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研究生：	郭虹佑 Kuo, Hung-Yu
論文名稱：	倒錐厭氣流体化床之水動力學特性 Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Tapered Anaerobic Fluidized-Bed Bioreactors
指導教授：	黃汝賢 Huang, Ju-Sheng
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 環境工程學系 Department of Environmental Engineering
論文出版年：	2003
畢業學年度：	91
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	89
中文關鍵詞：	模式、厭氣流體化床、倒錐角度、穩態、動態、生物膜剝落速率、膨脹床高度(體積) 、液相/氣相空隙率、壓差、水動力特性
外文關鍵詞：	Model, Anaerobic fluidized-bed, Biofilm detachment rate, Expanded-bed height (volume), Gas/Liquid hold-up, Pressure drop, Hydrodynamic characteristics, Dynamic state, Tapered angle, Steady state
相關次數：	點閱：112 下載：1
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倒錐厭氣流体化床之水動力學特性

摘　　要

本研究先推導傳統與倒錐厭氣流體化床生物反應器(AFBBRs)之壓差及膨脹床高度(Hb)模式，其次利用傳統(0o)與倒錐(2.5o、5o) AFBBRs (液相表面流速ul = 31.7 ~ 46.1 m/h)處理乙酸合成廢水並改變兩個不同有機負荷(6.5 ~ 7.1、12.1 ~ 14.1 g COD/L-d)進行操作，俟每一組AFBBR達穩定狀態並測得出流水質(乙酸、COD)及生物顆粒特性參數(生物顆粒平均粒徑(dp,avg)、生物膜厚(d)及生物顆粒濕密度(rp))後，隨即由小到大改變迴流量(ul = 8.3 ~ 110.5 m/h)以進行產氣與不產氣之水動力動態實驗，並測得生物產氣量(Qg)、Hb、生物膜剝落速率(rd)及流体化床區之總壓差。
傳統與倒錐AFBBRs在有機負荷6.5 ~ 14.1 g COD/L-d之穩態操作(ul = 31.7 ~ 46.1 m/h)下，隨著有機負荷之倍數增加，生物產氣量亦呈現倍數增加；在流體化床區下層之dp,avg和d皆較上層者小(薄)，流体化床區下層之rp皆較上層者大；流體化床區上、下層之生物顆粒粒徑分佈皆近似對數常態分布；液相與氣相流体在流体化床區造成之總壓差(DPt)隨著有機負荷之提高而增加。
傳統與倒錐AFBBRs在有機負荷6.5 ~ 14.1 g COD/L-d之動態操作(ul = 8.3 ~ 110.5 m/h)下，膨脹床體積(Vb)與rd二者皆隨著ul之增加而增加。在傳統AFBBR中，DPt隨ul之變化並不明顯，但在倒錐AFBBRs中，DPt隨ul之增加而明顯降低，且ul vs. Vb、ul vs. rd、ul vs. DPt及Hb vs. DPt間皆呈高度相關。傳統與倒錐AFBBRs之氣相流體在流体化床區造成DPt之減少百分比隨著有機負荷之增加而增加，且倒錐(5o) AFBBR氣相流體在流体化床區造成DPt之減少百分比會比傳統與倒錐(2.5o) AFBBRs者大。
本研究亦將傳統與倒錐AFBBRs之穩態及動態實驗之ul、Qg等操作數據，經多重迴歸分析求得氣相空隙率(eg)和k (尾跡體積與代謝產氣氣泡體積二者之比值)為ul、ug (氣相表面流速)函數之經驗式。傳統與倒錐AFBBRs之液相空隙率(el)隨ul之增加而增大，eg則隨ul之增加而減小，其中傳統AFBBR之el增加幅度比倒錐AFBBRs者大，且倒錐角度愈大時，el之增加幅度愈小。傳統AFBBR之DPt隨el之增加而有些微增加，倒錐AFBBRs之DPt則隨el之增加而明顯降低。傳統AFBBR之膨脹床高度(Hb)對DPt之增加幅度超過(1 – el)對DPt之減少幅度，而倒錐AFBBRs之Hb對DPt之增加幅度低於(1 – el)對DPt之減少幅度。傳統與倒錐AFBBRs之總壓差(DPt)、床膨脹高度(Hb)模式模擬值與該兩項參數之實驗值之偏差均介於(+20%) ~ (-25%)間。

Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Tapered
Anaerobic Fluidized-Bed Bioreactors

ABSTRACT

Theoretical models that can be used to calculate pressure drop and expanded-bed height (Hb) occurring in the conventional and tapered anaerobic fluidized-bed bioreactors (AFBBRs) were derived. Thereafter, a conventional and two tapered AFBBRs with respective tapered angles (q) of 0o, 2.5o and 5o were used to generate experimental data by varying superficial velocity (ul = 31.7 – 46.1 m/h) and two volumetric loading rates (VLRs = 6.5 – 7.1 and 12.1 – 14.1 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L-d. Once each AFBBR reached steady state, effluent water quality (acetate and COD) and bioparticle characteristic parameters (bioparticle diameter, dp,avg; biofilm thickness, d; and bioparticle's wet density, rp) were determined. Immediately following that, by varying recycle flow rates of AFBBRs in an increasing order (i.e., ul = 8.3 – 110.5 m/h), hydrodynamic experiments (with and without biogas generation) were conducted to generate experimental data of biogas production rate (Qg), Hb, biofilm detachment rate (rd), and pressure drop in the fluidized bed.
In the steady-state conventional and tapered AFBBRs (ul = 31.7 – 46.1 m/h; VLR = 6.5 – 7.1 and 12.1 – 14.1 g COD/L-d), the Qg increased doubly with a double increase in VLR. The dp,avg and d in the lower-part of the steady-state AFBBRs were all smaller (thinner) than those in the upper-part of the steady-state AFBBRs, while the rp in the lower-part of the steady-state AFBBRs was larger than that in the upper-part of the steady-state AFBBRs. Approximately logarithm normal distribution of bioparticles were observed in the lower- and upper-part of the steady-state AFBBRs. Additionally, total pressure drop (ΔPt) (i.e., caused by liquid and gas fluid flowing in the fluidized bed) increased with an increase in VLR.
In the dynamic-state conventional and tapered AFBBRs (ul = 8.3 – 110.5 m/h; VLR = 6.5 – 7.1 and 12.1 – 14.1 g COD/L-d), both expanded-bed volume (Vb) and rd increased with an increase in ul. In the dynamic-state conventional AFBBR, a change of ul resulted in a slight variation of ΔPt. However, in the steady-state tapered AFBBRs, an increase of ul resulted in a remarkable decrease of ΔPt; ul vs. Vb, ul vs. rd, ul vs. ΔPt, and Hb vs. ΔPt were strongly correlated. A percentage reduction in ΔPt (i.e., caused by gas fluid flowing in the fluidized bed) in the dynamic-state conventional and tapered AFBBRs increased with an increase in VLR; a percentage reduction in ΔPt in the AFBBR (q = 5o) was greater than that in the AFBBRs (q = 0o and 2.5o).
By using the operating data (ul and ug) obtained from the performance of the steady-state/dynamic-state conventional and tapered AFBBRs together with multiple regression analyses, the empirical relationships for mean wake-to-bubble-volume ratio (k) and gas phase hold-up (eg) (i.e., function of ul and superficial velocity of gas, ug) were obtained. In the conventional and tapered AFBBRs, el increased with an increase in ul, while eg decreased with an increased in ul; the extent of the increase ofεl in the AFBBRs was inversely proportional to its taper angle. The ΔPt slightly increased with an increase in el in the conventional AFBBR, while the ΔPt remarkably declined with an increase in el in the tapered AFBBRs. The extent of the increase of ΔPt (caused by Hb) was larger than that of the decrease of ΔPt (caused by (1 – el)) in the conventional AFBBR, while the extent of the increase of ΔPt (caused by Hb) was smaller than that of the decrease of the ΔPt (caused by (1 – el)) in the tapered AFBBRs. The calculated ΔPt and Hb in the conventional and tapered AFBBRs were (+20%) - (-25%) deviated from the experimental data.

