近年來，內分泌干擾物質的議題在各國間備受關注，不論是工業、農業或民生用品，處處皆可見到內分泌干擾物質的蹤跡。為了解內分泌干擾物質於污水處理廠中之降解情形，本研究利用重組酵母菌報導基因試驗法檢測臺灣六座民生污水處理廠與一座畜牧污水處理廠之各操作處理單元水樣，評估其是否具有多環芳香烴受體與孕激素受體干擾活性，並搭配液相層析串聯式質譜儀，選定十二種目標物質進行分析，以探討廢水中已知與未知內分泌干擾物質之活性貢獻。
　　重組酵母菌報導基因試驗法結果顯示，不論在水相或是懸浮固體相樣本中，皆可測得多環芳香烴受體促進與孕激素受體拮抗活性，而孕激素受體促進活性在所有樣本中皆無測得。懸浮固體相樣本之活性檢出頻率相較於水相樣本高，而畜牧污水處理廠進出流樣本之內分泌干擾活性通常較民生污水處理廠高。經過污水廠之處理程序，內分泌干擾活性有下降趨勢，然而，一級民生污水處理廠之移除效率較二級民生污水處理廠和畜牧污水處理廠來得差。
　　液相層析串聯式質譜儀分析結果顯示，民生及畜牧污水處理廠之樣本可測得雙酚A、靛玉紅、對羥基苯甲酸甲酯、對羥基苯甲酸丙酯、壬基酚、孕酮、三氯卡班與三氯沙。目標物質於各污水處理廠之水相樣本所佔比例並不固定，然而，懸浮固體相樣本中三氯沙所佔比例常為最高。將生物試驗與儀器分析結果進行比較，生物試驗結果往往高於儀器分析結果，顯示可能尚有具多環芳香烴受體與孕激素受體干擾活性之物質未被列入目標物質。
　　污水處理廠之出流水仍不時可檢測出內分泌干擾物質，顯示污水處理廠之出流水可能為臺灣環境水體中內分泌干擾物質污染來源之一。未來，對於承受水體所造成之影響需更加關注。

The issues of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have raised concerns in recent years since various kinds of EDCs may cause adverse effects on organisms. To understand the removal of EDCs in the wastewater treatment processes,　wastewater samples from 6 domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and 1 swine WWTP in Taiwan were analyzed in this study. Recombinant yeast reporter gene assays were used to detect whether WWTPs samples showed aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and progesterone receptor (PR) disrupting activities. In addition, 12 target EDCs were selected and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and the contributions of known and unknown EDCs to the bioassay-derived endocrine disrupting activities were evaluated.
Results of recombinant yeast reporter gene assays showed that AhR agonist and PR antagonist activities could be detected in water (W) and suspended solids (SS) of WWTP samples, whereas no samples showed PR agonist activities. AhR agonist and PR antagonist activities were more often found in SS samples than in W samples, and receptor disrupting activities in influents and effluents of swine WWTP were usually higher than those in domestic WWTPs. β-Naphthoflavone and nonylphenol equivalent concentrations showed a downward tendency after treatment of WWTPs. Also, removal efficiencies of primary WWTPs were lower than those of secondary WWTPs and swine WWTP.
Results of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry showed that bisphenol A, indirubin, methyl paraben, nonylphenol, progesterone, propyl paraben, triclocarban and triclosan could be found in samples from Taiwanese WWTPs. Amount of target compounds detected in W samples varied; however, triclosan concentrations were usually the highest in SS samples. The estimated AhR agonist and PR antagonist activities calculated from liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry results were usually lower than the bioassay-derived AhR agonist and PR antagonist activities, which may be due to unknown EDCs showing AhR agonist and PR antagonist activities.
In conclusion, various kinds of EDCs were detected in the treated effluents of domestic and swine WWTPs in Taiwan. Therefore, effluents of WWTPs may be one of the main sources of EDCs in Taiwanese aquatic environment, thus more attention should be paid to the impacts on receiving waters.

