多氯戴奧辛(Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins，以下簡稱戴奧辛）及多氯呋喃（Polychlorinated Dibenzo-Furans，以下簡稱呋喃）為半揮發性有毒物質，而都市垃圾焚化爐為目前已知重要的戴奧辛來源之一。戴奧辛自焚化爐排放後，可經由大氣擴散進行長距離之傳輸，對於環境影響的程度可由地區性到全球性。戴奧辛在環境中的流布，依其吸附於粒徑不同微粒的能力不同，將影響戴奧辛在環境中的傳輸及沉降行為。為了能夠瞭解戴奧辛在大氣中的傳輸和沈降，以及人體經由呼吸道所接觸到戴奧辛的濃度，因此有必要對戴奧辛在大氣不同微粒中的分布作進一步的調查。
本研究以台南市垃圾焚化爐為對象，以工業污染源複合模式（ISCST3）進行戴奧辛大氣擴散模擬後，依擴散濃度之高低，選擇焚化爐附近濃度區域較高之土城國小分校、安佃國小、顯宮國小，以及建功國小為背景點。在戴奧辛粒徑分布採樣方面，使用高量採樣器配合五階階梯式採樣器（7.2、3.0、1.5、0.95、0.49μm），以石英纖維濾紙進行大氣中固相PCDD/Fs粒徑分布採樣，採樣過程中同時進行氣象條件之量測與記錄。採集之樣品遵循本國環檢所公告之NIEA810.10B方法進行萃取、濃縮、酸洗、酸性矽膠、氧化鋁、活性碳等淨化後，使用高解析氣相層析/高解析質譜儀進行分析，以獲得固相PCDD/Fs之粒徑分布資料。
研究結果顯示，都市垃圾焚化爐周界空氣中懸浮微粒之粒徑分布為一雙峰分布（Bimodal distribution），最高濃度值皆出現在粒徑<0.49μm之微粒，dC/dlog Dp平均值為15.6 μg/m3(10.1~21.9 μg/m3)；次高濃度出現在7.2~3μm之粒徑，dC/dlog Dp平均值為10.0 μg/m3(7.5~12.3 μg/m3)。該結果顯示台南市垃圾焚化爐周界空氣之氣膠微粒的分布包括細微粒分布模式與粗微粒分布模式均存在。
都市垃圾焚化爐周界空氣中戴奧辛之粒徑分布呈現偏左之單峰分布，最大濃度值出現在粒徑小於0.49 μm之微粒，三次採集所分析之戴奧辛平均濃度為0.603 pg/Nm3 (0.906~0.389 pg/Nm3) ，以累積模式（accumulative mode）來計算時，則有83％以上的戴奧辛存在粒徑小於1.5 μm以下之微粒。在毒性當量方面，三次採集所分析之戴奧辛平均濃度為0.016 pg I-TEQ/Nm3 (0.011~0.024 pg I-TEQ/Nm3) ，粒徑小於1.5 μm之微粒在總毒性當量的貢獻度達78％以上。同時也發現，平均而言PCDFs的濃度約為PCDDs的1.4倍，但PCDFs毒性當量貢獻量卻平均為PCDDs的2.9倍。戴奧辛同族物(homologue)分布方面，三次採樣各點皆以六氯、七氯和八氯戴奧辛與呋喃為主。單位質量微粒的戴奧辛含量分布方面，各採樣點之戴奧辛含量分布皆有隨粒徑減小而遞增之趨勢，在最小粒徑範圍（<0.49μm）之微粒有最大戴奧辛含量，此應為較小之懸浮微粒具有較大的比表面積，經大氣冷凝等作用可以吸附較多戴奧辛之故。同時在與溫度的比較時發現，隨著溫度下降，粒徑小於0.49 μm之微粒所含戴奧辛的比例有逐漸下降的趨勢，而在粒徑1.5~0.95μm、0.95~0.49μm所含有戴奧辛的濃度比例有逐漸上升的趨勢可能是由於凝結所引起的微粒成長。戴奧辛主要同源物（congener）方面，戴奧辛粒徑分布之pattern主要為OCDD/F，1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD/F及1,2,3,4,7,8HxCDF，此分布與氣固相所觀察到的分布近似，但是在戴奧辛氣固相之固相的八氯分布卻與本研究不同。整體而言，戴奧辛粒徑分布之pattern與氣固相之固相pattern是相當一致的。

