根據2004年台灣創業趨勢調查研究指出，有70%的人正在計劃或已經開始著手進行創業，而有50%年齡介於23歲~29歲，這項調查顯示創業年齡的下降(2004
台灣青輔會)。越來越多的年輕創業家在學校開始進行創業，而很多學生也在學校期間開始計劃或者著手進行創業。然而，隨著創業潮流的產生，許多學校創立了許多創業相關課程鼓勵與幫助學生進行創業，這個研究為了就是透過計畫行為理論了解學生創業行為的產生。

計劃行為理論在1985年被Ajzen 所提出，內容主要探討行為意圖與行為之間的關聯，與外在因素透過對行為意圖來影響最終行為。計劃行為理論在許多研究領域被廣泛的運用預測與解釋人類的行為模式，尤其被運用來預測人類的創業行為模式。然而此模式目前僅被用以驗證一般的創業情形，尚未被用來研究學生創業家此特殊族群的創業行為。另一方面，創業課程及訓練雖然被許多學校或相關組織視作為創業行為的重要激發因素，但是始終未被證實其實際之效用，因此本研究特別將創業教育此因素加入計畫行為理論中並以學生創業家為樣本進行研究，試研究以下的假設:

1. 分析學生創業家的創業過程與影響因素。
2. 了解已經創業學生的創業意圖與創業行為之間的關聯。
3. 探討創業教育對於學生創業家的影響程度。
4. 根據最後結果提出對於學生創業家發展的建議。

本研究是利用問卷方式收集樣本資料，研究的目標為在台灣的學生創業家，以下為研究的結果:
(1). 創業態度、主關規範、創業自我效能有效的預測創業意圖的產生；其中以學生創業家的創業自我效能對創業意圖影響最大。

(2). 成為創業家的創業意圖對於最終的創業行為有強烈的關聯。

(3).創業教育對於創業態度、主關規範、創業自我效能顯著影響；其中創業教育對於學生創業家的態度影響最大。

According to 2004 Entrepreneurship Trend Investigation of Taiwan, there are more than 70% of people are initiating or planning for start-up business, and 50% of those people are 23 to 29 years old, which shows that the age of entrepreneur are decreasing（National Youth Commission, 2004）. There are more and more entrepreneurs starting new ventures when they were still students. With this trend of enterprise, many schools set up lots of courses about enterprise in order to encourage and assist student in running their future business. This research paper aims to analyze the existence of entrepreneurial behaviors by students with the theory of planned behavior.

The theory of planned behavior (TPB) was first proposed by Ajzen in 1985, which discusses the relation between intention and action and is widely adopted for predicting and explaining human behavior in various research domains. However, the TPB is currently limited to validation of those general business situations. It has not been utilized to study entrepreneurial behavior of student entrepreneur. On the other hand, though entrepreneurial programs and training are often regarded as important motivating factors for entrepreneurial behavior, actually its effectiveness has not been confirmed yet. Therefore, in this research I add in the factor of entrepreneurial education to the theory of planned behavior for understanding the entrepreneurial behavior of student entrepreneurs. The following are the testing goals for my assumptions:

1. To analyze the entrepreneurial process and significant factors of students.
2. To understand the entrepreneurial intention and behavior of the students who have already run a venture business.
3. To discover the influential degree of entrepreneurial education.
4. To provide suggestions for the development of student entrepreneur according to the finding.

This study collects research material and information by conducting questionnaires and surveys. The subjects of sample are the student entrepreneur in Taiwan. The research results are as following:

(1) Attitude and subjective norm are significant predictors of entrepreneurial intention. Among all of the factors, self-efficacy is the most influential factor for entrepreneurial intention.

(2) Entrepreneurial intention of being an entrepreneur is strongly related to actual entry into self-employment.

(3) Entrepreneurial knowledge stands strong influence on the attitude, subjective norm and self-efficacy. Compared with other factors, Entrepreneurial knowledge is the most influential one to attitude.