1. Adachi J., Mori Y., Matsui S., Matsuda T.: Comparison of gene expression patterns between 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and a natural arylhydrocarbon receptor ligand, indirubin. Toxicological Sciences, 80(1): 161-169, 2004.
2. Africander D., Verhoog N., Hapgood J. P.: Molecular mechanisms of steroid receptor-mediated actions by synthetic progestins used in HRT and contraception. Steroids, 76(7): 636-652, 2011.
3. Allinson M., Shiraishi F., Salzman S., Allinson G.: In vitro assessment of retinoic acid and aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity of treated effluent from 39 wastewater-treatment plants in Victoria, Australia. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 61(4): 539-546, 2011.
4. Anliker R., Metzler M.: Endocrine disruptors. Springer, 2001.
5. Baldigo B. P., George S. D., Phillips P. J., Hemming J. D., Denslow N. D., Kroll K. J.: Potential estrogenic effects of wastewaters on gene expression in Pimephales promelas and fish assemblages in streams of southeastern New York. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 34(12): 2803-2815, 2015.
6. Barber L. B., Loyo-Rosales J. E., Rice C. P., Minarik T. A., Oskouie A. K.: Endocrine disrupting alkylphenolic chemicals and other contaminants in wastewater treatment plant effluents, urban streams, and fish in the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi River Regions. Science of the Total Environment, 517: 195-206, 2015.
7. Bartelt-Hunt S. L., Snow D. D., Kranz W. L., Mader T. L., Shapiro C. A., Donk S. J. V., Shelton D. P., Tarkalson D. D., Zhang T. C.: Effect of growth promotants on the occurrence of endogenous and synthetic steroid hormones on feedlot soils and in runoff from beef cattle feeding operations. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(3): 1352-1360, 2012.
8. Bellet V., Hernandez-Raquet G., Dagnino S., Seree L., Pardon P., Bancon-Montiny C., Fenet H., Creusot N., Aït-Aïssa S., Cavailles V.: Occurrence of androgens in sewage treatment plants influents is associated with antagonist activities on other steroid receptors. Water Research, 46(6): 1912-1922, 2012.
9. Bergman , Heindel J. J., Jobling S., Kidd K. A., Zoeller R. T., Jobling S. K.: State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals 2012: an assessment of the state of the science of endocrine disruptors prepared by a group of experts for the United Nations Environment Programme and World Health Organization. World Health Organization, 2013.
10. Bisen P. S.: Laboratory protocols in applied life sciences. Taylor & Francis, 2014.
11. Bolong N., Ismail A., Salim M. R., Matsuura T.: A review of the effects of emerging contaminants in wastewater and options for their removal. Desalination, 239(1): 229-246, 2009.
12. Busbee P. B., Rouse M., Nagarkatti M., Nagarkatti P. S.: Use of natural AhR ligands as potential therapeutic modalities against inflammatory disorders. Nutrition Reviews, 71(6): 353-369, 2013.
13. Chang H., Wan Y., Wu S., Fan Z., Hu J.: Occurrence of androgens and progestogens in wastewater treatment plants and receiving river waters: Comparison to estrogens. Water Research, 45(2): 732-740, 2011.
14. Chatterjee S., Kumar V., Majumder C. B., Roy P.: Screening of some anti-progestin endocrine disruptors using a recombinant yeast based in vitro bioassay. Toxicology In Vitro, 22(3): 788-798, 2008.
15. Chen Z.-F., Ying G.-G., Lai H.-J., Chen F., Su H.-C., Liu Y.-S., Peng F.-Q., Zhao J.-L.: Determination of biocides in different environmental matrices by use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 404(10): 3175-3188, 2012.
16. Choi K. J., Kim S. G., Kim C. W., Park J. K.: Removal efficiencies of endocrine disrupting chemicals by coagulation/flocculation, ozonation, powdered/granular activated carbon adsorption, and chlorination. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 23(3): 399-408, 2006.
17. Combalbert S., Bellet V., Dabert P., Bernet N., Balaguer P., Hernandez-Raquet G.: Fate of steroid hormones and endocrine activities in swine manure disposal and treatment facilities. Water Research, 46(3): 895-906, 2012.
