本文提出AC LED光通量動態穩定調控電路設計於船舶電力系統穩定水下照明亮度之運用。船電系統為一獨立系統，電源容量有限，對於船舶上經常性動力負載變動，加上海洋環境不穩，對電力系統的電力品質影響甚鉅。特別是漁船上大型負載啟閉頻繁，船用發電機組間內部轉換，或線路發生短路時，系統電流、電壓或頻率劇烈變動，影嚮船上照明設備閃動及明暗情形。船上光源不穩定，易造成人體眼睛疲勞及危害，對於與漁獲切確相關集魚燈照影響更鉅，造成魚群不敢靠近而失去集中魚群的效果。照明應用中常用的LED電源驅動器，例如DC-DC驅動器或AC-DC驅動器，由於LED的I-V特性，使用切換式電源轉換器的電流控制方法通常用於保持均勻的光強度。然而，各類LED驅動器集魚燈具在實際使用上存在著缺點，即成本高、燈組重、體積大，及電解電容決定了LED驅動器的使用壽命。為解決在電壓不穩時照明設備光源不一的問題，本研究提出AC LED動態穩定調控光通量的驅動方法，並探討不同控制方式下光源之光通量、光效及相關色溫等變化情形。藉由定功率控制方式，達到照明亮度保持穩定流明值做研究分析。理論推演及實驗印證，本研究電路平均光通量可達2308流明，各瞬間浮動電壓下流明值相差範圍小於 %。在輸入交流電壓90伏特至264伏特極惡劣的飄動條件下，本研究亦能將光通量能有效的控制在 20%之內。相較於傳統AC LED架構，輸入交流電壓在90伏特至264伏特時，最高光通量落在2823流明。但隨著交流電壓遞減至212伏特後，對光通量無法保持穩定而即失效。本文設計之電路不僅解決穩定的光通量輸出方式，亦具備電壓工作範圍能較傳統電路廣泛的優點，更提出提高光效的控制方式，使得船用照明獲得最佳效益並延長使用壽命。

This thesis proposes a design and practices of dynamic stability regulate circuit for AC LED luminous-flux. The capacity is finite and independent in ship power system. Besides, the power system quality is spoilt by interference from the rough sea and the frequently variable power loads on ships. The events of the dramatic changes will occur in system current, voltage, or frequency. It has brought about flashing and varied brightness in Fishing and lighting Lamps. The eyes are harmed, and the catch of fish is decreased by the flashing and varied brightness illuminant. Nevertheless, the LED driver with the switching converter has some disadvantages. Not only increases the price and volume, but also the electrolytic capacitor mainly determines the lifespan of the LED driver. Consequently, to overcome lifespan and cost problems, some AC direct LED driving methods have been presented. AC LED driver is driven directly by AC voltage without the switching power converter, thereby reducing the size and weight of the luminaire, and upgrading the lifespan of the LED driver. This thesis suggests LED array combinations and switching control methods to reduce the flicker from lighting and keep it at a steady Illuminance. The average luminous flux of the lamp in this thesis is up to 2308 lumens, and the error of lumen value less than 6% at different input voltages. Compared to the traditional AC LED architecture, the maximum luminous flux falls at 2823 lumens when the input AC voltage from 90 volts to 264 volts. However, the AC input voltage decrements to 212 volts, the luminous flux cannot be stabilized and failed. In this thesis, the circuit can maintain the steady output of luminous flux as well as the operating voltage can be more extensive.

[1]蔡慶龍，“從cd到lm談LED的照明應用趨勢”，電機月刊，第十一卷第二期，第244~257頁，2001年2月。
[2] T. Taguchi, “Present Status of Energy Saving Technologies and Future Prospect in White LED Lighting,” IEEJ Trans. Elect. Electron. Eng., vol. 3, no.1, pp. 21-26, Jan. 2008.
[3] M. Cervi, D. Pappis, T. B. Marchesan, A. Campos, and R. N. do Prado, “A Semiconductor Lighting System Controlled Through a LIN Network to Automotive Application,” in Proc. Conf. Rec. IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meeting, vol. 3, pp. 1603-1608 , 2005
[4] H. S.-H. Chung et al., “Comparison of Dimmable Electromagnetic and Electronic Ballast Systems-An Assessment on Energy Efficiency and Lifetime,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 3145-3154, Dec. 2007.
