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研究生: 丘堂君
Chiu, Tang-chun
論文名稱: 以Sr、N改質TiO2光觸媒在可見光下處理1,2-二氯乙烷之研究
Photocatalytic Degradation of 1,2-dichloroethane Under Visible Light with Sr- or N-doped TiO2 Photocatalysts
指導教授: 朱信
Chu, Hsin
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 工學院 - 環境工程學系
Department of Environmental Engineering
論文出版年: 2009
畢業學年度: 97
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 177
中文關鍵詞: 光觸媒1.2-二氯乙烷可見光光催化Sr改質光觸媒N改質光觸媒
外文關鍵詞: 1.2-Dichloroethane, Titanium dioxide (TiO2), Visible light photocatalysis, Sr-doped catalyst, N-doped catalyst
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  • 1,2-二氯乙烷(1,2-dichloroethane, DCE)為工業上常用的有機溶劑,但如果在使用過程中排放到環境中,將對人體造成危害。光催化反應具有氧化速率快、處理效率高及操作程序簡單等優點,因此為目前較新穎降解有機溶劑的技術。
    本實驗利用以溶膠凝膠法製備而成TiO2光觸媒,並以Sr或N進行改質,期望藉由改質來提高TiO2光觸媒在可見光(λ>400nm)下降解1,2-二氯乙烷的效率。同時探討在批次實驗中之操作參數,包括進流濃度(39~80 ppm)、燈源種類、相對濕度(0~20%)及氧氣濃度(0~21%)對光觸媒降解1,2-二氯乙烷速率的影響,並藉由各種輔助實驗,如UV-Visible、XRD、SEM、TEM等精密儀器來研究光觸媒吸光度、粒徑分佈、表面特性等物化性質,藉以探討與1,2-二氯乙烷降解效率之關連性。
    研究結果顯示,經由Sr或N改質TiO2光觸媒(Sr/TiO2、N/TiO2)能使吸收波長往可見光波長位移且光觸媒能隙(band gap)都有顯著下降;在XRD分析結果得知當鍛燒溫度達600°C時有部分anatase轉變成為rutile,當鍛燒溫度為700°C則TiO2光觸媒晶相會全部轉變成為rutile。
    以TiO2、Sr/TiO2、N/TiO2光觸媒降解1,2-二氯乙烷之光催化實驗發現,TiO2光觸媒在藍光及日光的平均降解速率分別為0.99 μg/min及0.83 μg/min,除了Sr/Ti = 5%光觸媒外,其餘不同比例之Sr/TiO2、N/TiO2光觸媒皆能有效提高降解速率,其中又以N/Ti = 15%光觸媒不論是在藍光或日光下都有最佳表現,分別為1.95 μg/min及1.35 μg/min,而Sr/Ti = 5%光觸媒在藍光及日光的降解速率僅有0.93 μg/min及0.64 μg/min,顯示過量Sr的添加會阻礙anatase晶相的成長,反不利其光催化活性。
    在選定最佳降解效果之N/Ti = 15%光觸媒進行操作參數實驗中發現,進流濃度對於光觸媒降解1,2-二氯乙烷的速率有顯著影響,當進流濃度過高時,會降低光觸媒的降解速率;此外,隨著氧氣濃度的提升,光觸媒降解1,2-二氯乙烷的速率也隨之上升,而水氣的存在則對光觸媒降解1,2-二氯乙烷速率有顯著之抑制作用。

    1,2-Dichloroethane, a widely used as one of organic solvents in the industry, can damage the human when it released. Photocatalytic reaction is one of novel technologies to degrade organic solvents due to its fast oxidation rate, high decompose rate, and simple procedures, hence used to degrade 1,2-Dichloroethane in the present study.
    TiO2 in this research is made by sol-gel method, and its doping as Sr or N (Sr/TiO2 or N/TiO2) is expected to apply it to visible light and increase its 1,2-dichloroethane decomposed rate. Decomposed rate of 1,2-dichloroethane with photocatalysts as function of 1,2-dichloroethane concentration, light source, relative humidity and oxygen concentration were investigated in a batch study. Additionally, the physical and chemical properties of the photocatalyst such as absorption spectra, particle size and surface morphology, measured by UV-Visible, XRD, SEM and TEM et cetera, were used to relate its 1,2-dichloroethane decomposed rate.
    The UV-visible spectra analysis indicates that the absorption wavelength of Sr/TiO2 or N/TiO2 is closer to the visble light than TiO2, resulting from its narrower band gap. The XRD pattern of TiO2 which is calcined at temperatures below 500°C shows the crystal form of anatase, coexistence of the antanse and rutile at 600°C, while almost all rutile at 700°C.
    Decomposed rate of 1,2-dichloroethane with TiO2 under blue or fluorescent light are 0.99 μg/min and 0.83 μg/min respectively. Regarding Sr/TiO2 or N/TiO2, the performance is much improved in almost all cases. For example, N/TiO2 with N/Ti = 15% has the best decomposed rate of 1,2-dichloroethane under blue or fluorescent light, 1.95 μg/min and 1.35 μg/min, respectively. However, the performance of Sr/TiO2 with Sr/Ti = 5%, decomposed rate of 1,2-dichloroethane, is lower than TiO2 and indicates Sr/Ti = 5% is excessive, hence inhibits photocatalytic activity.
    Regarding operating parameters, the results show that 1,2-dichloroethane concentration and light source are of important on the decomposed rate of 1,2-dichloroethane with photocatalysts; In addition, the decomposed rate of 1,2-dichloroethane increases as the concentration of oxygen increases and is lower at higher relative humidities.

