在族群遺傳學中，有關母體估計的研究是相當重要的一環；有效族群數 比族群中可生殖個體數少很多，而可生殖個體數又比實際族群個體總數 更少，由此可知有些生物族群，在外表上似乎個體很多，依然仍會發生遺傳浮動現象，因此利用其中之標準化變異數在基因頻率變化去估計有效母體總數是許多學者研究的方向。
　　本文主要參考文獻為Robin S. Waples (1988) ”A Generalized Approach for Estimating Effective Population Size From Temporal Changes in Allele Frequency”，在此文獻中，吾人對於其計算式造成分母為零的情況感到與趣；先前學者雖然有提出與原始計算式相比較有顯著改善之其他計算式，其中Robin S. Waples (1988)所提出的解決方法為：當 及 同時為零就不將此樣本列入考慮；吾人認為這樣的做法會造成樣本平均數(去掉 及 同時為零的樣本)無法趨進於母體期望值，觀察數據之後(本文表一： ，表二： )，可發現其中初始基因頻率較為極端者，都有特別高估的情況，因此在本文中吾人將著重於避免分母為零去提出新的估計式。

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書籍：

Hisashi Tanizaki, ”Computational Methods in Statistics and Econometrics”, Marcel Dekker, Inc. (2004)

李學勇，”族群遺傳學導論”， 聯經出版事業公司(1989)

論文：

Costas B. Krimbas and Spyros Tsakas, ”The Genetics of Dacus Oleae. V. Changes of Esterase Polymorphism in A Natural Population Following Insecticide Control-Selection or Drift? ”, Evolution 25:454-460 (1971)

Edward Pollak, ”A New Method for Estimating The Effective Population Size from Allele Frequency Changes”, Genetics 104:531-548 (1983)

Ellen G. Williamson and Montgomery Slatkin, ”Using Maximum Likelihood to Estimate Population Size From Temporal Changes in Allele Frequencies”, Genetics 152:755-761 (1999)

Gordon Luikart, Jean-Marie Cornuet, and Fred W. Allendorf, ”Temporal Changes in Allele Frequencies Provide Estimates of Population Bottleneck Size”, Conservation Biology, Pages 523-530 Vol.13,No.3 (1999)

J.A. Labate, K.R. Lamkey, M. Lee, W.L. Woodman, ”Temporal Changes in Allele Frequencies in Two Reciprocally Selected Maize Populations”, Genet 99:1166-1178 (1999)

James F. Crow and Carter Dennistion, ”Inbreeding and Variance Effective Population Numbers”, Evolution 42:482-495 (1988)

Masatoshi Nei and Fumio Tajima, ”Genetic Drift and Estimation of Effective Population Size”, Genetics 98:625-640 (1981)

Masatoshi Nei and Fumio Tajima, ”Note on Genetic Drift and Estimation of Effective Population Size”, Genetics 106:569-574 (1984)

Pekka Pamilo and Sirkka-Liisa Varvio-Aho, ”Letter to The Editior on The Estimation of Population Size from Allele Frequency Changes.”, Genetics 95:1055-1058 (1980)

Robin S. Waples, ”A Generalized Approach for Estimating Effective Population Size From Temporal Changes in Allele Frequency”, Genetics 121:379-391 (1988)

Shuichi Kitada, Takeshi Hayashi and Hirohisa Kishino, ”Empirical Bayes Procedure for Estimating Genetic Distance Between Populations and Effective Population Size”, Genetics 156:2063-2079 (2000)

Takahito Sikano, Takashi Chiyokubo & Nobuhiko Taniguchi, ”Temporal Changes in Allele Frequency, Genetic Variation and Inbreeding Depression in Small Populations of The Guppy, Poecilia Reticulata”,Heredity86 153-160 (2001)

William G. Hill, ”A Note on Effective Population Size with Overlapping Generations”, Genetics 92:317-322 (1979)

王澄祥，”有效母體總數估計之研究”(論文初稿)，國立成功大學應用數學所碩士論文 (2005)