18. Dagnino S., Gomez E., Picot B., Cavaillès V., Casellas C., Balaguer P., Fenet H.: Estrogenic and AhR activities in dissolved phase and suspended solids from wastewater treatment plants. Science of the Total Environment, 408(12): 2608-2615, 2010.
19. Dass C.: Fundamentals of contemporary mass spectrometry. Wiley, 2007.
20. Davis A., Ward S. E.: The handbook of medicinal chemistry: principles and practice. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014.
21. De Hoffmann E., Stroobant V.: Mass spectrometry: principles and applications. Wiley, 2013.
22. Denison M. S., Nagy S. R.: Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by structurally diverse exogenous and endogenous chemicals. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 43(1): 309-334, 2003.
23. Diamanti-Kandarakis E., Bourguignon J.-P., Giudice L. C., Hauser R., Prins G. S., Soto A. M., Zoeller R. T., Gore A. C.: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocrine Reviews, 30(4): 293-342, 2009.
24. Esplugas S., Bila D. M., Krause L. G. T., Dezotti M.: Ozonation and advanced oxidation technologies to remove endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 149(3): 631-642, 2007.
25. Gago-Ferrero P., Alonso M. B., Bertozzi C. P., Marigo J., Barbosa L. R., Cremer M., Secchi E. R., Azevedo A., Lailson-Brito Jr J., Torres J. P.: First determination of UV filters in marine mammals. Octocrylene levels in Franciscana dolphins. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(11): 5619-5625, 2013.
26. Gong Y., Tian H., Wang L., Yu S., Ru S.: An integrated approach combining chemical analysis and an in vivo bioassay to assess the estrogenic potency of a municipal solid waste landfill leachate in Qingdao. PloS One, 9(4): e95597, 2014.
27. Govindarajulu Z.: Statistical techniques in bioassay. Karger, 2001.
28. Gross J. H., Roepstorff P.: Mass spectrometry: a textbook. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.
29. Guerra P., Kim M., Shah A., Alaee M., Smyth S. A.: Occurrence and fate of antibiotic, analgesic/anti-inflammatory, and antifungal compounds in five wastewater treatment processes. Science of the Total Environment, 473–474: 235-243, 2014.
30. Hübschmann H. J.: Handbook of GC-MS: fundamentals and applications. Wiley, 2015.
31. Halket J. M., Waterman D., Przyborowska A. M., Patel R. K., Fraser P. D., Bramley P. M.: Chemical derivatization and mass spectral libraries in metabolic profiling by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56(410): 219-243, 2005.
32. Harvey R. G.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: chemistry and carcinogenicity. CUP Archive, 1991.
33. Hayes A. W.: Principles and methods of toxicology (Fifth Edition). CRC Press, 2007.
34. Henshel D. S., Black M. C., Harrass M. C.: Environmental toxicology and risk sssessment: standardization of biomarkers for endocrine disruption and environmental assessment. ASTM, 1999.
35. Huntley M. E.: Biotreatment of agricultural wastewater. CRC Press, 1989.
36. Ihara M., Kitamura T., Kumar V., Park C.-B., Ihara M. O., Lee S.-J., Yamashita N., Miyagawa S., Iguchi T., Okamoto S.: Evaluation of estrogenic activity of wastewater: comparison among in vitro ERα reporter gene assay, in vivo vitellogenin induction, and chemical analysis. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(10): 6319-6326, 2015.
37. Jálová V., Jarošová B., Bláha L., Giesy J., Ocelka T., Grabic R., Jurčíková J., Vrana B., Hilscherová K.: Estrogen-, androgen-and aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediated activities in passive and composite samples from municipal waste and surface waters. Environment International, 59: 372-383, 2013.
38. Kim K. H., Jahan S. A., Kabir E., Brown R. J. C.: A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environment International, 60: 71-80, 2013.
39. Klein D. R., Flannelly D. F., Schultz M. M.: Quantitative determination of triclocarban in wastewater effluent by stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid desorption–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217(11): 1742-1747, 2010.
