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研究生： 鄭羽展
Jheng, Yu-Jhan
論文名稱： 無氧-好氧活性污泥系統處理含氮工業廢水之穩定性與微生物體分析
Performance of Anoxic-Oxic Activated Sludge System Treating Nitrogenous Wastewater: Stability Assessment and Microbiome Analysis
指導教授： 吳哲宏
Wu, Jer-Horng
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工學院 - 環境工程學系
Department of Environmental Engineering
論文出版年： 2018
畢業學年度： 106
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 128
中文關鍵詞： A/O系統 、除氮 、穩定度 、微生物體
外文關鍵詞： A/O process, Nitrogen removal, Stability, Microbiome
相關次數： 點閱：62  下載：1 
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    • 　　含氮廢水的排放會造成氮化合物在環境中累積，並可能造成生物健康與生態的危害。因此在工程上通常以無氧-好氧混合的系統(A/O系統)處理含氮廢水，但由於進流的廢水具有複雜性與變異性，以及在系統無氧-好氧環境的變動，進而可能會造成系統處理功能上的不穩定。在系統中微生物群的結構與功能(統稱為微生物體)是A/O系統達成穩定除氮效率的重要因子，因此本研究應用次世代定序(Next-generation sequencing, NGS)這種新興的微生物體分析技術，並結合功能預測的分析方法，探討無氧-好氧程序處理含氮廢水的系統穩定性與微生物體之間的關係。在本研究中使用A、B兩股ABS廢水，分別以無氧條件與好氧條件在薄膜生物反應槽(MBR)系統中進行獨立的連續操作，再以微生物體分析技術分析系統中污泥隨時間的菌相變化，之後再與實場無氧-好氧串聯系統比較三者之間微生物體之差異。
    　　從處理系統的功能上來看，兩股廢水在無氧操作與好氧操作下，DOC平均皆有90%以上的去除效率，TN則可達80%以上去除率，之後以PERANOVA分析進流水、pH、DO以及溫度對出流水質的影響，顯示系統功能穩定性主要與進流水有顯著的相關性，此外pH與DO對於出流水中無機氮功能表現也有顯著相關。
    　　在NGS的結果顯示所有樣本中核心微生物體共有29種目(order)是持續存在於這無氧與好氧變動的環境中，其中以Sphingobacteriales、Rhizobiales及Rhodocyclales三種目為共同的優勢的菌群(>1%)，但在分類學中屬(genus)的階層來看，實場、實驗室無氧以及實驗室好氧系統中優勢(>1%)的OTUs大多無法被分類且重複性不高，表示三種系統具有族群結構上的差異。但以功能基因預測發現，即使在實場系統、實驗室無氧系統及實驗室好氧系統菌群結構上有差異，三者系統卻具有相似的功能。
    　　在主成份分析(PCA)中看到，實場樣本的菌群結構相似，並與實驗室無氧系統的菌群結構相近，但與實驗室好氧樣本差異較大。其中實驗室好氧樣本之間的不相似度為實場的2.8倍，實驗室無氧樣本的不相似度則為實場的1.5倍，由此得知實驗室好氧系統的菌群較不穩定，而造成這現象的主因為Rhodocyclales / Cytophagales的變動，兩者豐富度變動的比例在0.04~3.7之間。
    　　在硝化菌群的分析中，AOB與NOB主要以Nitrosomonas與Nitrospira為主，且在功能性基因發現系統中Nitrospira nxrB基因量高於AOB amoA基因量3-4個數量級，由功能性預測可得知系統中有甲醯胺(Formamide)、氰化物(Cyanate)、腈化物(Nitrile)以及硝基烷烴(Nitroalkane)等有機氮的代謝基因，其中硝基烷烴經生物作用可轉換成亞硝酸氮，且預測到此代謝基因豐富度(0.053%)與其他代謝成氨氮的有機氮基因豐富度(0.05%)相似，這可能會導致NOB可得到較多亞硝酸氮作為生長的基質，進而有AOB與NOB比例失衡的現象發生。
    　　對於ABS廢水處理系統的功能穩定性而言，ABS廢水具有組成複雜與高變動等特性，但由於系統中的菌群具有高多樣性與功能多於性，使系統可以應付這高變動的環境條件，因此即使有不穩定的進流廢水與不穩定的菌群結構，依然可以有良好的處理功能表現。

