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研究生: 劉銘緯
Liu, Ming-Wei
論文名稱: 由華夏都城里坊形制變遷論文化的中心性與空間的社能形構
Deliberation on the Centrality of the Chinese Culture and the Sociability of Spatial Form - In View of Transition of the Intuitional Li-Fang Walled-Ward of the Historical Capitals
指導教授: 賴光邦
Lai, Kwang-Pang
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 規劃與設計學院 - 建築學系
Department of Architecture
論文出版年: 2013
畢業學年度: 101
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 167
中文關鍵詞: 里坊都城坊市革命公共領域中華文化型態城市治理空間的社能形構
外文關鍵詞: institutional enclosure of Li-Fang Walled-Ward, the Chinese capital, the medieval revolution in the market structure and urbanization, public realm, the Chinese cultural form, the Chinese city governance, the sociability of spatial form
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  • 隨著由西方向東發動的殖民運動,早期現代化忽略了地方文化語境僅以普遍而表象的西化為目的,至終造成如杭廷頓(Samuel Huntington)等學者所觀察到的文化衝突。為回應於「在地」,現代化過程的文化介入又成為學術界的共識。而又在經歷十九、二十世紀的「現代化」與兩次大戰,「都市」理論又經建構與解構之後,上個世紀六○年代對於專業化都市規劃(urban planning)的反省,將大尺度、新自由主義式的規劃方法宣告失效,學界的視角則逐漸調整過去以「簡單西化」作為現代性的情境而轉向於具有文化基礎的「社區」(community) ,如美國為社區賦權的政策,或英國啟動的鄰里建築運動(Community Architecture Movement)。這種鄰里尺度的規畫實踐,可說是經歷一個世紀的規劃實驗後,常民百姓、建築師與規劃師三個角色在城市空間中相互角力,最後,由常民與建築師再度取得規劃權的勝利(Hall, [1988] 2002, p. 419)。這種基於「後(於)」現代的策略位置,是本研究所採用,藉以強調常民文化之所介入於空間實踐,並論其空間形制、制度賦權與文化再生產的建構。
    視角回到遠東(Far East),承續著上述歷程,華文化對「在地」「社區」的理解與社區實踐其理論與實踐的基礎並非比附於傳統鄰里社會,或架構在「文化」基礎上、而竟然而是隨著幾近兩個世紀前殖民主義的脈絡,再次由西而東藉由西方學說進行理論賦權。 筆者鑒於全球在地化的互動語境,我們刻不容緩必須建構自身以「社區」為視角的城市史觀,藉此才能為華夏社區行動進行理論賦權,也才能接續於「再/後(於)」現代的規畫語境。因此筆者將視角定焦在華夏制度化「社區」-- 並由城市空間「公」「私」性質進行質性討論,藉此以供後續研究者在文化理解的基礎下,討論現代性的「在地」空間實踐,最後,筆者在後現代意義引入時 ,嘗試以建構公共領域為策略,經由傳統文化(向著現代)的昇華,祈以「典範轉移」作成結論。
    其中關於公共領域建構近來已成為創造新的文化議程的方法論,主要貢獻者當屬德裔美籍的自由思想家漢娜‧鄂蘭(H. Arendt)與法蘭克福學派繼承人哈伯馬斯(J. Habermas),特別是後者對於「溝通」(與關係)的認同與理論化的功績。但我們也必須注意,這種幾乎奠基九〇年代之後的學術成果,在上述作者對於「溝通行為」的承認與理論化對東方(包含南歐)社會尤其具有極大的意義。在緊跟隨西方社會強調剛性法律與個人化文明之外,「東方」社會對於「關係」的認同,使得東方社會長期的運作已超越「個人主義」的失敗,並導向於另一種抵抗風險的情境,絕然是上揭學者所不見,另一種「公共領域」的型態。
    方法上,筆者學術背景在於空間研究,並無法超越文化學者以耗費長時間由史料翰海「以史證史」回顧來得到研究成果;再方面是中華帝國(the Chinese Empire)「正史」視角,一方面是一部君王史、二方面是「後朝」在「政治正確」下修訂的前朝史,因此史料必須重釋。筆者嘗試由建築學、規劃學進行突破「以圖證史」探索文明內涵,再則經由空間、社會學詮釋,以釐清城市結構與空間質性。並基於規劃實踐的目的,筆者以「里坊」為視角建立常民城市史觀,以期我們面對於西方理論時可以明辨,而規劃方法上的「文化介入」也可深入空間意義而不失於表象。經論證,本研究達成以下成果:
    一、 本研究認為中華城市社會具有一個基本的構成基體(basis),這就是先秦自主自立的「城邑」,城邑千百年來經聚合與職能分化,先發展為「宮室」、「里」、「市」至「坊」至唐始並稱「里坊」,這種聚合體是傳統中華城市社會的必要結構。
    二、 (邑)里是最早的結構化城市空間中的獨立單元、具特有文化特徵。而邑里再經由城市化過程展開巨觀的結構性聚合,微觀的性質分化,而發展出如今我們所認知的城市軸線區位化,此後才發展當前所知中華都城的形構,本研究據此,展開論證,提出「里」應當作中華城市史常民史觀的主軸。