REFERENCES

(1) Acs, Z. J. and Audretsch, D. B., (1990), Innovation and Small Firms, MIT Press
(2) Ajzen, I., (1981), “Attitudes and voting behaviour: An application of the theory of reasoned action.” Applied Social Psychology, 1, 253-312.
(3) Ajzen, I., (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckman (Eds.), Action-control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11- 39). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.
(4) Ajzen, 1. (1987), Attitudes, traits and actions: dispositional prediction of l~ehavior in social psychology, Advances in Experienlental Psycholo~y, 20, 1-63.
(5) Ajzen, I. (1991), “The theory of planned behaviour”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 50, pp. 179-211.
(6) Ajzen, I., (2001). “Nature and operation of attitudes.” Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27-58.
(7) Ajzen, I. (2002), “Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 32, pp. 1-20.
(8) Ajzen, I. and Fishbein, M. (1980), Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behaviour, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
(9) Ajzen, I. and Fishbein, M. (2000), “Attitudes and the attitude-behavior relation: reasoned and automatic processes”, in Stroebe, W. and Hewstone, M. (Eds), European Review of Social Psychology, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 1-33.
(10) Armitage, C. and Conner, M. (2001). “Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analytic review.” British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471-499.
(11) Armitage, C. and Conner, M. (2000). “Social cognition models and health behavior: a structured review.” Psychology and Health, 15(2), 173-189.
(12) Albarracin, D., Johnson, B., Fishbein, M., and Muellerleile, P. (2001). “Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: A
meta-analysis,” Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 142-161.
(13) Audet, J. (2000), “Evaluation of two approaches to entrepreneurship education using an intention-based model of venture creation”, Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 57-63.
(14) Autio, E., Keeley, R.H., Klofsten, M. and Ulfstedt, T. (1997), “Entrepreneurial intent among students: testing an intent model in Asia, Scandinavia and USA”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson Conference Proceedings, available at: www.babson.edu/entrep/fer
(15) Bagozzi, R., Baumgartner, H. and Yi, Y. (1992), “State versus action orientation and the theory of reasoned action: an application to coupon usage”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 18, pp. 505-18.
(16) Bandura, A. 1986. The Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
(17) Bandura, A. (1991), “Social cognitive theory of self-regulation”, Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 50, pp. 248-87.
(18) Bandura (1997) claimed self-efficacy beliefs operate as a key factor in a generative system of human competence.
(19) Bamberger, I. (1986). Values and strategic behavior. Management International Review,26(4), 57-69.
(20) Bagozzi, R., Baumgartner, H., and Yi, Y. (1992). State vs. action orientation and the theory of reasoned action. Journal of Consumer Research 18(4):505–518.
(21) Brand, M. (1984), Intending and Acting (New York: Free Press).
(22) Brockhaus, R. (1987), Entreprc:neurial folklore, Journal of Small Business management, 25, 1-6.
(23) Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas：The case for intentions. Academy of management Review, 13(3), 442-454.
(24) Bird, B. (1989), “Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case for intentions”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 13, pp. 442-54.
(25) Blue, C. (1995). “The predictive capacity of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior in exercise research - an integrated literature-review.” Research In Nursing & Health, 18(2), 105-121.
(26) Berdie, D. R. (1994). Reassessing the Value of High Response Rates to Mail Surveys. Marketing Research, 1(3), pp. 52-64.
(27) Boyd, N. and Vozikis, G.S. (1994), “The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions”, Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, Summer, pp. 63-77.
(28) Brenner, O.C., Pringle, C.D. and Greenhaus, J.H. (1991), “Perceived fulfilment of organizational employment versus entrepreneurship: work values and career intentions of business college graduates”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 62-74.
(29) Carsrud, A. L., Olm, K. W., ＆. Eddy, G. G. (1987). Entrepreneurship:Research in quest of a paradigm. In D. L.Sextin ＆ R. W. Similor’s (eds) The Art & Science of Entrepreneurship. Cambridge MA:Ballinger.
