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研究生：	顧皓翔 Ku, Hao-Hsiang
論文名稱：	無線感測網路之環境感知資料感測與傳遞技術 An Efficient Environment-aware Data Sensing and Distributing Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks
指導教授：	黃崇明 Huang, Chung-Ming
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	電機資訊學院 - 資訊工程學系 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering
論文出版年：	2009
畢業學年度：	97
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	116
中文關鍵詞：	k層覆蓋、群數、無線感測網路、隨播、佈置、拓墣控制、節能模式、隨播
外文關鍵詞：	k-coverage, power saving, quorum, anycast and wireless sensor networks., deployment, topology control
相關次數：	點閱：95 下載：1
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無線感測網路(Wireless Sensor Networks)技術逐漸趨於成熟，資料蒐集之方式也從傳統人工蒐集演變為大規模佈置無線感測器蒐集資料，因此如何讓使用者能快速且有效獲得感測資料為一重要研究議題。有鑑於此，本論文將探討一個無線感測網路中有效資料感測與分佈環境感知策略(an Efficient eNvironment-aware Data-sensing and data-distribUting schemE for wireless sensor networks, ENDUE)，於ENDUE中將探討以下三個議題：(1) 有效保證佈置與資料感測策略、(2) 節能容錯與流量共享拓樸模式以及(3) 有效資訊分佈架構。
有效保證佈置與資料感測策略在探討佈置不同大小之感測器於充滿障礙物(Obstacles)且未知的環境，有效達成k層覆蓋(k-coverage)。因此針對佈建成本與效率，本論文首先提出利用演算法複雜度、可靠度、通訊延遲、封包碰撞、佈置複雜度、重疊區域、感測器數目、電力耗損度與層級數等九個因子(Factors)評估所建置之感測網路，並提出慢速起始法(Slow-Start Method)與方型圍繞法(Square-Encircled Method)佈置不同大小之感測器於未知區域。透過所提之方法，感測網路之佈置則不需再經過先前分析(Pre-Analysis)或進行大量計算即可有效避開障礙物，達到保證k層覆蓋之成效。
節能容錯拓樸模式在探討如何有效利用感測器電力建立網路骨幹拓墣，延長拓樸生命週期。本論文提出一以群數基礎流量共享控制協定(Quorum-based Load-Sharing Control Protocol, QLSCP)，除有效選擇適當傳輸節點外，並利用群數法則(Quorum)調整骨幹流量，利用休眠模式調整與節省各節點之電力耗損。此外提出有效電力耗損機制(Efficient Surplus-energy Consuming, ESC)有效消耗每一個節點的剩餘電量，增加資料傳輸量。所提之QLSCP除可有效延長拓樸生命週期外，亦可應用於一具有障礙物的未知環境中，且所有感測器並不需事前得知其位置，僅需利用廣播技術(Brocast)廣播電力大小之方式即可建立起樹狀拓墣，有效提升拓墣生命進而增加資料傳輸量。
而有效資訊分佈架構之議題，將利用隨播(Anycast)技術，探討與比較同質候選(Identical Candidates)、異質候選(Heterogeneous Candidates)與半異質候選(Semi-heterogeneous Candidates)三種架構模式。使用者可依據不同環境下之設備、位置或網路情況等參數，選取出最適合之伺服器連線取得所需資料。於研究中除探討網路層(Network Layer)之傳統隨播條件選擇外，伺服器選擇之要素亦需考慮網路負載(Network Load)、伺服器負載(Server Load)、智慧型快取與環境變更等因素。論文中利用應用層隨播(Anycast)特性整合代理人(Agent)機制，進行需求調適與找出最適合使用者需求之伺服器，以增加搜尋速度、降低頻寬與延遲時間。
最後，實驗結果將展示(1) 利用三種不同覆蓋大小之感測器(Sensors)結合所設計之慢速起始法(Slow-Start Method)與方型圍繞法(Square-Encircled Method)，證明可以達到最小重疊(Minimum Overlapping)感測區域佈置進而降低佈置成本與時間複雜度。(2) 於感測網路傳輸部分利用QLSCP可有效延長拓墣生命週期，並達到有效利用感測器電力。(3) 比較不同的服務要求(Service Request)與網路流量(Network Traffic Load)密度模式下，各種架構之優缺點與其生產量(Throughput)。

