gomes, and D. Zhou, "Electrokinetic delivery of persulfate to remediate PCBs polluted soils: effect of different activation methods," Chemosphere, vol. 144, pp. 138-147, 2016.
[10] P. Rajasekhar, L. Fan, T. Nguyen, and F. A. Roddick, "A review of the use of sonication to control cyanobacterial blooms," Water research, vol. 46, no. 14, pp. 4319-4329, 2012.
[11] S. T. Harrison, "Bacterial cell disruption: a key unit operation in the recovery of intracellular products," Biotechnology advances, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 217-240, 1991.
[12] X. Wu, J. Liu, and J.-J. Zhu, "Sono-Fenton hybrid process on the inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa: Extracellular and intracellular oxidation," Ultrasonics sonochemistry, vol. 53, pp. 68-76, 2019.
[13] J. Wang, Y. Wang, W. Li, and X. Wu, "Enhancement of KMnO4 treatment on cyanobacteria laden-water via 1000 kHz ultrasound at a moderate intensity," Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, p. 106502, 2023.
[14] R. Yin et al., "Enhanced peroxymonosulfate activation for sulfamethazine degradation by ultrasound irradiation: performances and mechanisms," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 335, pp. 145-153, 2018.
[15] M. Kurokawa, P. M. King, X. Wu, E. M. Joyce, T. J. Mason, and K. Yamamoto, "Effect of sonication frequency on the disruption of algae," Ultrasonics sonochemistry, vol. 31, pp. 157-162, 2016.
[16] M. Maso and E. Garcés, "Harmful microalgae blooms (HAB); problematic and conditions that induce them," Marine pollution bulletin, vol. 53, no. 10-12, pp. 620-630, 2006.
[17] R. Sun, P. Sun, J. Zhang, S. Esquivel-Elizondo, and Y. Wu, "Microorganisms-based methods for harmful algal blooms control: A review," Bioresource technology, vol. 248, pp. 12-20, 2018.
[18] M. Pivokonsky, J. Safarikova, M. Baresova, L. Pivokonska, and I. Kopecka, "A comparison of the character of algal extracellular versus cellular organic matter produced by cyanobacterium, diatom and green alga," Water research, vol. 51, pp. 37-46, 2014.
[19] L. A. Coral, A. Zamyadi, B. Barbeau, F. J. Bassetti, F. R. Lapolli, and M. Prevost, "Oxidation of Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena flos-aquae by ozone: Impacts on cell integrity and chlorination by-product formation," water research, vol. 47, no. 9, pp. 2983-2994, 2013.
[20] J. Safarikova, M. Baresova, M. Pivokonsky, and I. Kopecka, "Influence of peptides and proteins produced by cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on the coagulation of turbid waters," Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 118, pp. 49-57, 2013.
[21] S. Velten et al., "Characterization of natural organic matter adsorption in granular activated carbon adsorbers," Water research, vol. 45, no. 13, pp. 3951-3959, 2011.
[22] Y. Kong, Y. Peng, Z. Zhang, M. Zhang, Y. Zhou, and Z. Duan, "Removal of Microcystis aeruginosa by ultrasound: Inactivation mechanism and release of algal organic matter," Ultrasonics sonochemistry, vol. 56, pp. 447-457, 2019.
[23] J. Meriluoto, L. Spoof, and G. A. Codd, Handbook of cyanobacterial monitoring and cyanotoxin analysis. John Wiley & Sons, 2017.
[24] S. Merel, D. Walker, R. Chicana, S. Snyder, E. Baurès, and O. Thomas, "State of knowledge and concerns on cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins," Environment international, vol. 59, pp. 303-327, 2013.
[25] H. Sielaff et al., "The mcyF gene of the microcystin biosynthetic gene cluster from Microcystis aeruginosa encodes an aspartate racemase," Biochemical Journal, vol. 373, no. 3, pp. 909-916, 2003.
[26] L. Brennan and P. Owende, "Biofuels from microalgae—a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products," Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 557-577, 2010.
