十字軍運動為中世紀歐洲基督徒與大敘利亞地區穆斯林間最為著名的戰事之一，其最初的目的是為了爭奪聖地耶路撒冷的統治權。教宗Urban II於1096年號召歐洲各地的信徒參與這場奪回聖地的聖戰，最終耶路撒冷於1099由十字軍奪回，並在此建立四個十字軍政權。第一次十字軍運動的成功不只對歐洲基督徒有著重大的意義，對於穆斯林宗教學者（Ulamā’）來說，法蘭克人（Franks）的入侵與建立政權代表兩件事：即伊斯蘭中土世界的分裂混亂與使得穆斯林的宗教熱情已不如法蘭克人。對此，宗教學者鼓吹全體穆斯林當加入Jihad的行列，將法蘭克人驅逐出大敘利亞地區。1144年，突厥裔將領Zangi奪回Edessa。1148至1174年，Zangi的次子Nur al-Din統領大敘利亞的穆斯林勢力，並同時將部分軍事力量部屬於開羅，成為十字軍政權最強大的對手。Nur al-Din死後，其部下Saladin於開羅崛起，推翻Fatimid朝並逐步接收Nur al-Din的領地，Saladin與十字軍對戰的最大成就便是奪回耶路撒冷。上述三位領袖都以Jihad為號召對抗十字軍，對此他們也獲得了不少穆斯林的支持；然而三位領袖大多時候進攻的對象並非十字軍，而是不願降伏的穆斯林地方勢力。對此，不少現代研究認為這些穆斯林領袖是以Jihad之名行領土擴張之實，也因此對於這三位是否可稱之為聖戰士（al-Mujahid）感到質疑。本論文試圖以論述何謂Jihad，以此探討十字軍時期的Jihad論述與實踐，以三位初期的十字軍領袖為例，藉此凸顯出宗教學者所期望的Jihad與實際執行者行為之間的差異。

The Crusades were one of the most well-known warfares between Christians and Muslims in the Medieval period. Its original purpose was to fight for total control of the Jerusalem. Pope Urban II called the Christians to join the holy war against the Muslims in 1096, and the first Crusade ended with the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099. After the fall of Jerusalem, the Muslim scholar (Ulamā’) advocated for a Jihad to expel the Franks from their lands and to restore its religious piety. In 1144, Zangi recovered the city of Edessa. From 1148 to 1174, Zangi’s second son, Nur al-Din, united the Muslim forces in Greater Syria and deploy troops in Cairo. After the death of Nur al-Din, Salah al-Din rose from Cairo and conquered the territory of Nur al-Din. The greatest achievement of Salah al-Din with the battle against the Crusades was to retake Jerusalem. These three leaders were famous for leading the Jihad against the Crusaders, with it, they gain support from the people. Yet, they fought the Muslim local forces, who were unwilling to subdue, more than the Franks. For these reasons, modern scholars believe that these Muslim leaders were expanding their territory in the title of Jihad, therefore it is doubtful whether they are worthy with the name of al-Mujihad (Holy warrior). This thesis aims to discuss the meaning of Jihad and to exam Jihad’s discourse and practice during the age of Crusades. Taking those three Muslim leaders as examples, to highlight the difference between the scholars' expectation and reality performance.

徵引書目

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期刊論文
Lev,Yaacov. “The Jihad of Sultan Nur al-Din of Syria (1146-1174): History and Discourse,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 35 (2008): pp. 228-284.
Rubenstein, Jay. “Saladin and the Problem of the Counter-Crusade in the Middle Ages,” Historically Speaking 13:5 (2012): pp. 2-5.
Sahner, Christian C. “‘The Monasticism of My Community is Jihad’: A Debate on Asceticism, Sex, and Warfare in Early Islam,” Arabica 64:2 (2017): pp.149-183.

網路資料
《聖訓》Hadith. https://sunnah.com/, accessed January 1, 2021.此網站蒐集數本聖訓版本，其中包含阿拉伯文與英文翻譯。
《古蘭經》http://www.islam.org.hk/cqse/cqse.asp, accessed January 1, 2021. 此網站蒐集數本古蘭經中文翻譯版本。本文以仝道章譯本為主。
《古蘭經》https://quran.com/, accessed February 3, 2021. 此網站蒐集數本古蘭經翻譯版本。本文章之英文版本以Dr. Mustafa Khattab翻譯的The Clear Quran為主。