(30) Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., Shaver K. G., ＆ Gatewood E. J. (2003). The career reasons of Nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 13-39.
(31) Curran, J. & Stanworth, J. (1989): “Education and training for enterprise: some problems o classification, evaluation, policy and research”, International Small Business Journal, 7 (2), 11-22.
(32) Cromie. 1998. Understanding Enterprise, Entrepreneurship and Small Business. London: MacMillan Business.
(33) Chen, C.C., Greene, P.G. and Crick, A. (1998), “Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers?”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 295-316.
(34) Davidsson, P. (1989). Continued entrepreneurship and small firm growth. Stockholm School of Economics. The Economic Research Institute. Dissertation.
(35) Davidsson, P. (1991). Continued entrepreneurship: Ability, need, and opportunity as determinants of small firm growth. Journal of Business Venturing 6(6):405–429.
(36) Davidsson, P. (1995), “Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions”, paper presented at the RENTIX Conference, Workshop in Entrepreneurship Research, Piacenza, 23-24 November.
(37) DeNoble, A. F., Jung, D. & Ehrlich, S. B. (1999). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: The development of a measure and its relation to entrepreneurial action. In Frontiers of entrepreneurship research. Pp. 73-87. Edited by D. Reynolds, W. D. Bygrave, S. Manigart, C. M. Mason, G. D. Meyer, H. J. Sapienza and K. G. Shaver. Babson College: Wellesley, MA.
(38) Ehrlich, S.B., De Noble, A.F., Jung, D. and Pearson, D. (2000), “The impact of entrepreneurship training programs on an individual’s entrepreneurial self-efficacy”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson Conference Proceedings, available at: www.babson. edu/entrep/fer
(39) European Commission, Final report of the expert group «best procedure» project on educationand training for entrepreneurship, Enterprise Directorate-General, Brussels, (2002).
(40) Fayolle A. (2000), ‘Exploratory study to assess the effects of entrepreneurship programs on french student's entrepreneurial behaviors’ Journal of entrepreneurial Culture, Jun, vol. 8, issue 2, pp 169-185
(41) Fayolle, A. (2003), “Using the theory of planned behavior in assessing entrepreneurship teaching program”, paper presented at the IntEnt 2003 Conference, Grenoble, September.
(42) Fayolle, A., & Gailly, B. (2004, July). Using the theory of planned behaviour to
assess entrepreneurship teaching programs: A first experimentation.
IntEnt2004 14th Annual Intent Conference, University of Napoli Federico II
(Italy), 4-7.
(43) Fishbein & Ajzen, (1975), Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research.
(44) Fiet, J.O. (2001a), “The pedagogical side of teaching entrepreneurship”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 101-17.
(45) Fiet, J.O. (2001b), “The theoretical side of teaching entrepreneurship”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 1-24.
(46) Finkle, T.A. and Deeds, D. (2001), “Trends in the market for entrepreneurship faculty, 1989-1998”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 16 No. 6, pp. 613-30.
(47) Fleming, P. (1994), “The role of structured interventions in shaping graduate entrepreneurship”, Irish Business and Administrative Research, Vol. 15, pp. 146-57.
(48) Garavan, T.N. and O’Cinneide, B. (1994), “Entrepreneurship education and training programmes: a review and evaluation”, Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 18 No. 11, pp. 13-21.
(49) Gartner, W.B. (1985), “A framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10, pp. 696-706.
(50) Gartner, W. (1989), Some suggestions for research on entrepreneurial traits and characteristics, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14, 27-37.
(51) Gartner, W.B. and Vesper, K.H. (1994), “Experiments in entrepreneurship education: successes and failures”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 179-87.
(52) Gartner, W.B., Shaver, K.G., Gatewood, E. and Katz, J.A. (1994), “Finding the entrepreneur in entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 5-9.
(53) Ghosh, A. and Block, Z. (1993), “Audiences for entrepreneurship education: characteristics and needs”, paper presented at the Project for Excellence in Entrepreneurship Education, Baldwin Wallace College, Cleveland, OH.
(54) Hansemark, O.C. (1998), “The effects of an entrepreneurship program on need for achievement and locus of control of reinforcement”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 28-50.