[27] C. Safi, B. Zebib, O. Merah, P.-Y. Pontalier, and C. Vaca-Garcia, "Morphology, composition, production, processing and applications of Chlorella vulgaris: A review," Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, vol. 35, pp. 265-278, 2014.
[28] P. de Morais, T. Stoichev, M. C. P. Basto, V. Ramos, V. Vasconcelos, and M. T. S. Vasconcelos, "Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa response to pentachlorophenol and comparison with that of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris," Water research, vol. 52, pp. 63-72, 2014.
[29] Z. Ma et al., "Toxic and non-toxic strains of Microcystis aeruginosa induce temperature dependent allelopathy toward growth and photosynthesis of Chlorella vulgaris," Harmful Algae, vol. 48, pp. 21-29, 2015.
[30] J. Ahmed and V. Kumar, "Effect of high-pressure treatment on oscillatory rheology, particle size distribution and microstructure of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis," Algal Research, vol. 62, p. 102617, 2022.
[31] R. Ressom and R. Ressom, Health effects of toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). National Health and Medical Research Council, 1994.
[32] J. Who and F. E. Consultation, "Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases," World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser, vol. 916, no. i-viii, pp. 1-149, 2003.
[33] N. Everall and D. Lees, "The use of barley-straw to control general and blue-green algal growth in a Derbyshire reservoir," Water Research, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 269-276, 1996.
[34] 陈贺林, 李芸, 储昭升, 叶碧碧, and 李国宏, "超声波控藻技术现状及研究进展," 环境工程技术学报, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 72-78, 2020.
[35] G. D. Cooke, E. B. Welch, S. Peterson, and S. A. Nichols, Restoration and management of lakes and reservoirs. CRC press, 2016.
[36] S. Babel and S. Takizawa, "Microfiltration membrane fouling and cake behavior during algal filtration," Desalination, vol. 261, no. 1-2, pp. 46-51, 2010.
[37] G. Zeng et al., "Comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of algae removal technology and its development status," Water, vol. 15, no. 6, p. 1104, 2023.
[38] Y. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Cui, and W. Yuan, "Ultrasound for microalgal cell disruption and product extraction: A review," Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, vol. 87, p. 106054, 2022.
[39] X. Wu, E. M. Joyce, and T. J. Mason, "The effects of ultrasound on cyanobacteria," Harmful algae, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 738-743, 2011.
[40] Y.-R. Huang, L. Li, X.-M. Wei, H.-Z. Li, J.-Y. Zeng, and R. Kuang, "An investigation of mechanisms for the enhanced coagulation removal of Microcystis aeruginosa by low-frequency ultrasound under different ultrasound energy densities," Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, vol. 69, p. 105278, 2020.
[41] P. Rajasekhar, L. Fan, T. Nguyen, and F. A. Roddick, "Impact of sonication at 20 kHz on Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena circinalis and Chlorella sp," Water Research, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 1473-1481, 2012.
[42] E. M. Joyce, X. Wu, and T. J. Mason, "Effect of ultrasonic frequency and power on algae suspensions," Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 863-866, 2010.
[43] Q. Li, X. Li, C. Zhou, C. Lu, B. Liu, and G. Wang, "Insight into oxidation and adsorption treatment of algae-laden water: Algal organic matter transformation and removal," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 420, p. 129887, 2021.
[44] W. J. Cooper, D. R. Lean, and J. H. Carey, "Spatial and temporal patterns of hydrogen peroxide in lake waters," Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 1227-1231, 1989.
[45] W. J. Cooper and R. G. Zika, "Photochemical formation of hydrogen peroxide in surface and ground waters exposed to sunlight," Science, vol. 220, no. 4598, pp. 711-712, 1983.
[46] K. Asada, "Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts and their functions," Plant physiology, vol. 141, no. 2, pp. 391-396, 2006.
[47] J. Wang and S. Wang, "Activation of persulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and application for the degradation of emerging contaminants," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 334, pp. 1502-1517, 2018.