    摘要 I Abstract III 誌謝 V 目錄 VI 表目錄 X 圖目錄 XII 圖目錄 XII 第一章 前言 1 1-1 研究動機 1 1-2 研究目的 4 第二章 文獻回顧 5 2-1 VOCs的特性及影響 5 2-1.1 VOCs的定義及來源 5 2-1.2 含氯揮發性有機物的使用狀況 7 2-2 1,2-二氯乙烷的特性與處理方法 9 2-2.1 1,2-二氯乙烷之危害【環保署毒災應變中心,2007】 10 2-2.2 1,2-二氯乙烷之處理方法 13 2-3 光觸媒 14 2.3.1 光觸媒之物理意義 14 2.3.2 能隙(Band gap) 15 2-4 光催化原理 17 2-5 二氧化鈦的基本特性 22 2-6 光觸媒的製備 25 2-6.1 含浸法(Impregnation) 25 2-6.2 溶膠-凝膠法(Sol-gel) 25 2-6.3 物理氣相沉積法(Physical Vapor Deposition) 27 2-6.4 化學氣相沉積法(Chemical Vapor Deposition, CVD) 28 2-6.5 真空濺鍍法(Sputtering) 28 2-6.6 綜合比較 29 2-7 二氧化鈦的改質 30 2-7.1 添加金屬原子 30 2-7.2 添加金屬離子 31 2-7.3 添加非金屬元素 35 2-7.4 表面敏化 38 2-7.5 加入其它種半導體 38 2-8 二氧化鈦光觸媒塗佈方法 40 2-8.1 浸漬塗佈方法 40 2-8.2 旋轉塗佈法 42 2-9 影響光觸媒催化之操作參數 43 2-9.1 光源的影響 43 2-9.2 相對濕度的影響 43 2-9.3 氧氣濃度的影響 44 第三章 研究方法與實驗設備 45 3-1 研究方法 45 3-2 實驗材料與設備 48 3-2.1 實驗系統裝置 48 3-2.2 試藥與氣體 55 3-2.3 分析儀器操作條件與原理 57 3-3 實驗方法與步驟 61 3-3.1 光觸媒之製備 61 3-3.2 光觸媒膜之製備 64 3-3.3 檢量線製作 65 3-3.4 光催化之背景實驗 66 3-3.5 光催化實驗流程 67 第四章 結果與討論 68 4-1 自製TiO2之特性分析 68 4-1.1 X-射線繞射分析 68 4-1.2 熱重分析 72 4-1.3 FTIR及TG-IR分析 74 4-1.4 TiO2光觸媒之TEM分析 77 4-1.5 TiO2光觸媒在反應前後之SEM、EDS、Mapping分析 78 4-1.6 TiO2光觸媒之AFM分析 85 4-2 自製Sr/TiO2光觸媒之特性分析 87 4-2.1 X-射線繞射分析 87 4-2.2 熱重分析 91 4-2.3 UV-Visible 光譜分析 94 4-2.4 BET比表面積及孔洞分佈分析 96 4-2.5 Sr/TiO2光觸媒之TEM分析 98 4-2.6 Sr/TiO2光觸媒處理1,2-二氯乙烷後之SEM、Mapping、EDS分析 99 4-2.7 Sr/TiO2光觸媒之XPS分析 103 4-2.8 Sr/TiO2光觸媒之AFM分析 106 4-3 自製N/TiO2光觸媒之特性分析 108 4-3.1 X-射線繞射分析 108 4-3.2 熱重分析 112 4-3.3 UV-Visible 光譜分析 116 4-3.4 BET比表面積及孔洞分佈分析 118 4-3.5 N/TiO2光觸媒之TEM分析 120 4-3.6 N/TiO2光觸媒處理1,2-二氯乙烷後之SEM、Mapping、EDS分析 121 4-3.7 N/TiO2光觸媒之XPS分析 125 4-3.8 N/TiO2光觸媒之AFM分析 129 4-4 光觸媒在可見光下降解1,2-二氯乙烷之光催化實驗 131 4-4.1 以不同Sr/Ti比例光觸媒降解1,2-二氯乙烷之實驗 131 4-4.2 以TiO2光觸媒降解1,2-二氯乙烷的產物分析結果 135 4-4.3 以Sr/TiO2光觸媒降解1,2-二氯乙烷的產物分析結果 139 4-4.4 以不同N/Ti比例光觸媒降解1,2-二氯乙烷之實驗 141 4-4.5 以N/TiO2光觸媒降解1,2-二氯乙烷的產物分析結果 145 4-4.6 光觸媒物化分析結果與光催化能力之關連性分析 147 4-5 操作條件對光觸媒降解1,2-二氯乙烷效率之探討 148 4-5.1 進流濃度對光觸媒降解1,2-二氯乙烷效率之探討 148 4-5.2 燈源種類對光觸媒降解1,2-二氯乙烷效率之探討 150 4-5.3 相對濕度對光觸媒降解1,2-二氯乙烷效率之探討 153 4-5.4 氧氣濃度對光觸媒降解1,2-二氯乙烷效率之探討 155 4-6 研究成果比較 157 第五章 結論與建議 159 5-1 結論 159 5-2 建議 162 參考文獻 163 附錄 171

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