    三、 藉由檢驗唐宋之間坊市制度的崩潰,本研究提出由都市格局上,應重新認同中華社會「鄰里」價值、包含空間制度與社會意義,藉此建立一個可供「常民實踐」的空間尺度與彈性。在鄰里尺度上筆者並不認為「個人主義」是當前社會的合適朝向。而應回應於文化常態,在「溝通」與「關係」進行制度化的認同情境中,重新解釋文化意義。且在文化特徵下,重新探討「家」對空間結構的意義與內涵,而在鄰里內部應是個容許官、民、親族可以共享的空間,期以「社會資本」建立為目的,以文化介入回應於「鄰里情境」。
    四、 收斂以上研究成果,本研究建立以「里坊」為隱喻、中華社會社區理論本體論並以「典範轉移」以為結論。
    概括而論,本文研究雖有上述嘗試,甚至是以「典範轉移」為目的的書寫。不管是里制、坊制、廂制乃至長城建構,都是藉由制度性的操作,期使居民在具有邊緣的圍閉場域中競業安居、厚植社會資本、建立對自我與社群的認同。這種小區劃的「社區尺度」是古往今來「鄰里共同體」的精神所在,目的都為找尋一個最低的制度成本與交易成本的尺度。本研究由理論反思出發,試圖建立一套理解中華社會城市空間運作的方法,作為「後設的」(metaphorical)、常民化、之地方雛議以為拋磚,而本研究的文化取徑嘗試補強百年來「地方」實踐的理論或因對於在地文化理解的不周延而逕取法自西方所進行僅以物質取向的發展策略。本文跳脫皇家視角,祈使建立常民城市敘事、為中華城市史建立以里坊為角度的城市敘事的本體論,也為社區理論建立起一個文化考證的視野。

    With the West’s colonial movements orientated to the East, early modernization disregarded context locally, on the contrary, Westernization was superficially and broadly conducted in the East World. Furthermore, after experiencing the two World Wars in the 19th and 20th centuries, “modernization” thereby has led the new world into the status of cultural conflicts in our modern world. Such a fact was noticed and indicated by certain scholars, Samuel Huntington is one of them, who suggested an agenda towards consensus unanimity, that is, local culture is to be an actor to be respected while towards modernization. Then, started from the 1960s, the theoretical views gradually adjusted from the past “simple Westernization”, turning its focus to “community” with cultural foundational basis . Else, some reflection has been made, urban planning in the grand-scale has been proclaimed its failure, as well been proclaimed its failure and led in the new method, neoliberal planning, to take the place for substitution. All in all, nowadays “urban theory” is waiting to be constructed and deconstructed. For instance, the policy of the United States now emphasizes much more over community empowerment, and the United Kingdom’s Community Architecture Movement is alike. These are local practices carried out in “neighborhood” (community) scales underwent a century’s planning experimentation. In which the three actors, the inhabitants, the architects, and the planners, acted from the opposite position against each other, fighting for their urban positions. At the end of the last century, the inhabitants and the architects again won over the planning rights in the first round (Hall, [1988] 2002, p. 419). Based on the “postism” the new strategic position has been set, while culture is used as a new factor for emphasis in the process of spatial practice so as to reconsider over the form in spatial construction, institutional empowerment and cultural reproduction.