(55) Hamilton, J.D. (1988). Rational-expectations econometric analysis of changes in regimes:An investigation of the term structure of interest rates, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 385–423.
(56) Hausenblas, H., Carron, A., and Mack, D. (1997). “Application of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior to exercise behavior: A meta-analysis.” Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19(1), 36-51.
(57) Hebert, R. F. and Link, A. N. (1989). ‘In Search of the Meaning of Entrepreneurship’, Small Business Economics, vol. 1, pp. 39-49.
(58) Henry, C., Hill, F.M. and Leitch, C.M. (2004), “The effectiveness of training for new business creation”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 22 No. 3, pp. 249-71.
(59) Hindle, K. and Cuttling, N. (2002), “Can applied entrepreneurship education enhance job satisfaction and financial performance? An empirical investigation in the Australian pharmacy profession”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 40 No. 2, pp. 162-7.
(60) Hindle, K., & Rushworth, S. (2000). Global entrepreneurship monitor: Australia
2000. Hawthorne, Victoria, Swinburne University of Technology.
(61) Katz, J., and Gartner, W. (1988). Properties of emerging organizations. Academy of Management Review 13:429–441.
(62) Kennedy, J., Drennan, J., Renfrow, P., & Watson, B. (2003, 28 September-1
October). Situational factors and entrepreneurial intentions. 16th Annual
Conference of Small Enterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand.
(63) Kram K. E. (1983). Phases of the mentor relationship. Academy of Management
Journal, Vol. 26, pp. 608-625.
(64) Kolvereid, L. (1996a), “Prediction of employment status choice intentions”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 47-57.
(65) Kolvereid, L. (1996b), “Organisational employment versus self-employment: reasons for career choice intentions”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 23-31.
(66) Kolvereid, L. and Moen, O. (1997), “Entrepreneurship among business graduates: does a major in entrepreneurship make a difference?”, Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 154-60.
(67) Krueger, N.F. (1993), “The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Fall, pp. 5-21.
(68) Krueger, N.F. and Carsrud, A.L. (1993), “Entrepreneurial intentions: applying the theory of planned behaviour”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 5, pp. 315-30.
(69) Krueger, J.R. and Dickson, P.R. (1994), “How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: perceived self-efficacy and opportunity recognition”, Decision Sciences, Vol. 25 No. 3,pp. 385-400.
(70) Krueger, N.F., Reilly, M.D. and Carsrud, A.L. (2000), “Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 15, pp. 411-32.
(71) Linan, F. (2004), “Intention-based models of entrepreneurship education”, IntEnt Conference Proceedings, Naples, 5-7 July, available at: www.intent-conference.de
(72) Liñán, F. & Rodríguez, J.C., “Entrepreneurial attitudes of Andalusian university students”, 44th ERSA Conference, Porto (Portugal), 25-29 August, (2004).
(73) Loucks, K.E., Training entrepreneurs for small business creation, I.L.O., Ginebra, (1988).
(74) Lu¨ thje, C. and Franke, N. (2003), “The making of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT”, R&D Management, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 135-47.
(75) MacMillan, I., and Katz, J. (1992). Idiosyncratic milieus of entrepreneurship research: The need for comprehensive theories. Journal of Business Venturing 7:1–8.
(76) Matthews, C.H. and Moser, S.B. (1995), “Family background and gender: implications for interest in small firm ownership”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 365-77.
(77) McClelland, D. (1961), The achieving society, The Free Press, London.
(78) Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.
(79) Norman, P., Bell, R., and Conner, M., 1999. “The theory of planned behavior and smoking cessation.” Health Psychology, 18(1), 89-94.
(80) Noel, T.W. (2001), “Effects of entrepreneurial education on intent to open a business”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson Conference Proceedings, available at: www.babson.edu/entrep/fer
(81) Peterman, N.E. and Kennedy, J. (2003), “Enterprise education: perceptions of entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 129-44.
(82) Pihkala, J. and Miettinen, A. (2004), “Exploring changes in entrepreneurial intentions a follow-up study in two polytechnics”, IntEnt 2004 Conference Proceedings, Naples, 5-7 July, available at: www.intent-conference.de