[48] F. Ghanbari and M. Moradi, "Application of peroxymonosulfate and its activation methods for degradation of environmental organic pollutants," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 310, pp. 41-62, 2017.
[49] Z. Chen et al., "Overlooked role of peroxides as free radical precursors in advanced oxidation processes," Environmental science & technology, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 2054-2062, 2019.
[50] Z. Chen et al., "Microcystis aeruginosa removal by peroxides of hydrogen peroxide, peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate without additional activators," Water Research, vol. 201, p. 117263, 2021.
[51] J. Lee, U. Von Gunten, and J.-H. Kim, "Persulfate-based advanced oxidation: critical assessment of opportunities and roadblocks," Environmental science & technology, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 3064-3081, 2020.
[52] C.-W. Chang, X. Huo, and T.-F. Lin, "Exposure of Microcystis aeruginosa to hydrogen peroxide and titanium dioxide under visible light conditions: Modeling the impact of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical on cell rupture and microcystin degradation," Water Research, vol. 141, pp. 217-226, 2018.
[53] V. Samuilov, K. Timofeev, S. Sinitsyn, and D. Bezryadnov, "H 2 O 2-induced inhibition of photosynthetic O 2 evolution by Anabaena variabilis cells," Biochemistry (Moscow), vol. 69, pp. 926-933, 2004.
[54] M. Drábková, H. Matthijs, W. Admiraal, and B. Maršálek, "Selective effects of H 2 O 2 on cyanobacterial photosynthesis," Photosynthetica, vol. 45, pp. 363-369, 2007.
[55] G. Barroin and M. Feuillade, "Hydrogen peroxide as a potential algicide for Oscillatoria rubescens DC," Water Research, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 619-623, 1986.
[56] T. Zhou et al., "Growth suppression and apoptosis-like cell death in Microcystis aeruginosa by H2O2: a new insight into extracellular and intracellular damage pathways," Chemosphere, vol. 211, pp. 1098-1108, 2018.
[57] J. Fan, L. Ho, P. Hobson, and J. Brookes, "Evaluating the effectiveness of copper sulphate, chlorine, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide and ozone on cyanobacterial cell integrity," Water research, vol. 47, no. 14, pp. 5153-5164, 2013.
[58] Y. Allahverdiyeva et al., "Interplay between flavodiiron proteins and photorespiration in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 286, no. 27, pp. 24007-24014, 2011.
[59] L. d. S. Leite, K. J. S. Silva, D. V. dos Santos, L. P. Sabogal-Paz, and L. A. Daniel, "Algal organic matter degradation by chemical and photo-chemical processes: a comparative study," Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, vol. 233, no. 11, p. 457, 2022.
[60] X. He et al., "Efficient removal of microcystin-LR by UV-C/H2O2 in synthetic and natural water samples," Water research, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 1501-1510, 2012.
[61] Y. Su, Y. Deng, L. Zhao, and Y. Du, "Photocatalytic degradation of microcystin-LR using TiO 2 nanotubes under irradiation with UV and natural sunlight," Chinese Science Bulletin, vol. 58, pp. 1156-1161, 2013.
[62] S. Rahdar, C. A. Igwegbe, M. Ghasemi, and S. Ahmadi, "Degradation of aniline by the combined process of ultrasound and hydrogen peroxide (US/H2O2)," MethodsX, vol. 6, pp. 492-499, 2019.
[63] M. P. Gaikowski, J. J. Rach, and R. T. Ramsay, "Acute toxicity of hydrogen peroxide treatments to selected lifestages of cold-, cool-, and warmwater fish," Aquaculture, vol. 178, no. 3-4, pp. 191-207, 1999.
[64] 周明珠 and 仓龙, "过一硫酸盐的化学氧化机理及在有机污染土壤修复中应用研究进展 ①," 土壤 (Soils), vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 653-666, 2022.
[65] A. Hassani, J. Scaria, F. Ghanbari, and P. Nidheesh, "Sulfate radicals-based advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products: a review on relevant activation mechanisms, performance, and perspectives," Environmental Research, vol. 217, p. 114789, 2023.