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are well known persistence organic pollutants (POPs). They are characterized as persistent, semivolatile and toxicologically significant trace organic contaminants. Municipal wastes incinerators (MWIs) is one of the important sources of dioxin as we known. PCDD/Fs emitted from incinerators can be transported over long distances from local to global scale and are distributed into various environmental components. Several studies indicated that most of PCDD/Fs are strongly adsorbed to particulate. The distribution of particle-bound PCDD/Fs in the atmosphere are influenced by the properties of atmospheric particles, especially for size distribution. The size distribution patterns of particles in the atmosphere is important to determine the transport and removal mechanism of PCDD/Fs and contribution of human exposure to PCDD/Fs through inhalation. Therefore, the size distribution of particle-bound PCDD/Fs in the atmosphere is the main issue to explore.
Industrial source Complex short-term model (ISCST3) is applied to estimate the annual averaged ambient PCDD/Fs concentrations emission by measured PCDD/Fs data from Cheng-xi municipal wastes incinerator in Tainan and meteorological data from 1996-1999. According to the emitted from stack of distribution of estimated ambient PCDD/Fs concentration, four elementary schools, Tu-Cheng, An-Dian, Xian-Gong and Jian- Gong, near Cheng-xi MWI were selected as sampling site during Oct to Dec in 2001. The size distribution of airborne particles at four sites were measured using quartz fiber filter (QFF) and high volume air sampler equipped with cascade impactor. The cutoff size of cascade impactor is 7.2、3.0、1.5、0.95、0.49μm. Samples were extracted by a Soxhlet for 24h with toluene and a cocktail of isotope labelled standards was added. The cleanup of the extraction was accomplished with an acid-base silica column, an alumina column and a carbon column. The quantification of PCDD/Fs was performed with high-resolution gas chromatography/ high-resolution mass spectrometry.
The size distribution of total suspend particles is bimodal distribution. First peak presented in the <0.49μm and secondary maxima presented in the 3-7.2μm. The size distribution of particle-bound PCDD/Fs is unimodal distribution, which maximum size range in the <0.49μm. The large amounts of particle-bound PCDD/Fs were found on small particles with dae less than 1.5μm that accounted for over 83% of the total PCDD/Fs, contributing mostly to the toxicity and providing over 78% of the total TEQs. Observation of particle-bound PCDD/Fs on large particles were different from the small particles and the concentrations of PCDD/Fs decreased with increasing particle size.

Barbieri S., Pirovano C., Scarlato G., Tarchini P.,Zappa A., Maranzana M. Long-term effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the peripheral nervous system. Clinical and neurophysiological controlled study on subjects with chloracne forms the Seveso area. Neuroepidemiology 1988; 7: 29-37.

Bertazzi P.A., Zocchetti C., Pesatori A.C., Guercilena S., Senarico M., Rodice L. Ten-year mortality study of the population involved in the Seveso incident in 1976. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1989; 129: 1187-1200.

Bolt A., de Jong APJM. Ambient Air Dioxin Measurement in the Netherlands. Chemosphere 1993;27:73-81.

Camilla Svensson, Allen E. Silverstone, Zhi-Wei Lai, and Katarina Lundberg. Dioxin-induced adseverin expression in the mouse thymus is strictly regulated and dependent on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2002;291:1194-1200.

Czuczwa J.M. and Hites R.A. Airborne dioxins and dibenzofurans: sources and fates. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1986;23:1396-1401.

Cheng Y.-S and Yeh H.-C. Particle bounce in cascade impators. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1979;13:1392-1396.

Han K. Kang, Nancy A. Dalager, Larry L. Needham, Donald G. Patterson Jr., Genevieve M. Matanoski, Sukon Kanchanaraksa, Peter S.J. Lees.US army chemical corps Vietnam veterans health study : preliminary results. Chemosphere 2001;43:943-949.

Huff, J.E., Moore, J.A., Saracci, R., and Tomatis, L. Long-term hazards of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and polychloro-dibenzofurans , Environmental Health Prespective, 1980; 36, 221-240.

Horstmann, M., McLachlan, M.S. Atmospheric deposition of semivolatile organic compounds to two forest canopies. Atmos. Environ. 1998;32: 1799-1809.
Hippelein M, Kaupp H, Dörr G, McLachlan M, Hutzinger O. Baseline contamination for a new resource recovery facility in Germany partⅡ: Atmosphere concentrations of PCDD/F. Chemosphere 1996;32:1605-1616.