40. Kumar K. S., Priya S. M., Peck A. M., Sajwan K. S.: Mass loadings of triclosan and triclocarbon from four wastewater treatment plants to three rivers and landfill in Savannah, Georgia, USA. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 58(2): 275-285, 2010.
41. Kusk K. O., Krüger T., Long M., Taxvig C., Lykkesfeldt A. E., Frederiksen H., Andersson A. M., Andersen H. R., Hansen K., Nellemann C.: Endocrine potency of wastewater: contents of endocrine disrupting chemicals and effects measured by in vivo and in vitro assays. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 30(2): 413-426, 2011.
42. Li J., Shang X., Zhao Z., Tanguay R. L., Dong Q., Huang C.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, sediment, soil, and plants of the Aojiang River waterway in Wenzhou, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173(1–3): 75-81, 2010.
43. Li J., Wang Z., Ma M., Peng X.: Analysis of environmental endocrine disrupting activities using recombinant yeast assay in wastewater treatment plant effluents. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 84(5): 529-535, 2010.
44. Li W., Shi Y., Gao L., Liu J., Cai Y.: Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in an advanced wastewater treatment plant. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 300: 29-38, 2015.
45. Li X., Lonard D. M., O’malley B. W.: A contemporary understanding of progesterone receptor function. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 125(10–11): 669-678, 2004.
46. Liu S., Ying G.-G., Zhou L.-J., Zhang R.-Q., Chen Z.-F., Lai H.-J.: Steroids in a typical swine farm and their release into the environment. Water Research, 46(12): 3754-3768, 2012.
47. Liu S. S., Ying G. G., Liu Y. S., Yang Y. Y., He L. Y., Chen J., Liu W. R., Zhao J. L.: Occurrence and removal of progestagens in two representative swine farms: Effectiveness of lagoon and digester treatment. Water Research, 77: 146-154, 2015.
48. Liu Z. H., Kanjo Y., Mizutani S.: Removal mechanisms for endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in wastewater treatment — physical means, biodegradation, and chemical advanced oxidation: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 407(2): 731-748, 2009.
49. Loos R., Carvalho R., António D. C., Comero S., Locoro G., Tavazzi S., Paracchini B., Ghiani M., Lettieri T., Blaha L., Jarosova B., Voorspoels S., Servaes K., Haglund P., Fick J., Lindberg R. H., Schwesig D., Gawlik B. M.: EU-wide monitoring survey on emerging polar organic contaminants in wastewater treatment plant effluents. Water Research, 47(17): 6475-6487, 2013.
50. Lozano N., Rice C. P., Ramirez M., Torrents A.: Fate of Triclocarban, Triclosan and Methyltriclosan during wastewater and biosolids treatment processes. Water Research, 47(13): 4519-4527, 2013.
51. Ma D., Chen L., Liu C., Bao C., Liu R.: Biological removal of antiandrogenic activity in gray wastewater and coking wastewater by membrane reactor process. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 33: 195-202, 2015.
52. Ma M., Li J., Wang Z.: Assessing the detoxication efficiencies of wastewater treatment processes using a battery of bioassays/biomarkers. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 49(4): 480-487, 2005.
53. Mahjoub O., Leclercq M., Bachelot M., Casellas C., Escande A., Balaguer P., Bahri A., Gomez E., Fenet H.: Estrogen, aryl hysdrocarbon and pregnane X receptors activities in reclaimed water and irrigated soils in Oued Souhil area (Nabeul, Tunisia). Desalination, 246(1): 425-434, 2009.
54. Mandal P. K.: Dioxin: a review of its environmental effects and its aryl hydrocarbon receptor biology. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 175(4): 221-230, 2005.
55. Mantis I., Voutsa D., Samara C.: Assessment of the environmental hazard from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment sludge by employing chemical and biological methods. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 62(3): 397-407, 2005.
56. Meyer V. R.: Practical high-performance liquid chromatography. Wiley, 2004.
57. Miller C. A.: A human aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway constructed in yeast displays additive responses to ligand mixtures. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 160(3): 297-303, 1999.
58. Misaki K., Kawami H., Tanaka T., Handa H., Nakamura M., Matsui S., Matsuda T.: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand activity of polycyclic aromatic ketones and polycyclic aromatic quinones. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 26(7): 1370-1379, 2007.