[66] W.-S. Chen and Y.-C. Su, "Removal of dinitrotoluenes in wastewater by sono-activated persulfate," Ultrasonics sonochemistry, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 921-927, 2012.
[67] Y. Lee et al., "Activation of peroxodisulfate and peroxymonosulfate by ultrasound with different frequencies: Impact on ibuprofen removal efficient, cost estimation and energy analysis," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 413, p. 127487, 2021.
[68] H. Lee, J. Lim, M. Zhan, and S. Hong, "UV-LED/PMS preoxidation to control fouling caused by harmful marine algae in the UF pretreatment of seawater desalination," Desalination, vol. 467, pp. 219-228, 2019.
[69] M. G. Antoniou, A. A. de la Cruz, and D. D. Dionysiou, "Degradation of microcystin-LR using sulfate radicals generated through photolysis, thermolysis and e− transfer mechanisms," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 96, no. 3-4, pp. 290-298, 2010.
[70] A. Adan, G. Alizada, Y. Kiraz, Y. Baran, and A. Nalbant, "Flow cytometry: basic principles and applications," Critical reviews in biotechnology, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 163-176, 2017.
[71] P. Hyka, S. Lickova, P. Přibyl, K. Melzoch, and K. Kovar, "Flow cytometry for the development of biotechnological processes with microalgae," Biotechnology advances, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 2-16, 2013.
[72] C. W. Sensen, K. Heimann, and M. Melkonian, "The production of clonal and axenic cultures of microalgae using fluorescence-activated cell sorting," European Journal of Phycology, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 93-97, 1993.
[73] B. Elisabeth, F. Rayen, and T. Behnam, "Microalgae culture quality indicators: a review," Critical reviews in biotechnology, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 457-473, 2021.
[74] G. Chen, X. Ding, and W. Zhou, "Study on ultrasonic treatment for degradation of Microcystins (MCs)," Ultrasonics sonochemistry, vol. 63, p. 104900, 2020.
[75] E.-S. Salama et al., "Algae as a green technology for heavy metals removal from various wastewater," World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 35, pp. 1-19, 2019.
[76] A. Ayele and Y. G. Godeto, "Bioremediation of chromium by microorganisms and its mechanisms related to functional groups," Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2021, pp. 1-21, 2021.
[77] A. A. Al-Homaidan, H. S. Al-Qahtani, A. A. Al-Ghanayem, F. Ameen, and I. B. Ibraheem, "Potential use of green algae as a biosorbent for hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solutions," Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 1733-1738, 2018.
[78] Y. Wang et al., "Feasibility of using Chlorella vulgaris for the removal of selenium and chromium in water: Competitive interactions with sulfur, physiological effects on algal cells and its resilience after treatment," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 313, p. 127939, 2021.
[79] L. P. Mazur, M. A. Cechinel, S. M. G. U. de Souza, R. A. Boaventura, and V. J. Vilar, "Brown marine macroalgae as natural cation exchangers for toxic metal removal from industrial wastewaters: a review," Journal of environmental management, vol. 223, pp. 215-253, 2018.
[80] M. Zupanc, Ž. Pandur, T. S. Perdih, D. Stopar, M. Petkovšek, and M. Dular, "Effects of cavitation on different microorganisms: The current understanding of the mechanisms taking place behind the phenomenon. A review and proposals for further research," Ultrasonics sonochemistry, vol. 57, pp. 147-165, 2019.
[81] M. H. Dehghani, R. R. Karri, J. R. Koduru, S. Manickam, I. Tyagi, and N. M. Mubarak, "Recent trends in the applications of sonochemical reactors as an advanced oxidation process for the remediation of microbial hazards associated with water and wastewater: A critical review," Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, vol. 94, p. 106302, 2023.
[82] J. Vives-Rego, P. Lebaron, and G. Nebe-von Caron, "Current and future applications of flow cytometry in aquatic microbiology," FEMS microbiology reviews, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 429-448, 2000.
