【研究背景】
過去相關研究指出，兒童內化問題在學齡前即已存在，且會影響其認知、人際發展與學業表現；而害羞氣質為其重要預測因素。有些研究支持，高害羞氣質與內化問題有關，但仍有不一致的結果，可能是有調節變項在影響；因有研究指出，在歐美文化下，家庭獨立性被視為可調節害羞氣質與內化症狀間的關係，父母的高控制、鼓勵依賴會使高害羞氣質兒童產生更多的內化症狀；在低控制、鼓勵獨立自主的家庭則可以保護高害羞氣質兒童較不會產生內化症狀；然而，在華人文化下，鼓勵家庭成員互相依賴，父母給予較多的控制，孩子得到較少的獨立自主；因此，是否高家庭獨立性如西方國家研究發現，可保護孩子較不會產生內化症狀，值得探討。故本研究擬驗證兒童學齡前與學齡期之家庭獨立性是否調節其害羞氣質與學齡期內化症狀之關係。

【研究方法】
參與者：本研究的參與者是取自民國90~91年間，由柯慧貞等人所執行之「台南市學齡前兒童之情緒與行為問題」計畫所建立之資料庫，主要是針對台南市七個行政區戶政事務所獲取4至6歲所有學齡前兒童之戶口資料進行隨機抽樣；經六年後進行第二次追蹤，共125位兒童(68位男童；57位女童) 與其父母親納入本縱貫性研究分析。研究工具：利用學齡前兒童行為發展量表 (CCDI) 評估兒童的一般發展，家庭功能量表 (FFS) 評估家庭獨立性，EAS氣質量表 (EAS) 評估害羞氣質，兒童行為與情緒檢核表/4-16歲版 (CBECL/4-16) 評估兒童內化問題。研究程序：在兩個時間點 (學齡前期與學齡期) ，每次研究員都先以打電話的方式詢問參與者是否願意參加本次研究，之後再郵寄量表與同意書給父母親與兒童填寫，問卷填寫完畢後再以郵寄的方式寄回，並進行資料的建檔與分析。
【研究結果】
利用階層迴歸分析驗證學齡前與學齡期之家庭獨立性是否調節害羞氣質與內化症狀間之關係，當控制兒童的性別、年齡、學齡前的一般發展分數、內化症狀與學齡期的家庭總收入後，結果發現 (1) 學齡期的家庭獨立性愈低，則學齡期的內化症狀愈高；(2) 學齡前家庭獨立性與害羞氣質交互作用顯著預測學齡期內化問題。對調節作用進行進一步分析發現，在學齡前家庭獨立性高分組，若害羞氣質愈高，則學齡期內化症狀愈高，但在學齡前家庭獨立性中、低分組，則害羞氣質與學齡期內化症狀無關。

【結論與建議】
本研究發現，在華人文化下，學齡前低家庭獨立性可保護高害羞氣質兒童於日後較不會產生內化問題，但學齡期家庭獨立性愈高，兒童的內化症狀愈低。因此，本研究建議在學齡前期，當兒童有較高的害羞氣質傾向時，家庭成員若給予兒童較多的依賴，並指引他們度過生活上的困難，給予建議，並協助他們做決定，可能可彌補兒童先天高害羞氣質的脆弱性；但當兒童邁入學齡期後，宜多鼓勵兒童獨立自主，給予兒童較多的隱私權與決定權，可預防兒童產生較多的內化症狀，以上這些建議，值得未來繼續進一步探討。

【Purpose】
This longitudinal study was designed to investigate whether family independence in preschool or school-age moderated the effect of shyness on internalizing symptoms among school-aged children.

【Method】
According to the 2001 to 2002 population census of children from ages 4- to 6-years-old, a stratified and random sampling method was used to select study participants from the health centers of the seven districts within Tainan City, Taiwan. The participants were followed-up six years later. One hundred and twenty-five parent-child dyads (68 boys, 57 girls) were recruited in the final sample. Parents completed the measure of children’s development (CCDI), family independence (FFS), and children’s internalizing symptoms (CBECL/4-16) at T1; family independence (FFS), shyness temperament (EAS), and children’s internalizing symptoms (CBECL/4-16) at T2.

【Results】
The present study found that family independence in school age was negatively associated with current internalizing symptoms, when child’s gender, age, general development, prior internalizing symptoms in preschool age, and the annual family income during school age were controlled in all analyses. The results also found that family independence during preschool age moderated the relation between shyness and internalizing symptoms in school-aged children. Further analyses showed that for children with high levels of family independence, higher levels of shyness led to an increment of internalizing symptoms later on in life. However, for children with a low or medium level of family independence in preschool age, shyness was unrelated to internalizing symptoms in school-aged children.

【Conclusions and suggestions】
This study indicated that apart from shyness, family independence should also be considered in preventive intervention. Family members should help shy preschool-age children overcome difficulties and assist them in making suitable decisions in the time of need; in turn, such efforts may allow the child to perceive warmth and acceptance, which served as a protective factor for the internalizing symptoms later on in life. However, for school-age children, family members should respect their children’s own privacy; encourage school-age children to make decisions by them self and to be independent. All suggestions mentioned above should be further examined in future studies.

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