Demands for energy and natural resources are rapidly increasing, which necessitates advancements in energy research to meet humanity's ever-growing needs. As a result, the development of innovative solutions for sustainable energy storage is of utmost importance. This abstract presents two interconnected studies focused on addressing key challenges in the field. The first study explores the use of a low-cost and robust cathode material for zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), while the second study investigates an eco-friendly extraction of lignin for energy-related applications. The findings provide valuable insights into the development of inexpensive battery cathode materials and the alternative non-hazardous lignin extraction processes, facilitating the progress towards greener energy production and storage. Both projects aim to improve the efficiency and sustainability of how energy is produced and stored, supporting the development of a more sustainable future.
The development of innovative solutions for sustainable energy storage has been proved crucial in response to the exponentially growing energy demand. ZIBs have emerged as a promising technology due to their safety, low toxicity, inexpensiveness, and ability to transfer two electrons. However, the electrochemical performance of most cathode materials used in non-aqueous ZIBs remains unsatisfactory. To address this challenge, an economical Prussian blue analogue called sodium manganese hexacyanoferrate (NMHCF) was explored as a cathode material due to its facile synthesis, large open framework, and chemical and electrochemical tunability. NMHCF was found to exhibit high framework flexibility and structural reversibility upon divalent guest intercalation. The crystallographic vacancies and coordinated water molecules were believed to assist the cation diffusion during cell cycling. Ex-situ characterization techniques, including energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), were used to provide a deeper understanding of NMHCF's properties. The findings guide the development of inexpensive cathode materials suitable for large-scale energy storage systems.
Furthermore, lignin, one of the most abundant natural aromatic polymers found in plant biomass, holds promise for energy-related applications, particularly as a precursor for high-value liquid fuel synthesized from lignin-derived phenolic compounds. The study was conducted to extract lignin using a microwave-assisted solvent extraction method. Rubberwood sawdust (Hevea brasiliensis) was subjected to extraction with either ethanol or isopropanol as an organic-based solvent. Microwave power levels and extraction times were varied to optimize the extraction process. The extracted lignin was characterized using several techniques such as Klason lignin analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), two-dimensional heteronuclear single-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D HSQC NMR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and bomb calorimetry. The results demonstrated that longer extraction times and higher microwave power levels led to increased lignin yield. Additionally, ethanol exhibited a higher extraction yield compared to isopropanol. These insights enhance our understanding of lignin extraction processes and contribute to the utilization of lignin in energy-related applications.

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