    Focus our view back to the Far East, a chronically continuous process, as illustrated above, with “local” and “community” that based the foundation for theory and its empirical practice that nowadays, has molded out the Chinese city culture understanding in common. That is, traditional neighborhood, which was based the society in concrete, thus constructed “culture” in reality. Even hybrid with the colonial experience in the past two centuries, it led the Western rhetorical form imposed from the West to the East. Besides, in view of the global localized interactive context, we urgently need to construct the urban historical view with “community” in a perspective scope and theoretically empower Chinese community in actions, thus continuing Chinese planning practice in the context of “re/post” modernity. Thus, my focuses stress “community” for the perspective of Chinese planning institution – from the qualitative analysis between the “public” and “private” of urban space in order to attract future researchers to reflect on “local” from the dimension of spatial practice of modernity on the basis of cultural understanding. In sum, while introducing the scenario of postmodern , I attempt to construct the public realm as a strategic position, through the sublimation of traditional culture (toward modernism), and it is hoped that “paradigm shift” would be the conclusion.

    The theoretical construction on the public realm has recently become an approach for creating new cultural agendas, and the main contributors are the German American liberal thinker Hannah Arendt and Jurgen Habermas, inheritor of the Frankfurt School. The latter’s work especially identified the perspective theorem on “communication” (and social relations). However, we must also note that those academic accomplishments that have been established after the 90s are significantly contributed in the theorem on “ration of communication” for the Eastern World (even, including South European) society. In addition, rather than the Western society that emphasizes on rigid laws and civilization of individualism, “Eastern” society is identified with “relationships”, meaning that the long-term operation of Eastern society has surpassed the failure of “individualism,” leading to another context of resisting risk, which is certainly not seen by these scholars, in another form of “public realm.”

    In terms of methodology, that first consideration is my academic background, which concerning to spatial research. Theoretically, I cannot surpass the rule that cultural scholars have made in the perspective which “using historical evidence to verify the facts in history” through examining the facts from the volumes of historical documents. Even, these evidences had undergone the process to make them officially limited within the perspective of each dynasty of Chinese Empire. Certainly, as Chinese history was chronically written by a “later dynasty” to take place of the previous one, history must be reinterpreted in order to be “politically correct.” Thus, history was definitely a pretended and a reinterpreted one. However, for us, the spatial scholars, who abide by the rule of “using historical evidence to verify the facts in history”, we are bond to the duty of interpreting the hidden knowledge by taking the advantage of architecture and planning tools of spatial studies and sociology, thus to explore the quality and quantity among urban structure within this certain space boundaries for the purpose of revealing civilization from the other dimensions which ever existed and have long been given. My research fixes on a viewpoint from “institutional enclosure of Li-Fang walled-ward” and perspective on the planning practice of capital cities of the previous dynasties, which has long been practiced to establish an ordinary interpretation for the ordinary people to construct a general historical understanding for a common purpose. In this way, we may thus verify the theory of the West, and thus regard “culture” as a factor to intervene in the planning process that can penetrate spatial meaning in the turning points and come out in superficial appearances. My academic work works out the following outcomes:

    1. This paper argues that autonomous “Cheng Yi” (walled-cities) that found Chinese urban society’s fundamental basis was before Qin dynasty (221 BC). The holistic walled-city (cheng yi) later on differentiated its functions into “Gong Shi” (palace), “Li” (residential neighborhood), “Shi” (market place), and “Fang” (residential block) in the following hundred years. Until the beginning of Tang dynasty, those subdivisions were institutionally termed in “Li-Fang” (walled-ward) in order to generalize the enclosure conception of urban structure. Li-Fang was accordingly considered necessary in traditional Chinese urban society to make up of a Chinese city (thus turning out a metropolis).