[5] F. Li, D. Chen, X. Song, and Y. Chen, “LEOs: A Promising Energy-Saving Light Source for Road Lighting,” in Proc. Asia-Pacific Power Energy Eng. Conf., pp. 1-3, 2009
[6] A. Laubsch, M. Sabathil, J. Baur, M. Peter, and B. Hahn, “High-Power and High-Efficiency InGaN-Based Light Emitters,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 79-87, Jan. 2010.
[7] 廖正信，臺灣東北部海域聲光遙測資料結構特性之模糊劃分及其應用之一例，國立台灣海洋大學漁業科學學系，博士學位論文，第173-177頁，2000。
[8] 謝寬永，臺灣沿近海燈火、魩鱙及中小型拖網漁業資源動態與漁場之評估，行政院農業委員會漁業署，95年度科技計劃研究報告，第59-65頁，2006。
[9] 方銘川、沈聖智、莊昇偉，“燈火漁業漁船改裝LED燈具對節能及漁獲量之效果分析”，中國水產月刊，第663-667頁，2010。
[10] W. Guo. Qian, X. J. Chen and B. Zheng, “Analysis on Intensity of Illumination Distribution of Gathering-Fish Lamp and Its Fishing Efficiency in the Squid Jigging of Dosidicus Gigas”, Journal of Shanghai Fishery University, vol. 16(6), pp. 580-585, 2007.
[11] 廖正信、李宏泰、郭正元、沈聖智，LED在海洋漁業之應用與發展，國立臺灣海洋大學環境生物與漁業科學學系研究報告，2012。
[12] 孫培真、黃建晃，“新世代節能環保照明-白光LED”，生活科技教育月刊，三十八卷，第七期，2005。
[13] E. Kovatchev, “Design of a MOSFET Bypass Switch for Individual Pixel Control in a Matrix LED Headlamp Application”, XXVI International Scientific Conference Electronics (ET), 2017
[14] S. Bunjongjit, A. Ngaopitakkul and M. Leelajindakrairerk, “Analysis of Harmonics in Indoor Lighting System with LED and Fluorescent Luminaire”, IEEE 3rd International Future Energy Electronics Conference and ECCE Asia, 2017
[15] 余君彥，LED集魚照明燈具設計與照明環境分析之研究，國立高雄應用科技大學光電與通訊工程研究所，碩士學位論文，2013
[16] R. T. Wang and J. C. Wang, “Analyzing the Structural Designs and Thermal Performance of Nonmetal Lighting Devices of LED Bulbs”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 99, pp. 750-761, 2016.
[17] R. T. Wang and J. C. Wang, “Optimization of Heat Flow Analysis for Exceeding Hundred Watts in HI-LED Projectors”, international Communications for Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 67, pp.153-162, 2015.
[18] D. Lee, H. Choi, S. Jeong, C. H. Jeon, D. Lee and J. Lim “A Study on the Measurement and Prediction of LED Junction Temperature”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 127, Part B, pp.1243-1252,Dec., 2018.
[19] J. C. Wang, “Analyzing Thermal Module Developments and Trends in High-Power LED”, International Journal of Photoenergy, Vol. 2014, pp.11, 2014.
[20] J. C. Wang, “Thermal Module Design and Analysis of a 230W LED Illumination Lamp under Three Incline Angle”, Microelectronics Journal, Vol. 45(4), pp. 416-423, 2014.
[21] C. Shi, Shipboard Electric Power Apparatus and Systems, Dalian Maritime University Press, 2001.
[22] 經濟部能源局，我國白熾燈及省電燈泡產品市場規模調查報告，2011
[23] E. F. Schubert, Light-Emitting Diodes, second edition, Cambridge, 2006.
[24] R. F. Pierret, Semiconductor Device Fundamentals, second edition, Addison-Wesley,1996.
[25] Y. Deng and J. Liu, “A Liquid Metal Cooling System for the Thermal Management of High Power LEDs”, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 37, pp. 788-791, 2010.
[26] W. Feng, Y. He and F. G. Shi, “Packaging and AC Powering of LED Array”, 60th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), 2010
[27] W. Feng and F. Shi, “A New Switched-Capacitor Frequency Modulated Driver for Light Emitting Diodes”, Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 78, Issue 11, 114701, 2007.
[28] W. Feng, F. Shi, Y. He and B. Zhao, “A Switched Supply Tunable Red-Green-Blue Light Emitting Diode Driver”, Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 79, Issue 4, 044701, 2008.