    In this study, two MBR systems were used in parallel to treat wastewaters from Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene (ABS) manufacturing process under anoxic and oxic conditions, respectively. The performance evaluations showed that MBR systems can remove dissolve organic carbon (DOC) and total nitrogen (TN) simultaneously under the oxic or anoxic conditions. The effects of wastewater batch (ingredient), pH, and DO significantly influenced the stability of effluent quality from the MBR reactors. Microbiome analysis revealed a high species diversity and a core microbiome each specific to oxic and anoxic systems. The members of Rhodocyclales and Cytophagales were responsible to high microbiome dynamics in the oxic system. However, the microbiomes shared a similar distribution of microbial functions, which was inconsistent with similar performance of DOC and TN removals achieved under oxic and anoxic conditions in the laboratory and field. The abundance of genes predicted for converting Org-N to nitrite and ammonium was approximate equal. This prediction and quantitative PCR analysis of nxrB and amoA gene suggested the hub role of nitrite-related reduction (denitrification) and oxidation in the treatment of ABS wastewater. The overall results suggested feasibility of the single stage MBR system for the treatment of ABS wastewater.

    摘要 I Abstract III 誌謝 XV 目錄 XVI 表目錄 XIX 圖目錄 XXI 第一章 前言 1 1-1. 研究背景 1 1-2. 研究目的 2 第二章 文獻回顧 3 2-1. ABS樹脂 3 2-1-1. ABS樹脂製程 4 2-1-2. ABS廢水組成 5 2-2. 含氮廢水生物處理 6 2-2-1. ABS廢水處理 7 2-2-2. 廢水生物處理系統穩定度 11 2-3. 氮的循環 13 2-4. 硝化反應 17 2-4-1. 氨氧化微生物族群 18 2-4-2. 氨氧化機制 19 2-4-3. 亞硝酸氧化菌群 20 2-4-4. 亞硝酸氧化機制 21 2-4-5. 影響硝化作用之因子 22 2-5. 脫硝反應 24 2-5-1. 脫硝菌群 24 2-5-2. 影響脫硝作用之因子 25 2-6. 微生物體 27 第三章 材料與方法 31 3-1. 廢水處理系統設備 31 3-1-1. 實場無氧-好氧(A/O)處理系統 31 3-1-2. 實驗室薄膜生物反應槽(MBR)系統 32 3-2. 實驗室反應槽操作條件 33 3-2-1. 無氧試程 33 3-2-2. 好氧試程 34 3-3. 水質分析 36 3-3-1. 一般水質分析項目 36 3-3-2. 儀器分析 37 3-4. 微生物體分析 39 3-4-1. 污泥採樣與DNA萃取 39 3-4-2. 核心微生物體分析 41 3-4-3. 功能性基因預測 42 3-4-3. 硝化作用微生物之定量 43 3-5. 掃描式電子顯微鏡 44 第四章 結果 45 4-1. 無氧/好氧處理ABS廢水之功能穩定度 46 4-1-1. 反應槽環境系統監測 46 4-1-2. MBR處理ABS廢水之碳去除功能評估 51 4-1-3. MBR處理ABS廢水之氮去除功能評估 54 4-1-4. 功能穩定度之影響因子 58 4-2. 微生物定序分析污泥之菌群多樣性 60 4-2-1. α-diversity 60 4-2-2. β-diversity 63 4-3. 核心微生物體分析 68 4-4. 微生物體與操作系統之相關性 75 4-5. 微生物體代謝功能分析 79 4-5-1. 系統中ABS廢水代謝功能表現 83 4-5-2. 系統中氮的代謝功能表現 85 4-6. 功能性基因數量分析 88 4-7. 反應槽污泥菌相觀察 90 第五章 討論 92 5-1. 實驗室系統中A槽與B槽之比較 92 5-2. 樣本族群多樣性之比較 94 5-3. 實驗室系統與實場系統優勢菌群之比較 95 5-4. A/O無氧與好氧的比較 98 5-5. ABS廢水處理程序中氮的代謝 100 5-6. ABS廢水處理系統穩定性 102 第六章 結論與建議 104 6-1. 結論 104 6-2. 建議 106 第七章 參考文獻 107 附錄 118

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