59. Mnif W., Dagnino S., Escande A., Pillon A., Fenet H., Gomez E., Casellas C., Duchesne M.-J., Hernandez-Raquet G., Cavaillès V.: Biological analysis of endocrine-disrupting compounds in Tunisian sewage treatment plants. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 59(1): 1-12, 2010.
60. Mohapatra D. P., Brar S. K., Tyagi R. D., Surampalli R. Y.: Occurrence of bisphenol A in wastewater and wastewater sludge of CUQ treatment plant. Journal of Xenobiotics, 1(1): 3, 2011.
61. Molina-Molina J. M., Amaya E., Grimaldi M., Saenz J. M., Real M., Fernandez M. F., Balaguer P., Olea N.: In vitro study on the agonistic and antagonistic activities of bisphenol-S and other bisphenol-A congeners and derivatives via nuclear receptors. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 272(1): 127-136, 2013.
62. Montesdeoca-Esponda S., Sosa-Ferrera Z., Santana-Rodriguez J. J.: On-line solid-phase extraction coupled to ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection for the determination of benzotriazole UV stabilizers in coastal marine and wastewater samples. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 403(3): 867-876, 2012.
63. Murrell R. N.: Effect of brevetoxin and brevetoxin antagonists on Jurkat E6-1 cell proliferation, survival, and gene expression. North Carolina State University, 2008.
64. Muz M., Sönmez M. S., Komesli O. T., Bakırdere S., Gökçay C. F.: Determination of selected natural hormones and endocrine disrupting compounds in domestic wastewater treatment plants by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction. Analyst, 137(4): 884-889, 2012.
65. Nagayoshi H., Kakimoto K., Takagi S., Konishi Y., Kajimura K., Matsuda T.: Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers show potent activities as human aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(1): 578-587, 2014.
66. Nakada N., Shinohara H., Murata A., Kiri K., Managaki S., Sato N., Takada H.: Removal of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during sand filtration and ozonation at a municipal sewage treatment plant. Water Research, 41(19): 4373-4382, 2007.
67. Niessen W. M. A.: Liquid chromatography: mass spectrometry (Second Edition). Taylor & Francis, 1998.
68. Orlando E. F., Ellestad L. E.: Sources, concentrations, and exposure effects of environmental gestagens on fish and other aquatic wildlife, with an emphasis on reproduction. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 203: 241-249, 2014.
69. Patwardhan A.: Industrial waste water treatment. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2008.
70. Poland A., Knutson J. C.: 2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons: examination of the mechanism of toxicity. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 22(1): 517-554, 1982.
71. Potvin C. M., Long Z., Zhou H.: Removal of tetrabromobisphenol A by conventional activated sludge, submerged membrane and membrane aerated biofilm reactors. Chemosphere, 89(10): 1183-1188, 2012.
72. Prichard E., Stuart B., Chemistry R. S.: Gas chromatography. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2003.
73. Reungoat J., Macova M., Escher B. I., Carswell S., Mueller J. F., Keller J.: Removal of micropollutants and reduction of biological activity in a full scale reclamation plant using ozonation and activated carbon filtration. Water Research, 44(2): 625-637, 2010.
74. Runnalls T. J., Beresford N., Losty E., Scott A. P., Sumpter J. P.: Several synthetic progestins with different potencies adversely affect reproduction of fish. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(4): 2077-2084, 2013.
75. Samanta S. K., Singh O. V., Jain R. K.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: environmental pollution and bioremediation. Trends in Biotechnology, 20(6): 243-248, 2002.
76. Sarkar N. N.: Mifepristone: bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and use-effectiveness. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 101(2): 113-120, 2002.
77. Schipper C. A.: Assessment of effects of chemical contaminants in dredged material on marine ecosystems and human health. Deltares, IOS Press, 2009.
78. Sim W. J., Kim H. Y., Choi S. D., Kwon J. H., Oh J. E.: Evaluation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products with emphasis on anthelmintics in human sanitary waste, sewage, hospital wastewater, livestock wastewater and receiving water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 248: 219-227, 2013.