[83] A. Rodriguez-Molares, S. Dickson, P. Hobson, C. Howard, A. Zander, and M. Burch, "Quantification of the ultrasound induced sedimentation of Microcystis aeruginosa," Ultrasonics sonochemistry, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1299-1304, 2014.
[84] H. C. Matthijs, D. Jančula, P. M. Visser, and B. Maršálek, "Existing and emerging cyanocidal compounds: new perspectives for cyanobacterial bloom mitigation," Aquatic ecology, vol. 50, pp. 443-460, 2016.
[85] G. Sandrini et al., "Sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis PCC 7806 depends on nutrient availability," Harmful Algae, vol. 99, p. 101916, 2020.
[86] I. Michalak, K. Marycz, K. Basińska, and K. Chojnacka, "Using SEM-EDX and ICP-OES to investigate the elemental composition of green macroalga Vaucheria sessilis," The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, 2014.
[87] G. Fan, D. Liu, G. Zhu, Q. Lin, and L. Chen, "Influence factors in kinetics during removal of harmful algae by ultrasonic irradiation process," Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 52, no. 37-39, pp. 7317-7322, 2014.
[88] Y. Huang et al., "Evaluation of ultrasound as a preventative algae-controlling strategy: degradation behaviors and character variations of algal organic matter components during sonication at different frequency ranges," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 426, p. 130891, 2021.
[89] X. Hao, H. Suo, H. Peng, P. Xu, X. Gao, and S. Du, "Simulation and exploration of cavitation process during microalgae oil extracting with ultrasonic-assisted for hydrogen production," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 2890-2898, 2021.
[90] I. Chorus and M. Welker, Toxic cyanobacteria in water: a guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. Taylor & Francis, 2021.
[91] R. Oliver, D. Hamilton, J. Brookes, and G. Ganf, "Ecology of cyanobacteria II," ed: Springer Berlin, Germany:, 2012.
[92] F. Pfeifer, "Distribution, formation and regulation of gas vesicles," Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 705-715, 2012.
[93] A. E. Walsby, "Gas vesicles," Microbiological reviews, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 94-144, 1994.
[94] I. Branyikova, G. Prochazkova, T. Potocar, Z. Jezkova, and T. Branyik, "Harvesting of microalgae by flocculation," Fermentation, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 93, 2018.
[95] J. D. Brookes and G. G. Ganf, "Variations in the buoyancy response of Microcystis aeruginosa to nitrogen, phosphorus and light," Journal of plankton research, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 1399-1411, 2001.
[96] B. Watzer and K. Forchhammer, "Cyanophycin synthesis optimizes nitrogen utilization in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803," Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 84, no. 20, pp. e01298-18, 2018.
[97] S. Ota et al., "Deciphering the relationship among phosphate dynamics, electron-dense body and lipid accumulation in the green alga Parachlorella kessleri," Scientific Reports, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 25731, 2016.
[98] Y. Peng et al., "Effects of ultrasound on Microcystis aeruginosa cell destruction and release of intracellular organic matter," Ultrasonics sonochemistry, vol. 63, p. 104909, 2020.
[99] J. Su and A. Cavaco-Paulo, "Effect of ultrasound on protein functionality," Ultrasonics sonochemistry, vol. 76, p. 105653, 2021.
[100] M.-m. Zhan, P.-r. Liu, X.-y. Liu, Y. Hong, and X. Xie, "Inactivation and removal technologies for algal-bloom control: Advances and challenges," Current Pollution Reports, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 392-406, 2021.
[101] X. Tan, D. Zhang, K. Parajuli, S. Upadhyay, Y. Jiang, and Z. Duan, "Comparison of four quantitative techniques for monitoring microalgae disruption by low-frequency ultrasound and acoustic energy efficiency," Environmental science & technology, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 3295-3303, 2018.
[102] J. Li, H. Long, C. Song, W. Wu, T. O. Yeabah, and Y. Qiu, "Study on the removal of algae from lake water and its attendant water quality changes using ultrasound," Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 52, no. 25-27, pp. 4762-4771, 2014.