With the rapid progress of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), data are sensed and collected by multiple sensors substituting the manpower. It is an important issue for users to acquire the sensed data from terrain. Hence, this dissertation designs and proposes an Efficient eNvironment-aware Data-sensing and data-distribUting schemE for wireless sensor networks (ENDUE). Three issues of ENDUE needed to be considered. (1) Efficient sensor deployment control schemes and performance evaluation for obstacles and unknown environments, (2) Efficient power-consumption-based load-sharing topology control protocol for harsh environments in wireless sensor networks, and (3) Efficient multimedia distribution architecture using anycast.
To achieve scalable and efficient deployment, this dissertation presents two new topology deployment methods, namely the slow-start method (SSM) and square-encircled method (SEM). The proposed deployment methods can yield k-covered scenarios with minimal overlapping areas, by three different coverage sensors. SSM and SEM are without needing to pre-analyze unknown environments when deploying a k-coverage area. Deploying and satisfying each layer until k layers are obtained requires guaranteeing k coverage. Moreover, this dissertation first presents nine Construct Performance Evaluation (CPE) factors to evaluate the total costs of a WSN, including algorithm complexity, reliability, communication delay, collision, deployment complexity, overlapping area, number of sensors, power consumptions and number of layers.
For efficient power-consumption-based load-sharing topology control protocol, this dissertation presents an efficient communication topology control protocol, called Quorum-based Load-Sharing Control Protocol (QLSCP). QLSCP is a quorum-based communication protocol, which chooses appropriate communication nodes, adjusts the service loads of critical nodes, and performs adaptive sleep management. QLSCP is suitable for harsh environments without a central control server calculating the locations of sensors, using the factor of the remaining power to build the system topology. The Efficient Surplus-energy Consuming (ESC) mechanism is designed to efficiently exhaust the latest remaining electronic power of sensor nodes.
For efficient multimedia distribution architecture using anycast, this dissertation proposes the anycast-based multimedia distribution architectures with application-level context-aware capability to specify the most suitable server for various application domains. The following three architectures, namely the identical, heterogeneous, and semi-heterogeneous candidate architectures, are specified for different application purposes. To obtain quick and smooth multimedia distribution, the server selection criteria should consider not only the nearest server, but also the network traffic loads and the popularity of requested content. The proposed architectures based on the characteristics of IPv6 anycast and context-aware operations attempt to find the most suitable server/proxy.
Finally, experimental results are showed as follows. (1) For sensor deployment, the proposed SSM and SEM can get the goals of minimum overlapping and can reduce the cost of deployment and time complexity. (2) For topology control, the QLSCP can efficiently achieve to prolong system lifetime in harsh environments. (3) For data distribution, three architectures are compared with different density of service requests and network traffic loads. Simulation results also indicate that the semi-heterogeneous architecture is adaptive in face of changing conditions.

Contents
中文摘要	I
Abstract	III
誌    謝	V
Contents	VI
List of Figures	IX
List of Tables	XI
Chapter 1 Introduction	1
1.1 Deployment Control Issue for Deploying Sensors	1
1.2 Topology Control Issue for Power Saving	3
1.3 Data Delivery Issue for Multimedia Distribution	5
1.4 Dissertation Organization	6
Chapter 2 Preliminary	8
2.1 Deployment Control for Deploying Sensors	8
2.1.1 Random Deployment	8
2.1.2 Deterministic Deployment	9
2.1.3 Deployment by Graphic Theory	10
2.2 Topology Control for Power Saving	11
2.2.1 Centralized Methods for Topology Control	12
2.2.2 Distributed Methods for Topology Control	13
2.3 Quorum-based Communication Protocol	14
2.4 Data Delivery for Media Distribution	16
Chapter 3 Efficient Environment-aware Data-sensing and Data-distributing Scheme 
for Wireless Sensor Networks	18
3.1 The k-coverage Deployment	18
3.2 The Topology Control	19
3.3 The Anycast Service	21
Chapter 4 Efficient Sensor Deployment Control Schemes and Performance 
Evaluation for Obstacles and Unknown Environments	23
4.1 Construct Performance Factors Analysis	23
4.2 Definition of Construct Performance Evaluation Factors	24
4.2.1 Periphery Construct Performance Evaluation Factors	26
4.2.2 The Kernel Construct Performance Evaluation Factor	26
4.2.3 Neighbor Construct Performance Evaluation Factors	27
4.3 Topology Deployment	29
4.3.1 Slow-Start Method (SSM)	32
4.3.2 Square-Encircled Method (SEM)	35
4.3.3 Analysis the complexities of SSM and SEM	39
4.3.3.1 SSM	39
4.3.3.2 SEM	39
4.4 Deployment Analysis and Minimization	39
4.4.1 Deployment Analysis	40
4.4.2 Minimum Value of Deployment	42
4.5 Cost-Effectiveness Simulation and Analysis	43
4.5.1 Effective Deployment Ratio (EDR)	44
4.5.2 Deployment Rate (DR)	45
4.5.3 Deployment Difficulty Ratio (DDR)	46
4.5.4 Number of Deployed Sensors	47
4.5.5 Cost Analysis	49
Chapter 5 Efficient Power-consumption-based Load-sharing Topology Control 
        Protocol for Harsh Environments in Wireless Sensor Networks	53
5.1 Timeline and Processes of Quorum-based Load-Sharing Control Protocol	53
5.1.1 Topology Formation	55
5.1.1.1 Basic Tree Phase	55
5.1.1.2 Enhance Tree Phase	57
5.1.2 Topology Adjustment	57
5.1.2.1 Reconstruct Phase	58
5.1.2.2 Adjustment	58
5.1.3 Topology Execution	60
5.2 Isolation Problem	60
5.3 Efficient Surplus-energy Consuming Mechanism	63
5.4 Simulation Results of QLSCP	67
Chapter 6 Efficient Multimedia Distribution Architecture Using Anycast	72
6.1 System Architectures of Context-Aware Anycast	72
6.1.1 The Identical Candidate Architecture	72
6.1.2 The Heterogeneous Candidate Architecture	74
6.1.3 The Semi-heterogeneous Candidate Architecture	76
6.2 System Performance Definition and Comparison	77
6.2.1 Identical Candidate Architecture	77
6.2.2 Heterogeneous Candidate Architecture	80
6.2.3 Semi-heterogeneous Candidate Architecture	82
6.2.4 Buffer Control Scheme	83
6.3 Simulation Results of the Efficient Multimedia Distribution Architecture 
   Using Anycast	84
6.3.1 The Diversity Degree of Service Requests	86
6.3.2 The Network Traffic Loads	88
6.3.3 Throughput Comparison between the Context-aware Anycast and
Non-anycast (Unicast) Architectures	89
6.3.4 Total Transmission Comparison Time between the Context-aware
Anycast and Non-anycast (Unicast) Architectures	91
Chapter 7 Conclusion	93
References	96
Appendix	107
Appendix 1	107
Appendix 2	108
Appendix 3	111
Vita	112
Publication List	113
                                    

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校內：2012-06-17公開
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