[29] P. H. Pretorius, “Behaviour of Surge Protective Devices under Lightning Ground Potential Rise: Findings from a Desk-Top Study”, IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility and IEEE Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC/APEMC), 2018
[30] A. Rousseau and M. Guthrie, “Lightning Risk Assessment for Street Lighting Systems”, 34th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), 2018
[31] D. W. Lai, G. D. Raad, W. J. Tseng, T. Smedes and A. J. Huitsing, “Bidirectional ESD Protection Device Using PNP with PMOS-Controlled Nwell Bias”, IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 39, Issue 3, pp. 331-334 March 2018.
[32] 張璽，交流驅動白光發光二極體之調光與保護電路之研製，國立臺北科技大學電機工程系，碩士學位論文，2006
[33] US Patent Application for AC-Powered LED Light Engines, Integrated Circuits and Illuminating Apparatuses Having the Same Patent Application (Application #20150257225)
[34] US Patent for AC-Powered LED Light Engine Patent (Patent # 9,723,671)
[35] http://www.3n-tech.com/index.html
[36] http://www.seoulsemicon.com/cn/product/Chip-on-Board/?sub=237&seq=1
[37] Industrial Technology Research Institute, http：//www.itri.org.tw/eng/
[38] Y. C. Li and C. L. Chen, "A Novel Single-Stage High-Power-Factor AC-to-DC LED Driving Circuit with Leakage Inductance Energy Recycling,", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 59, pp. 793-802, 2012.
[39] X. Liu, S. Yi, Y. Huang, H. Chen, Z. Qian, R. Lin, X. Zhou, G. Zhou, X. Zhou, X. Cui, L. Zheng, R. Liu and P. Tian, “Underwater Wireless Optical Communication and Underwater Solid-State Lighting Based on RGB Laser Diodes Mixed White-Light”, 15th China International Forum on Solid State Lighting: International Forum on Wide Bandgap Semiconductors China, 2018
[40] C. A. Cheng, E. C. Chang, C. S. Tseng and T. Y. Chung, “A Novel High-Power-Factor LED-Lamp Driver Based on a Single-Stage Power Conversion”, International Symposium on Computer, Consumer and Control, pp.1287-1290, 2014
[41] LED簡介, 南樺 電子報 159期，03/01/ 2010。
[42] K. H. Loo, Y. M. Lai, S. C. Tan, and C. K. Tse, "On the Color Stability of Phosphor-Converted White LEDs Under DC, PWM, and Bilevel Drive,", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 27, pp.974-984, 2012.
[43] Y. Xu and W. Lin, “A Novel LED Photo-Electro-Thermal Model with Simplified Variables”, Acta Optica Sinica, Vol. 33(5), pp.1-7, 2013.
[44] J. Garcia, D. G. Lamar, M. A. Costa, J. M. Alonso and M. R. Secades, “An Estimator of Luminous Flux for Enhanced Control of High Brightness LEDs”, IEEE PESC, Rhodes, Greece, Vol. 7, pp.1852-1856, 2008.
[45] G. Lin, W. Chen and H. Chen, “Study on a Novel Constant Power Strategy for Switching Converters”, Adv. Tech. of Elec. Eng. & Energy, Vol. 21(4), pp.51-53, 2002.
[46] J. H. Wang, F. H. Zhang etc. “Start-Up Process Analysis of DC/DC Converter With Constant Power Load”, Transaction of China Electrotechnical Society, Vol. 24(4), pp.121-125, 2009.
[47] Q. L. Zheng, W. M. Lin, Y. Xu, L. Wang and N. B. Wu, “Research on a novel constant power control strategy for single-stage PFC LED driver”, 11th China International Forum on Solid State Lighting, 2014.
[48] Y.X. Qin, D.Y. Lin, H.S.H. Chung, W. Yan and S.Y.R. Hui , "Dynamic Control of a Light-Emitting Diode System Based on the General Photo-Electro-Thermal Theory," IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), pp.2815-2820, Sept., 2009.
[49] H. T. Chen, S. C. Tan, and S. Y. R. Hui. "Analysis and Modeling of High-Power Phosphor-Coated White Light-Emitting Diodes with a Large Surface Area." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 30, Issue 6 , pp. 3334-3344, 2015
[50] S. Xu, Y. Xu, E. Chen and T. Guo, “Study on the Models of High Power LED Volt-Ampere Characteristic”, Journal of Optoelectronics laser, Vol. 11, pp. 2076-2082, 2015.
