本研究利用霍普金森試驗機(split-Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB)針對不同含碳量之鋼鐵，進行動態壓縮測試以及極高速剪切變形實驗，所使用之材料為符合JIS規範之S15C低碳鋼、S50C中碳鋼與SKS93工具鋼(以下簡稱高碳鋼)之退火材。就動態壓縮測試而言，變形之應變速率為：1.1×103s-1到5.5×103s-1，而變形之溫度區間：25℃到800℃。藉此來探論鋼材碳含量、溫度、應變速率三項變數對鋼鐵動態機械反應的影響，並利用TEM技術分析三種鋼材之微觀組織變化情形。研究結果顯示鋼材的塑流應力隨應變速率增加而增加，並隨溫度上升而下降，且含碳量提高材料的動態塑流應力亦隨之提高。材料的應變速率敏感性係數以及溫度軟化率隨著應變速率增加而增加，隨溫度增加而減少，並且提升材料含碳量可以增加鋼材變形時對應變速率與溫度之敏感程度。我們也更進一步計算出三種材料變形時的熱活化能∆G*，在實驗的條件範圍內其最大值分別為：S15C為58KJ/mol、S50C為54.9KJ/mol、而SKS93為56.4KJ/mol。此外，亦發現Zerilli-Armstrong BCC模式之統制方程式可以很準確地描述三種鋼材高速塑流行為。微觀TEM之觀察亦發現差排密度隨應變速率以及含碳量之增加而增加，卻隨溫度上升而減少。
在極高速動態剪切變形方面，係利用帽型試件(Hat Shaped)將剪切塑流集中於極窄的區域之內，造成絕熱剪切變形。其應變速率控制在5.0×104s-1至2.0×105s-1之範圍，而溫度設定為常溫25℃。結果顯示在低碳鋼S15C試件中只有變形剪切帶(Deformed Shear Band)，而中碳鋼S50C與高碳鋼SKS93則同時存有變形剪切帶與變態剪切帶(Transformed Shear Band)。且鋼材之剪切帶寬度隨應變速率以及含碳量增加而減少；然塑流應力卻隨應變速率或是含碳量之增加而增加。在中碳鋼S50C與高碳鋼SKS93之破斷面上可以發現節瘤狀(Knobbly)與韌窩(Dimple)組織兩種形貌，而在低碳鋼S15C之破斷面上僅出現韌窩組織。因為絕熱增溫之關係，隨著應變速率增加，破斷面上節瘤狀形貌面積擴大。就低碳鋼而言，應變速率增加韌窩深度隨之加深。三種鋼材中其破斷面皆未發現劈裂(Cleavage)形貌，顯見此三鋼材在極高速剪切荷載下皆有良好之塑變承受能力。

In this study, a compressive type split-Hopkinson pressure bar is utilized to compare the high-speed impact plastic behaviour and extreme high-speed shearing plastic behaviour of S15C low carbon steel, S50C medium alloy heat treatable steel (abbreviated hereafter to medium carbon steel) and SKS93 tool steel with a high carbon and low alloy content (abbreviated hereafter to high carbon steel).
In the first phase of this study, the impact plastic behaviour of the specimens is tested at strain rates ranging from 1.1×103s-1 to 5.5×103s-1 and temperatures ranging from 25℃ to 800℃. The effects of the carbon content, strain rate and temperature on the mechanical responses of the three steels are evaluated. The microstructures of the impacted specimens are studied using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It is found that an increased carbon content enhances the dynamic flow resistance of the specimens. Additionally, the flow stress increases with strain and strain rate in every case. A thermal softening effect is identified in the plastic behaviour of the three steels. The activation energy, ∆G*, varies as a function of the strain rate and temperature. The maximum ∆G* values of the three steels are found to be 58KJ/mol for the S15C low carbon steel, 54.9KJ/mol for the S50C medium carbon steel, and 56.4 KJ/mol for the SKS93 high carbon steel. A Zerilli-Armstrong BCC constitutive model with appropriate coefficients is applied to describe the high strain rate plastic behaviour of the current specimens. The error between the calculated stress and the measured stress is found to be less than 5%. The microstructural observations reveal that the dislocation density and the degree of dislocation tangling both increase with increasing strain rate in all three steels. Additionally, the TEM observations indicate that a higher strain rate reduces the size of the dislocation cells. The annihilation of dislocations occurs more readily at elevated temperatures. The square root of the dislocation density increases linearly with the work hardening stress.
In the high-speed shearing tests, hat-shaped specimens of the three carbon steels are deformed at strain rates ranging from 5.0×104s-1 to 2.0×105s-1. It is found that the low carbon steel specimens have only a deformed shear band, while the medium and high carbon steel specimens have both deformed and transformed shear bands. In all specimens, the local shear strain decreases with increasing distance from the centre of the shear band. Furthermore, the shear flow stress increases with increasing carbon content and strain rate. The average temperature rise within the shear bands of the three steels is found to vary as an increasing function of the strain, carbon content and strain rate. Conversely, the width of the shear band decreases with increasing carbon content and strain rate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations show that the fracture surfaces of the S50C and SKS93 steel specimens contain knobbly features and dimples. However, the fracture surface of the S15C low carbon steel specimen has only dimples. In all cases, the area of the knobbly region increases with increasing strain rate and carbon content, while the size of the dimple area reduces.
The current results provide a valuable reference for the application of S15C low carbon steel, S50C medium carbon steel, and SKS93 high carbon steel in high-speed plastic forming processes.

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