利用火焰已可以合成各式不同的奈米碳結構，但燃燒化學的複雜性導致火焰合成產物較其他合成法難以控制。為了增進了解火焰及其合成產物之關係，本研究使用停滯面流液態油盤火焰，探討燃料種類、氧氣濃度、取樣位置及取樣時間等操作參數對火焰合成奈米碳結構的影響。停滯面流液態油盤系統由上方的氣體燃燒器與下方的油盤組成，二者彼此相對，上燃燒器供應氧氣和氮氣混合氣，向下噴出後衝擊油盤，形成一穩定的平面擴散火焰。實驗中使用乙醇和庚烷兩種液體燃料形成之擴散火焰提供碳源和熱源，並以鎳網格作為催化劑進行沉積取樣，燃燒合成奈米碳管與奈米碳球。乙醇和庚烷分別探討含氧燃料和高C-H比對火焰合成奈米碳結構的影響。
結果顯示，所選用的燃料對生成之產物有巨大的影響。若使用含氧燃料的乙醇火焰，只能合成出奈米碳管；而使用高C-H比的庚烷作為燃料時，則奈米碳管與奈米碳球皆可生成，但形成碳管或碳球則受其它因素所影響。氧氣濃度會影響火焰環境，進而影響合成的碳產物。在乙醇火焰中，若降低氧氣濃度則可增加碳管之產量、直徑及均勻性。實驗中最佳碳管生成條件為氧氣濃度介於15–19%，火焰溫度範圍460–870 °C，且取樣位置在藍色火焰上緣下方0.5–1 mm處。分析流場中之氣體可發現，C2類氣體(C2H2、C2H4、C2H6)和CO的濃度與碳管生成有直接之關係，當氣體之軸向濃度分佈較為均勻時，碳管生成較佳。
在庚烷火焰中，藉由降低上燃燒器之氧氣濃度可以形成接近熄滅極限的藍色弱火焰，而增加氧氣濃度則可形成富含碳煙層的黃色強火焰。奈米碳管生成於強度較弱(接近熄滅極限)的藍色火焰，而奈米碳球則生成於強度較強的具碳煙層的黃色火焰中。當氧氣濃度適中時，可發現碳管與碳球同時生成在同一火焰中，隨著取樣位置的改變，可發現合成產物由碳管轉換為碳球。合成產物為碳管或碳球與取樣位置直接相關，而其成因則與該取樣位置的富碳環境(含碳物種)和碳結構的生長機制有關。而取樣時間對奈米碳結構產量的影響則取決於溫度和取樣位置。溫度較低時，增加取樣時間可使產量上升；但溫度過高時，取樣時間過長反而使產量下降。此外，取樣時間僅影響產量多少，與合成產物為碳管或碳球無關。

A great variety of carbon nanostructure (CNS) has already been synthesized in flames. Unfortunately, the complexity of combustion chemistry leads to less controlling of synthesized products. In order to improve the understanding of the relation between flames and CNSs synthesized within, experiments were conducted through flames in a stagnation-point liquid-pool system. The operating parameters for the synthesis include fuel, oxygen supply, sampling position and sampling time.
In this study, carbon nanotube (CNT) and carbon nano-onion (CNO) were synthesized using ethanol and heptane diffusion flames in a liquid-pool system which composed of an upper oxidizer duct and a lower liquid pool. In the experiments, a gaseous mixture of oxygen and nitrogen outflowed from the upper oxidizer duct, and then impinged onto the vertically aligned pool to generate a planar and steady diffusion flame within a designated oxygen environment. The effects on oxygen from the fuel side and high C-H ratio fuel can be investigated by ethanol and heptane, respectively. A nascent nickel mesh was used as the catalytic metal substrate to collect deposited materials.
The selection of fuel greatly influenced the structure of CNSs. Only CNTs were synthesized while using ethanol which is an oxygenated fuel. In contrast, both CNTs and CNO were found in heptane, and the determination of structure depends on other parameters.
The oxygen concentration influenced the flame environment and thus the synthesized carbon products. In ethanol flames, lowering the oxygen concentration increased the yield, diameter, and uniformity of CNTs. The optimal operating conditions for CNT synthesis were an oxygen concentration in the range of 15–19%, flame temperature of 460–870 °C, and a sampling position of 0.5–1 mm below the upper edge of the blue flame front. It is noteworthy that the concentration gradient of C2 species and CO governed the CNT growth directly. CNTs were successfully fabricated in regions with uniform C2 species and CO distributions.
In heptane flames, CNTs were synthesized in a weaker flame near extinction, and CNOs were synthesized in a more sooty flame by adjusting oxygen concentration. A transition from CNT to CNO was observed by variation of sampling position in a flame. The structure of CNS is directly affected by the presence of soot layer due to the carbonaceous environment and the growth mechanisms of CNT and CNO. The sampling time can alter the yield of CNSs depending on the temperature of sampling position, but the structure of products is not affected.

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