    2. Li (in a walled-ward city,) with its cultural features, is to be regarded an independent unit to formulate urban structure in the earliest Chinese city. Walled-ward, in terms of macro and micro urbanization process, developed into the urban axes and regions that we recognized as the feature of the formal structures of the Chinese capital today. Accordingly, “Li” is granted for ordinary people to structure the historical perspective of Chinese cities.
    3. By studying the collapse of the institutional wall-ward system between the Tang and Song dynasties, this paper claims the requirement to reaffirm the value of “neighborhood” in Chinese society, from the dimensions including its spatial system and its social meanings, in order to establish the scale that can be “ordinarily practiced” with flexibility. In terms of neighborhoods, I do not believe that “individualism” is proper to adapt in contemporary society. On the contrary, the orientation that I propose is to adopt the sense of “communication” and “relationships” in the norms of culture in the context of everyday life (elsewhere “family” is still under- estimate) as the meaning and content of the spatial structure is taken into consideration. While we are able to reinterpret the currently meaning of culture and to reevaluate the cultural feature of a traditional neighborhoods, where people share space among governmental authority, ordinary people, and the clan of families that may end up with the establishment of “social capital” as purpose, and respond to “neighborhood contexts” with the intervention of local culture.
    4. In converging these research results, this paper is turning “institutional enclosure of Li-Fang Walled-Ward” into the metaphor, and concludes that we may take a “paradigm shift” establishing the orthodox for Chinese community theory as its local agenda.

    Although this research has attempts listed above and sums up in “paradigm shift,” regardless of Li, Fang, or Xiang (district, a larger system than Li-Fang after the collapse), even the construction of the Great Wall were all undertaken for the institutional proposes, in hopes that inhabited dwellers can live in well-being within the enclosed margins, boundaries were fix both to enhance social capital and establish identity individually and collectively. Such a division of “community scale” is essential for “neighborhood community” from the past to present, for the purpose of seeking the institutional cost and transactional cost of its margins and minimum. My research begins with the reflection in theoretical perspective, in an attempt to establish a method for understanding urban function and its operation in Chinese society in the perspective of ordinarily viewpoints with metaphor used, thus to attract further discussion of cross-discipline. Likewise, the cultural orientation of this research as well as attempts to strengthen theoretical framework before by the century-old practice, while it started in the status of the lacking understanding so as to adopt strategies materialistically such as the case of early modern in the West World. I avoid the perspective from the loyal that hopes to establish the urban narrative of the ordinary, in order to create an orthodox understanding of urban narrative based on institutional enclosure of Li-Fang Walled-Ward for the urban history of the Chinese societies, else, establishing a theoretical view of cultural evidentiary analysis for theorem of Chinese communities.