[51] Y. Xu, S. Xu, W. M. Lin and X. G. Huang,“Study on the LED Control Strategy of Constant Luminous Flux Based on Photoelectric Model”, 13th China International Forum on Solid State Lighting, 2016.
[52] LED驅動電源的隔離和非隔離識別，https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/digital/ympjm ab.html
[53], R. M. Mano, "Switching power supply topology voltage mode vs. current mode." Elektron Journal-South African Institute of Electrical Engineers Vol. 18, Issue 6, pp.25-27, 2001
[54] 鄭侑昇，以雙向式返馳電路實現主動式電池平衡系統, 國立彰化師大電機工程學系，碩士學位論文，2018。
[55] 蔡右平，高效率可調光之返馳式LED驅動器研製，國立臺灣科技大學電機工程系，碩士學位論文，2016
[56] 張仕穎，雙輸出返馳式轉換器於太陽能發電之應用，國立彰化師大電機工程學系，碩士學位論文，2016
[57] A. Boyar and E. Kabalc, “Comparison of a Two-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter and Flyback Converter”, IEEE 18th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2018
[58] W. M. Lin, Y.Z. Xu and Q. L. Zheng, “A high Efficiency Integrated Step-Down Cuk and Flyback Converter for LED Power Driver”, 9th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia, 2015.
[59] H. J. Dong, X. G. Xie, L. Jiang, Z. L. Jin and X. D. Zhao, “An Electrolytic Capacitor-Less High Power Factor LED Driver Based on a “One-and-a-Half Stage” Forward-Flyback Topology”, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol.33, Issue 2, pp. 1572 – 1584, Feb., 2018
[60] D. W. Kim, H. Oh, B. D. Youn, and D. Kwon, “Bi-Variate Lifetime Model for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes” , IEEE Trans. Ind., Vol. PP, No. 99, pp. 1-1, 2016.
[61] J.K. NG, Bi-Directional LED-Based Light, US Patent 7053560B1, May 2006.
[62] B. Wesson, LED light module for vehicles, US Patent 6786625B2, Sept. 2004.
[63] Z. Fan, H. Jiang and J. Lin, Heterogeneous integrated high voltage DC/AC light emitter, US Patent 7221044B2, May 2007.
[64] S.J. Leong and J. Kit, LED retrofit lamp, US Patent 6853151B2, Feb. 2005.
[65] K. I. Hwu and J. J. Shieh, “Dimmable AC LED Driver Based on Series Drive,” Journal of Display Tec. Vol. 12, No. 10, pp. 1097-1105, Oct. 2016.
[66] K. I. Hwu and W. C. Tu, “Dimmable Driver for Light-Emitting Diode with Total Harmonic Distortion Improved,” IET Power Electronics, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 59-67, Jan. 2011.
[67] V. H. Nguyen, S. Nam, K. Seo, Y. Park and H. Song, “Low Cost, High Power Factor, Dimmable, Monolithic AC-Direct LED Driver with on-Chip Step-Dimmer for Outdoor Lighting Applications,” IJET. Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 414-417 Dec. 2016.
[68] D. Yu, N. Ning and S. Wu, “A High Power Factor AC LED Driver with Current Glitch Eliminate,” Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing. Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 209-216, May 2015.
[69] S. W. Baek, S. B. Han, H. W. Kim, S. Y. Chae and J. B. Baek, “Advanced Control Strategies for Balancing LED Usage of AC LED Driver”, IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2017
[70] Limits for Harmonic Current Emissions, International Electromechanical Commission IEC 61000-3-2 Class-C standards: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) part 3-2 2005.
[71] R. L. Lin, “Modeling and compensator design of LED driver systems” IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Oct. 1-5, 2017.
[72] S. Y. Liu, Design of optimal LED array combination for boost drivers, National Cheng Kung University, Master’s degree thesis, 2011.
[73] LUXEON 3030 2D Line
[74] R. Lin, S. Liu, S. Chiang, "Optimal LED array combination for single-loop CCM boost driver", 2012 IEEE Industry Applications Conference, Oct. 7-11. 2012.
[75] V. C. Bender, O. Iaronka, W. D. Vizzotto, M. A. D. Costa, R. N. D. Prado and T. B. Marchesan, “Design Methodology for Light-Emitting Diode Systems by Considering an Electrothermal Model” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 60, Issue: 11, Nov. 2013