79. Smital T., Terzic S., Zaja R., Senta I., Pivcevic B., Popovic M., Mikac I., Tollefsen K. E., Thomas K. V., Ahel M.: Assessment of toxicological profiles of the municipal wastewater effluents using chemical analyses and bioassays. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74(4): 844-851, 2011.
80. Stalter D., Magdeburg A., Wagner M., Oehlmann J.: Ozonation and activated carbon treatment of sewage effluents: Removal of endocrine activity and cytotoxicity. Water Research, 45(3): 1015-1024, 2011.
81. Sun J. L., Zeng H., Ni H. G.: Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment. Chemosphere, 90(6): 1751-1759, 2013.
82. Szekeres-Bartho J., Halasz M., Palkovics T.: Progesterone in pregnancy; receptor–ligand interaction and signaling pathways. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 83(1–2): 60-64, 2009.
83. Tchobanoglous G., Burton F. L.: Wastewater engineering. Management, 7: 1-4, 1991.
84. Terasaki M., Yasuda M., Makino M., Shimoi K.: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor potency of chlorinated parabens in the aquatic environment. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 1(3): 375-382, 2015.
85. Vajda A. M., Barber L. B., Gray J. L., Lopez E. M., Woodling J. D., Norris D. O.: Reproductive disruption in fish downstream from an estrogenic wastewater effluent. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(9): 3407-3414, 2008.
86. Vajda A. M., Kumar A., Woods M., Williams M., Doan H., Tolsher P., Kookana R. S., Barber L. B.: Integrated assessment of wastewater treatment plant effluent estrogenicity in the Upper Murray River, Australia, using the native Murray rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 34(5): 1078-1087, 2015.
87. Vega-Morales T., Sosa-Ferrera Z., Santana-Rodríguez J. J.: Determination of alkylphenol polyethoxylates, bisphenol-A, 17α-ethynylestradiol and 17β-estradiol and its metabolites in sewage samples by SPE and LC/MS/MS. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183(1–3): 701-711, 2010.
88. Vidal‐Dorsch D. E., Bay S. M., Maruya K., Snyder S. A., Trenholm R. A., Vanderford B. J.: Contaminants of emerging concern in municipal wastewater effluents and marine receiving water. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 31(12): 2674-2682, 2012.
89. Yang X., Flowers R. C., Weinberg H. S., Singer P. C.: Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in an advanced wastewater reclamation plant. Water Research, 45(16): 5218-5228, 2011.
90. Yost E. E., Meyer M. T., Dietze J. E., Meissner B. M., Worley-Davis L., Williams C. M., Lee B., Kullman S. W.: Comprehensive assessment of hormones, phytoestrogens, and estrogenic activity in an anaerobic swine waste lagoon. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(23): 13781-13790, 2013.
91. Yu W. S., Hunag W. Y.: Sewer records: operation and management of wastewater treatment plants. Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior, Taiwan, 2011.
92. Yu Y., Huang Q., Wang Z., Zhang K., Tang C., Cui J., Feng J., Peng X.: Occurrence and behavior of pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones, and endocrine-disrupting personal care products in wastewater and the recipient river water of the Pearl River Delta, South China. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 13(4): 871-878, 2011.
93. Yu Y., Wu L.: Analysis of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products in sewage sludge by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Talanta, 89: 258-263, 2012.
94. Yu Y., Wu L., Chang A. C.: Seasonal variation of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment plants. Science of the Total Environment, 442: 310-316, 2013.
95. Zeeman G., Kujawa K., Mes T. D., Hernandez L., Graaff M. D., Abu-Ghunmi L., Mels A., Meulman B., Temmink H., Buisman C.: Anaerobic treatment as a core technology for energy, nutrients and water recovery from source-separated domestic waste (water). Water Science and Technology, 57(8): 1207-1212, 2008.
96. Zucchi S., Castiglioni S., Fent K.: Progestins and antiprogestins affect gene expression in early development in zebrafish (Danio rerio) at environmental concentrations. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(9): 5183-5192, 2012.