[103] G. Voskoboinikov, M. Makarov, and I. Ryzhik, "Changes in the composition of photosynthetic pigments and cellular structure of the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus L. and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea during a prolonged period of darkness," Russian Journal of Marine Biology, vol. 32, pp. 20-27, 2006.
[104] Z. Duan et al., "Effects of biological and physical properties of microalgae on disruption induced by a low-frequency ultrasound," Journal of applied phycology, vol. 29, pp. 2937-2946, 2017.
[105] C.-Y. Ahn, M.-H. Park, S.-H. Joung, H.-S. Kim, K.-Y. Jang, and H.-M. Oh, "Growth inhibition of cyanobacteria by ultrasonic radiation: laboratory and enclosure studies," Environmental science & technology, vol. 37, no. 13, pp. 3031-3037, 2003.
[106] T. Jong Lee, K. Nakano, and M. Matsumura, "A new method for the rapid evaluation of gas vacuoles regeneration and viability of cyanobacteria by flow cytometry," Biotechnology Letters, vol. 22, pp. 1833-1838, 2000.
[107] J. Zhou, J. Liu, Z. Zhao, W. Peng, F. Cui, and Z. Liang, "Microcystis aeruginosa-laden water treatment using peroxymonosulfate enhanced Fe (II) coagulation: Performance and the role of in situ formed Fe3O4," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 382, p. 123012, 2020.
[108] N. Von Moos and V. I. Slaveykova, "Oxidative stress induced by inorganic nanoparticles in bacteria and aquatic microalgae–state of the art and knowledge gaps," Nanotoxicology, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 605-630, 2014.
[109] P. Sharma, A. B. Jha, R. S. Dubey, and M. Pessarakli, "Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions," Journal of botany, vol. 2012, no. 1, p. 217037, 2012.
[110] M. R. Gavand, J. B. McClintock, C. D. Amsler, R. W. Peters, and R. A. Angus, "Effects of sonication and advanced chemical oxidants on the unicellular green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta and cysts, larvae and adults of the brine shrimp Artemia salina: a prospective treatment to eradicate invasive organisms from ballast water," Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 1777-1788, 2007.
[111] P. Jia, Y. Zhou, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, and R. Dai, "Cyanobacterium removal and control of algal organic matter (AOM) release by UV/H2O2 pre-oxidation enhanced Fe (II) coagulation," Water research, vol. 131, pp. 122-130, 2018.
[112] L. O. Villacorte et al., "Characterisation of algal organic matter produced by bloom-forming marine and freshwater algae," Water Research, vol. 73, pp. 216-230, 2015.
[113] M. Liu, X. Shi, C. Chen, L. Yu, and C. Sun, "Responses of Microcystis colonies of different sizes to hydrogen peroxide stress," Toxins, vol. 9, no. 10, p. 306, 2017.
[114] R. Shokoohi, A. Rahmani, G. Asgari, M. Ashrafi, and E. Ghahramani, "The effect of the combined system of hydrodynamic cavitation, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide on chlorophyll a and organic substances removal in the raw water," Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 10102, 2023.
[115] S. Zhou et al., "Effects of different algaecides on the photosynthetic capacity, cell integrity and microcystin-LR release of Microcystis aeruginosa," Science of the Total Environment, vol. 463, pp. 111-119, 2013.
[116] C. C. Winterbourn and D. Metodiewa, "Reactivity of biologically important thiol compounds with superoxide and hydrogen peroxide," Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 27, no. 3-4, pp. 322-328, 1999.
[117] X. Wang, H. Xu, and H. Pei, "Comparing the Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Permanganate, Chlorine, and Hydrogen Peroxide on the Membrane Integrity of Pseudanabaena sp. Cells," ACS ES&T Water, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 588-597, 2023.
[118] V. N. Kislenko and A. A. Berlin, "Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of organic compounds with hydrogen peroxide," Russian Chemical Reviews, vol. 60, no. 5, p. 470, 1991.