Kurokawa Y, Matsuedda T, Nakamura M, Takada S, Fukamachi K. Characterization of non-ortho coplanar PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the atmosphere. Chemosphere 1996; 32:No.3, 491-500.

van Jaarsveld J.A., Schutter M.A.A. Modelling the long-range transport and deposition of dioxins; first results for NW Europe. Chemosphere 1993; 27:1-3, 131-139.

Halsall C.J., Coleman P.J., Jones K.C.Atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs)and pollcyclic armotic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in two UK cities. Chemosphere 1997; 39:9, 1919-1931.

Koester C，Hites R. Photodegradation of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans adsorbed to fly ash. Environ Sci Technol 1992; 26:3, 503-507.

Kaupp H., Towara J., McLachlan M.S. Distribution of polychlorinated dibezo-p-dioxins and diebenzofurans in atmospheric particulate matter with respect to particle size . Atmos. Environ. 1994;28: 585-593.

Kao Alan S., Venkataraman C. Estimating the contribution of reentrainment to the atmospheric deposition of dioxin. Chemosphere 1995; 35:10, 4317-4331.

Kurokawa, Yoichi. Distribution of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Various Sizes of Airborne Particles. Chemosphere1998; 37: 9-12, 2161-2171.

Kaupp, J., Mclachlan, M.S., 1999. Atmospheric particle size distributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their implications for wet and dry deposition, Atmospheric Environment31, 85-95.

Kaupp, J., Mclachlan, M.S., 2000. Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-P-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons within the full size range of atmospheric particles. Atmospheric Environment 34, 73-83.

Koester, C.J.,R.A. Wet and dry deposition of chlorinated dioxins and furans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992;28:1375-1382.

Kouimtzis Th., Samara C., Voutsa D., Balafoutis Ch., Müller L. PCDD/Fs and PCBs in airborne particulate matter of the greater Thessaloniki area, N. Greece. Chemosphere 2002; 47:193-205.

McConnell E., Huff J., Hejtmancik M., Peters A., Persing R. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of two grades of pentachlorophenol in B6C3F1 mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1991; 17: 519-532.

May G. Chloracne from the accidental production of tetra- chlorobenzodioxin. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1982; 39: 128-135.

Moses M., Prioleau P.G. Cutaneous histologic findings in chemical workers with and without chloracne with past exposure to 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1985;12: 497-506.

Mastroiacovo P，Spagnolo A，Marni E，Meazza L，Bertollini R，Segni G. Birth defects in the Seveso area (Italy) after TCDD contamination. J.A.M.A. 1988; 259: 1668-1672.

Nessel C.S., Amoruso M.A.,Umbreit T.H. Pulmonary bioavailability and fine particle enrichment of 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in respirable soil particles. Fundam Appl. Toxicol. 1992;19:279-285.

Ogura I., Masunaga S., Nakanish J. Atmospheric deposition of poly- chlorinated dibenzo-P-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in the Kanto Region, Japen. Chemosphere 2001; 44:1473-1487.

Poland A., and Kende A. 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibeno-p-dioxin and and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons: examination of the mechanism of toxicity. Annual Review of pharmacology and Toxicology 1982; 22: 517-554.

Rappe C. Sources of PCDDs and PCDFs. Introduction: Reactions，levels，patterns，profiles and trends. Chemosphere 1992;25:41-44.

Revich B., Aksel E., Ushakova T., Ivanova I., Zhuchenko N., Klyuev N., Brodsky B., Sotskov Y. Dioxin exposure and public health in Chapaevsk, Russia. Chemosphere 2001;43:951-966.

Rainer L, Robert G.M. Lee, Nicholas J.L. Green., 2000 .Gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in daily air samples. Atmos. Environ. 34, 2529-2537.

Safe S. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs): Biochemistry，toxicology，and mechanism of action. CRC Crit Rev in Toxicol 1984; 13: 319-95.

Safe S. Polychlorinated biphynyls (PCBs)，dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)，dibenzofurans (PCDFs)，and related compounds: environmental and mechanistic considerations which support the development of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs). Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 21; 1990 : 219-238.

Willeke K., Whitby K.T. Atmospheric aerosols: size distribution interpretation. J. Air Pollut. Ass. 25:529-534.