    第壹章、緒論 1 第一節、研究對象與背景說明1 第二節、研究目的14 第三節、研究方法與章節佈局20 第四節、研究性質與時間範圍界定24 第貳章、文獻回顧與評析27 第一節、27 第二節、中華都城制度史觀下的「社區」論述體系31 第三節、華夏空間宇宙論:坊市城市的運作邏輯34 第四節、坊市城市概念的重構49 第伍節、「里制」:具有文化意義的制度延續 51 第參章、古代城郭都市型態之演變55 第一節、城邑聚合55 第二節、城市分化 65 第三節、制度化程序 81 第四節、由「里坊」論都城的形態演繹 84 第五節、里坊制度下的雙元認同 85 第肆章、古代都城里坊形制變遷之歷史詮釋89 第一節、以「公」 為修辭的文化中心性90 第二節、里坊體系下的城市治理110 第三節、坊市革命的社會意義:私的瓦解與假公社會的建構 131 第伍章、結論與建議137 第一節、結論:由里坊形制變遷檢驗城市空間的社能導向137 第二節、建議:以中華城市空間論述承接於西方理論詮釋的合法性145 參考文獻 153 索引 167   圖 表 目 錄 圖 1-1現代城市發展所造成的較單純的街廓結構;與北京傳統街廓具有多層空間結構,SPACESYNTAX型態分析 3 圖 1-2華夏城市之區位與形成年代 7 圖1-3四合院平面 8 圖 1-4 園林空間(與生活)序列 9 圖 1-5具有「中庭」的閩南傳統民宅類型 10 圖1-6-1閩南漳浦縣八卦堡土樓 11 圖1-6-2單環土樓剖透視圖 11 圖1-6-3南靖梅林懷遠樓-中為私塾[斯是室] 11 圖1-6-4永定縣五鳳樓 12 圖1-6-5永定縣大夫第五鳳樓 12 圖1-7市街,宋代城市所發展出來的「街道商業」 13 圖1-8研究脈絡圖 24 圖2-1華夏空間統治結構 38 圖 2-2唐代長安城是坊市城市空間表現的極致 40 圖 2-3理想城邑圖 41 圖 2-4里坊內街形式 42 圖 2-5內宅第具有各種建築類型與使用方式空間使用方式 45 圖 2-6唐代官、民住宅 45 圖 2-7東漢畫像磚:市井的結構圖 48 圖 2-8市井(肆)畫像磚東漢 48 圖 3-1華夏都城城市化的發展歷程與轉折 56 圖 3-2城邑內的空間組成與命名 59 圖 3-3洛陽東周城郭 61 圖 3-4洛陽附近古城變遷(左側東周城即為春秋時代王城遺址) 61 圖 3-5漢代居住單元空間配置圖 63 圖 3-6 Uniplex city城市體系63 圖 3-7新韓國都-鄭邑 68 圖 3-8齊國臨淄城 72 圖 3-9宮崎市定古代中國政治地理(縣鄉亭里)階層概念圖 72 圖 3-10西漢長安城郭圖 73 圖 3-11西漢長安城挖掘實測圖 73 圖 3-12漢長安北斗城73 圖 3-13西漢長安城 73 圖 3-14曹魏鄴城平面復原圖74 圖 3-15曹魏鄴城的佈局結 74 圖 3-16東漢洛陽(圖左)與北魏洛陽城74 圖 3-17漢魏洛陽復原圖80 圖 3-18北魏洛陽郭區復原圖80 圖 3-19經歷代都城演化,唐代長安城是中古時期坊市制度表現的極致 81 圖 4-1羅馬尼亞雕塑家Constantin Brâncuşi所製作的《沉默之桌》94 圖 4-2 城邦國家的多元並存113 圖 4-3 城邑聚合與圍閉之內的空間性質的概念模型119 圖 4-4 里坊外部空間發展程序119 圖 4-5 以長安為典範,王才強運用《考工記》規制於詮釋日本古代都城規劃形制 122 圖4-6 古代里制城市結構概念圖 123 圖 4-7 隋唐(前)古來坊制區劃 128 圖 4-8 隋唐(前)古來里坊內之市128 圖 4-9 隋唐(前)古來坊制區劃129 圖 4-10 坊牆打破後的城市街道圖 129 圖 4-11 位於「坊」門上的坊表成為街巷標誌系統 129 圖 4-12獨立出來的坊表(坊表圖) 129 圖 4-13「宮城」成為唯一空間性、強制性的「坊」 129 圖 4-14 宋朝以後城市型態朝向於中心化 129 圖 4-15-1北宋東京都城結構(簡圖) 131 圖 4-15-2 南宋臨安都城結構(簡圖) 131 圖 4-16 [左]中華社會的「(假)公」領域,與[右]公共領域所界定的公領域 136 圖 5-1「坊市城市」空間形構中的社能導向142 圖5-2《清明上河圖》中的乞丐(乞丐(左下角蹲踞者)往城市空間流動) 143 圖5-3 宋代坊牆打破後街坊與城市型態 144 圖5-4 現存的方城 150

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