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研究生：	吳昇峯 Wu, Sheng-Fong
論文名稱：	煤層氣地層之流動物質平衡法研究 Flowing Material Balance Equation for Coalbed Methane Reservoirs
指導教授：	謝秉志 Hsieh, Bieng-Zih
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 資源工程學系 Department of Resources Engineering
論文出版年：	2014
畢業學年度：	102
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	111
中文關鍵詞：	煤層氣地層、兩相流動、物質平衡法、原始氣體埋藏量、數值模擬
外文關鍵詞：	CBM reservoirs, Two-phase flow, Material balance equation, Original gas in place, Numerical simulation
相關次數：	點閱：82 下載：3
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本研究提出了一個煤層氣地層氣水兩相流動的流動物質平衡法以求原始氣體埋藏量(OGIP)。此法是利用井底流壓及累積氣體產量資料與流體PVT性質，無須進行關井量測地層平均靜壓即可藉由p/z*對累積氣體產量(Gp)的直線關係估算出煤層氣地層之原始氣體埋藏量(OGIP)。
本研究所推導之流動物質平衡法(又稱flowing p/z*法)係將井底流壓藉由偽穩態流動方程式轉換成地層平均靜壓，再畫出p/z*對累積氣體產量(Gp)的關係圖。利用p/z*與Gp的直線關係，可以由x軸的截距值得到原始氣體埋藏量(OGIP)。由於前述的偽穩態假設，因此在本研究中亦有說明煤層甲烷氣地層中的流體流態何時會進入偽穩態流動。
本研究亦使用油氣層數值模擬軟體(simulator)產生理想的壓力資料(包含未關井情況下之井底流壓與關井後所量測而得之地層平均靜壓)與產率資料。未關井之井底流壓首先與文獻之壓力解析解進行驗證比對後，再將驗證過的井底流壓利用本研究提出之流動物質平衡法流程求出原始氣體埋藏量(OGIP)。本研究也直接使用從數值模擬運算得到之關井後量測而得的地層平均靜壓p，畫出p/z*對累積氣體產量(Gp)的直線關係圖以求原始氣體埋藏量(OGIP)。另一方面亦利用體積法計算出原始氣體埋藏量(OGIP)，其結果與前述兩種方法求得的原始氣體埋藏量(OGIP)皆一致。因此在本研究中所提出之煤層氣地層氣水兩相流動的流動物質平衡法可在不關井的條件下用來準確估算煤層氣地層的原始氣體埋藏量(OGIP)，其估算準確度更勝於關井量測地層靜壓之傳統物質平衡法。為了本研究的完整性，使用流動物質平衡法分析單相氣體流動生產之煤層甲烷氣地層原始氣體埋藏量(OGIP)亦有作探討。

In this research, using the flowing p/z* method to estimate the original gas in place (OGIP) for two-phase-flow coalbed methane (hereafter referred to simply as “CBM”) reservoirs is proposed. With flowing bottomhole pressures (FBHP) for wells and production data together with fluid PVT (pressure, volume, and temperature) properties, the OGIP of a CBM reservoir that contains both gas and water can be estimated using a flowing p/z* plot versus a record of cumulative gas production without shutting in the well.
To use the flowing p/z* method for CBM reservoirs, FBHPs for wells are used to calculate average reservoir pressures based on the inflow equation during the pseudo-steady (i.e., boundary-dominated flow) state. With the calculated average reservoir pressures and production data, a p/z* plot versus cumulative gas production will yield a straight line with an x-intercept equal to OGIP, which can be obtained by extrapolating this straight line to zero p/z*. Because of the assumption of boundary-dominated flow, the procedure to determine when the pseudo-steady state will start is also presented.
A numerical Computer Modelling Group (CMG) simulator, GEM (a compositional and unconventional reservoir simulator), has been used to generate synthetic pressures (including FBHPs for wells that are not shut in and shut-in average reservoir pressures) and production data. The FBHPs for wells that are not shut in are verified by being compared with the analytical solution. The comparison shows substantial agreement. The proposed flowing p/z* method for CBM reservoirs is then used to analyze the verified synthetic data to determine OGIP. In contrast, OGIP obtained using the traditional p/z* plot (which uses the shut-in average reservoir pressures and production data) and OGIP determined using volumetric calculation (based on the known reservoir volume, which is used to build the numerical model) also show agreement with OGIP calculated using the proposed flowing p/z* method. Therefore, this proposed flowing p/z* method for CBM reservoirs is useful for calculating OGIP from FBHPs for wells without shutting in the wells and even more accurate than traditional p/z* material balance calculation for OGIP estimates. For completeness, the procedure for calculating OGIP for single-phase-flow CBM (dry CBM) reservoirs is also included in this research.

Abstract	i
中文摘要	iii
Acknowledgements	v
Contents	vii
List of Tables	x
List of Figures	xi
Nomenclature	xiv
Chapter 1: Introduction	1
1.1 Research background	1
1.2 Study purposes	3
Chapter 2: Literature review	4
2.1 Flowing material balance	4
2.2 Literature review	5
Chapter 3: Basic theory	12
3.1 King’s material balance equation	12
3.2 Analytical solutions to the diffusivity equation for CBM reservoirs	14
3.2.1 Transient period solution	19
3.2.2 Pseudo-steady state solution	22
3.3 Fundamentals of the flowing p/z* material balance equation	24
3.4 A probe into the pseudo-steady state focusing on the equations of the analytical solutions	27
3.5 Procedures for using the flowing p/z* material balance	30
3.5.1 Determining when the pseudo-steady state will begin	30
3.5.2 Calculating average reservoir pressure	32
3.5.3 p/z* vs. Gp plot	34
Chapter 4: Results	35
4.1 Deriving the fundamentals of the flowing p/z* material balance	35
4.2 Establishing and validating a numerical model	35
4.2.1 Single-phase flow	36
4.2.2 Two-phase flow	41
4.3 Procedures for using the flowing p/z* material balance method	46
4.3.1 Single-phase flow	47
4.3.2 Two-phase flow	52
4.4 OGIP calculated using the traditional p/z* method	59
4.4.1 Single-phase flow	59
4.4.2 Two-phase flow	61
4.5 OGIP calculated using the volumetric method	62
4.5.1 Single-phase flow	62
4.5.2 Two-phase flow	63
Chapter 5: Discussions	65
5.1 Flowing p/z* material balance method	65
5.2 Pressure behaviors during the pseudo-steady-state flow regime	65
5.2.1 Single-phase flow	66
5.2.2 Two-phase flow	66
5.3 Comparing OGIP calculations made in this research using different methods	67
Chapter 6: Conclusions	70
6.1 Conclusions	70
6.2 Suggestions for future work	70
References	72
Appendix A: Calculating OGIPs based on radial models	77
Appendix B: Discussions based on radial models	107
                                    

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