[119] R. I. Daly, L. Ho, and J. D. Brookes, "Effect of chlorination on Microcystis aeruginosa cell integrity and subsequent microcystin release and degradation," Environmental science & technology, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 4447-4453, 2007.
[120] Z. Wang, Q. Chen, L. Hu, and M. Wang, "Combined effects of binary antibiotic mixture on growth, microcystin production, and extracellular release of Microcystis aeruginosa: application of response surface methodology," Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 25, pp. 736-748, 2018.
[121] W. Song, A. A. De La Cruz, K. Rein, and K. E. O'Shea, "Ultrasonically induced degradation of microcystin-LR and-RR: Identification of products, effect of pH, formation and destruction of peroxides," Environmental science & technology, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 3941-3946, 2006.
[122] B. Ma et al., "Influence of ultrasonic field on microcystins produced by bloom-forming algae," Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol. 41, no. 2-3, pp. 197-201, 2005.
[123] U. D. Keris-Sen, U. Sen, and M. D. Gurol, "Combined effect of ozone and ultrasound on disruption of microalgal cells," Separation Science and Technology, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 1853-1861, 2019.
[124] Z. Duan, X. Tan, K. Dai, H. Gu, and H. Yang, "Evaluation on H2O2‐aided ultrasonic pretreatment for cell disruption of Chlorella pyrenoidosa," Asia‐Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 502-510, 2017.
[125] K. Shakya, M. Chettri, and T. Sawidis, "Impact of heavy metals (copper, zinc, and lead) on the chlorophyll content of some mosses," Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 54, pp. 412-421, 2008.
[126] B. Zhang, G. Duan, Y. Fang, X. Deng, Y. Yin, and K. Huang, "Selenium (Ⅳ) alleviates chromium (Ⅵ)-induced toxicity in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii," Environmental Pollution, vol. 272, p. 116407, 2021.
[127] Y. Huang et al., "Ultrasound-enhanced coagulation for cyanobacterial removal: Effects of ultrasound frequency and energy density on coagulation performance, leakage of intracellular organic matters and toxicity," Water Research, vol. 201, p. 117348, 2021.
[128] A. Khan, S. Badshah, and C. Airoldi, "Biosorption of some toxic metal ions by chitosan modified with glycidylmethacrylate and diethylenetriamine," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 171, no. 1, pp. 159-166, 2011.
[129] A. Ali, Y. W. Chiang, and R. M. Santos, "X-ray diffraction techniques for mineral characterization: A review for engineers of the fundamentals, applications, and research directions," Minerals, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 205, 2022.
[130] L. Qi and Z. Xu, "Lead sorption from aqueous solutions on chitosan nanoparticles," Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol. 251, no. 1-3, pp. 183-190, 2004.
[131] J. Wang et al., "Bioimmobilization and transformation of chromium and cadmium in the fungi-microalgae symbiotic system," Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 445, p. 130507, 2023.
[132] V. Sinha, K. Pakshirajan, and R. Chaturvedi, "Chromium tolerance, bioaccumulation and localization in plants: an overview," Journal of environmental management, vol. 206, pp. 715-730, 2018.
[133] D. Purcell, "Control of algal growth in reservoirs with ultrasound," Cranfield University, School of Applied Sciences, 2010.
[134] P.-H. Baudelet, G. Ricochon, M. Linder, and L. Muniglia, "A new insight into cell walls of Chlorophyta," Algal Research, vol. 25, pp. 333-371, 2017.
[135] D. Purcell et al., "Experiences of algal bloom control using green solutions barley straw and ultrasound, an industry perspective," Water and Environment Journal, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 148-156, 2013.
[136] J. Park, J. Church, Y. Son, K.-T. Kim, and W. H. Lee, "Recent advances in ultrasonic treatment: challenges and field applications for controlling harmful algal blooms (HABs)," Ultrasonics sonochemistry, vol. 38, pp. 326-334, 2017.