(83) Reynolds, P.D. (1997), “Who start new firms? – Preliminary explorations of firms-in-gestation”, Small Business Economics, vol. 9 (5), pp. 449-462.
(84) Reynolds, P.D., Bygrave, W.D., Autio, D. & Hay, M., Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2002) summary report, Ewin Marion Kauffman Foundation, Kansas City, 2002.
(85) Richard, R., Vanderpligt, J., and Devries, N. (1996). “Anticipated affect and behavioral choice.” Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 18(2), 111-129.
(86) S.B.A., Building the Foundation for the new century. Report on the implementation of the White House Conference, Small Business Administration, Washington, (2000).
(87) Scheinberg, S., MacMillan, I.C., (1988). An 11-country study of motivations to start a business. In: Kirchhoff,B.A., Long, W.A., McMullan, W.E., Vesper, K.H., Wetzel, W.E. (Eds.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Babson College, Wellesley, MA, pp. 669– 687.
(88) Scherer, R.F., Brodzinsky, J.D. & Wiebe, F.A. (1991),Examining the relationship between personality and entrepreneurial career preference”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, vol. 3, pp. 195-206, 1991.
(89) Scott, M.G. and Twomey, D.F. (1988), “The long-term supply of entrepreneurs: students career aspirations in relation to entrepreneurship”, Journal of Small Business Management,Vol. 26 No. 4, pp. 5-13.
(90) Schein, E. (1983), Role of founders in creating organizational culture, Organizational Dynamic, 12, 13-28.
(91) Shapero, A. and Sokol, L. (1982), “The social dimensions of entrepreneurship”, in Kent, C., Sexton,D. and Vesper, K. (Eds), The Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 72-90.
(92) Sheeran, P. and Orbell, S., (2000). “Using Implementation intentions to increase attendance for cervical cancer screening.” Health Psychology, 19(3), 283-289.
(93) Sheeran, P. and Taylor, S., (1999). “Predicting intentions to use condoms: A
meta-analysis and comparison of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(8), 1624-1675.
(94) Shook, C.L., Priem, R.L. and McGee, J.E. (2003), “Venture creation and the enterprising individual: a review and synthesis”, Journal of Management, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 379-99.
(95) Sparks, P., Guthrie, C., and Shepherd, R., (1997). “The Dimensional structure of the perceived behavioral control construct.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(5), 418-438.
(96) Sparks, P., Shepherd, R., and Frewer, L., (1995). “Assessing and structuring attitudes toward the use of gene technology in food-production - the role of perceived ethical obligation.” Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 16(3), 267-285.
(97) Taylor, S. and Todd, P., (1995). “Understanding information technology usage - a test of competing models.” Information Systems Research, 6(2), 144-176.
(98) Terry, D. J., & Hogg, M. A. (1996). Group norms and the attitude-behavior
relationship: A role for group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22,776-793.
(99) Tkachev, A. and Kolvereid, L. (1999), “Self-employment intentions among Russian students”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 269-80.
(100) Triandis, H. (1967), Interpersonal behavior (New York: Free Press).
(101) Tubbs, M. E., & Ekeberg, S. E. 1991. The role of intentions in work motivation: Implications for goal-setting theory and research. Academy of Management
Review,16:180–199.
(102) Varela, R. and Jimenez, J.E. (2001), “The effect of entrepreneurship education
in the universities of Cali”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson Conference Proceedings, available at: www.babson.edu/entrep/fer
(103) Vesper, K.H. and Gartner, W.B. (1997), “Measuring progress in
entrepreneurship education”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 403-21.
(104) Volkman, C. (2004), “Entrepreneurship studies – an ascending academic
discipline in the twenty-first century”, Higher Education in Europe, Vol. 29 No. 2, pp. 177-85.
(105) Wennekers, A.R.M., Thurik, A.R., (1999). Linking entrepreneurship to
economic growth. Small Business Economics 13 (1), 27–55.
(106) Weinrauch, J.D. (1984), “Educating the entrepreneur: understanding adult
learning behavior”, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 22 (2), pp. 32-37, 1984.
(107) Wyckham, R.G. (1989), “Measuring the effects of entrepreneurial education
programs: Canada and Latin America”, in Robert, G., Wyckham, W. and Wedley, C. (Eds), Educating the Entrepreneurs