一雙健壯的上肢是人類生活必備條件，所以如何訓練一雙強壯的上肢，是一個非常重要的課題。伏地挺身是用來訓練上肢的一種閉鎖動力鏈運動（Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise），而仰臥推舉則是用來訓練上肢的一種開放動力鏈運動（Open Kinetic Chain Exercise）。在過去文獻中，對於下肢開放動力鏈運動與閉鎖動力鏈運動的比較，一直是很熱門的題目。反觀上肢，在開放動力鏈方面的研究卻很少。本研究主要目的在於利用動態分析系統，建立一套上肢閉鎖動力鏈運動與開放動力鏈運動實驗的測試模式與模型。本實驗邀請10位受測者參與，伏地挺身與仰臥推舉運動，以探討在關節受力與力矩上的差異性。
本研究建立的測試模式，經計算上肢關節的受力情形可發現，伏地挺身運動可以降低腕關節的前後向剪力、肘關節內外向剪力，以及肩關節的前後向剪力。實驗中可以得知開放動力鏈運動，會加重上肢關節負荷，若使用閉鎖動力鏈運動，可以減少關節負荷，對於受傷後或手術後的病人之早期復建運動，建議以閉鎖動力鏈運動為宜。

Since having a pair of strong arms is essential for human beings, the training of our upper extremities has become an important issue. Different types of open kinetic chain exercises, such as bench-press, are popular exercises used in strengthening the upper extremity. In the literature review, the investigations in the biomechanics of the open kinetic chain exercises of the lower extremity have greatly been discussed, while the research regarding the biomechanics of the open kinetic chain exercises of the upper extremity is less.
This study aims to establish a biomechanical experimental model for the open kinetic chain exercises of the upper extremity through the Motion Analysis System. Ten subjects, volunteered for this survey, were asked to perform two sets of closed kinetic chain exercise and open kinetic chain exercises for investigating the differences.
The kinetics and kinematics of the upper extremity were calculated and analyzed. The joint loading were significantly different among the two sets of exercises. During closed kinetic chain exercises and open kinetic chain exercises, push-up has smaller joint loading comparing to bench-press. Additionally, push-up wrist of anterior/posterior, elbow of medial/lateral and shoulder anterior/posterior can reduce the shearing forces on the upper extremity.

In this study, we have established a biomechanical experimental model for the closed kinetic chain exercises and open kinetic chain exercises of the upper extremity. The data provided in this study maybe helpful in strengthening and rehabilitation of the upper extremity.

1. Tibbitts, G.M., “Patients who fall: how to predict and prevent injuries,” Geriatrics, Vol.51, pp.24-31, 1996.
2. Manning, D.P., Ayers, I., Jones, C., Bruce, M., and Cohen, K., “The incidence of underfoot accidents during 1985 in a working population of 10,000 Merseyside people,” Journal of Occupational Accidents, Vol.10, pp.121-130, 1988.
3. Adesunkanmi, A.R., Oginni, L.M., Oyelami, A.O., and Badru, O.S., “ Epidemiology of childhood injury,” Journal of |Trauma, Vol.44, pp.506-512, 1998.
4. An, K.N., Browne, A.O., Korinek, S., Tanaka, S., and Morrey, B. F., “Three-Dimensional Kinetics of Glenohumeral Elevation,” Journal of Orthopeadic Research, Vol.9, pp.143-149, 1991.
5. An, K.N., Korinek, S.L., “Kinematic and kinetic analysis of push-up exercise,” Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation, Vol.26,pp.53-57, 1990.
6. Chou, P.H., Chou, Y.L., Lou, S.Z., Lin, C.J., Chiu, C.F., Su, F.C., “Effect of elbow flexion on impact forces of upper extremity on a fall,” Clinical Biomechanics, Vol.16, pp.888-894, 2001.
7. Kuo, C.M., “Biomechanical Analyses for Musculo-skeletal-system during Push-up Exercise,” Master Thesis Institute of Biomechanical Engineering National Cheng Kung University, 2000.

8. Blackard, D. O., Jensen, R. L., and Ebben, W. P. “Use of EMG analysis in challenging kinetic chain terminology,” Med Sci Sports Exerc, Vol.31, pp.443-448, 1999.
9. Chou, P.H, Lin, C.J., Lou, S.Z., Chou, Y.L., Su, F.C., “Elbow Load with Various Forearm position During One-handed Push-up Exercise,” International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol.23, pp.457-462, 2002.
10. Lou, S.Z., Lin, C.J., Chou, P.H., Chou, Y.L., and Su, F.C., “Elbow Load during Push-up at Various Forearm Positions,” Clinical Biomechanics, Vol.16, pp.408-414, 2001.
11.Chou, P.H., Chou Y.L., Ho, C.S., Jiang S.S., and Wei, H.C., “Biomechanical ANALYSIS OF wrist Loading during Lifting Tasks,” Chinese Journal of Mechanics Vol. 17,No.4,pp.349-357,2001.
12. Syu, J.A. “Biomechanical Analysis of Upper Extremity during Different Open Kinetic Chain Exercise,” Master Thesis Institute of Engineering Science National Cheng Kung University, 2005.
13. Chou, P.H., Chen, S.K., Chou, Y.L, Su, F.C., Shi, Y.C., Huang, G..F. and Wu, T.C., “Biomechanical analysis for the Effect of Elbow Initial
Flexion Angles on Upper Extremity during A Fall,” Biomedical
Application, Basis Communications Vol.14,No.1,pp.40-46,2002.
14. Lou, S.Z., Chou, P.H., Su, F.C., Lin, C.J. and Chou, Y.L., “Changes of Elbow Joint Load from Two-handed to One-hand Push-up Exercise,” Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering.22(1)：19-24,2002.
15. Snyder-Macker, L., Delitto, A., Bailey, S. L,& Stralka, M. D. Strength
of the quadriceps femoris muscle and functional recovery after
reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligqment.77,1166-73, 1995.
16. Dempster W.T., Space requirements of the seated operator, in OH：
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Dayton. 55-15, 1955.
17.Woltring, H.J., “A FORTRAN package for generalized, ross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation,” Advanced Engineering Software, Vol.8, pp.104-113, 1986.