目　　錄
中文摘要 …………………………………………………… Ⅰ
英文摘要 …………………………………………………… III
目　　錄 …………………………………………………… V
表 目 錄 …………………………………………………… IX
圖 目 錄 …………………………………………………… X
符號說明 …………………………………………………… XI
第 一 章 緒　　論………………………………………… 1
1-1 研究動機………………………………………………  1
1-2 研究目的………………………………………………  3
第 二 章 文獻回顧………………………………………   5
2-1 流體化原理……………………………………………  5
2-2 顆粒之膨脹特性………………………………………  7
2-3 生物流體化床之特性…………………………………  10
2-4 擔體之選擇……………………………………………  11
2-5 厭氣流體化床之發展與應用…………………………  12
2-6 傳統與倒錐狀反應器之水動力特性…………………  17
2-7 水力對固定生物膜剝落速率之影響…………………  19
第 三 章 模式推導………………………………………   22
3-1 厭氣流體化床之動態壓差模式………………………  22
3-2 厭氣流體化床氣相/液相/固相之空隙率模式………  23
3-3 厭氣流體化床之總壓差模式…………………………  25
3-3-1 傳統厭氣流體化床…………………………………  26
3-3-2 倒錐厭氣流體化床…………………………………  26
3-4 厭氣流體化床膨脹高度模式…………………………  27
3-4-1 傳統厭氣流體化床…………………………………  27
3-4-2 倒錐厭氣流體化床…………………………………  28
3-5 氣相/液相/固相空隙率及總壓差模式之演算架構…  28
3-5-1 倒錐厭氣流體化床…………………………………  28
3-5-2 傳統厭氣流體化床…………………………………  30
3-5-3 氣相/液相/固相空隙率及總壓差模擬值之推求…  30
第 四 章 實驗設備與方法………………………………   32
4-1 實驗設備………………………………………………  32
4-1-1 流體化床反應器……………………………………  32
4-1-2 擔體之規格與性質…………………………………  32
4-1-3 批次反應槽…………………………………………  37
4-1-4 儀器設備……………………………………………  37
4-2 實驗方法………………………………………………  38
4-2-1 合成廢水之配製……………………………………  38
4-2-2 無氧水之配製………………………………………  38
4-2-3 厭氣流體化床反應器之植種、馴化及起動………  39
4-2-4 厭氣流體化床反應器試程之操作…………………  41
4-3 實驗分析方法…………………………………………  42
4-3-1 流體化床區總壓差…………………………………  42
4-3-2 水質與生物產氣……………………………………  46
4-3-3 顆粒特性……………………………………………  47
4-4 參數計算………………………………………………  55
4-4-1 COD回收率…………………………………………… 55
4-4-2 平均表面流速………………………………………  56
4-4-3 生物膜剝落速率……………………………………  57
4-5 成對樣本平均數統計檢定……………………………  57
第 五 章 結果與討論……………………………………   59
5-1 傳統與倒錐AFBBRs之處理性能………………………  59
5-2 傳統與倒錐AFBBRs之生物顆粒特性…………………  59
5-2-1 生物顆粒之膜厚、球形度及濕密度………………  59
5-2-2 生物顆粒之粒徑分佈………………………………  60
5-2-3 生物顆粒菌相觀察…………………………………  60
5-3 穩態AFBBRs之水動力學特性…………………………  68
5-4 動態AFBBRs之水動力學特性…………………………  69
5-4-1 液相表面流速對膨脹床體積、生物膜剝落速率
及壓差之影響………………………………………………  69
5-4-2 液相與氣相流體對流体化床區造成之壓差………  72
5-4-3 液相表面流速對液相及氣相空隙率之影響………  74
5-4-4 液相空隙率對總壓差之影響………………………  75
5-5 總壓差、膨脹床高度之模式模擬與實驗驗證………  76
第 六 章 結　　論………………………………………… 81
參考文獻 …………………………………………………… 83

表 目 錄
Table 2-1	Measures suggested for the start-up of anaerobic fluidized-bed bioreactors………………………………………………	15
Table 2-2	Literature review on performance of tapered anaerobic fluidized-bed bioreactor………………………………………	16
Table 4-1	Specifications of AFBBRs……………………	33
Table 4-2	Physical properties of granular activated carbon……………………………………	33
Table 4-3	Chemical composition of the synthetic wastewater (diluted with tap water)……………	38
Table 4-4	Chemicals for preparing deoxygenated water……………………………………………	39
Table 4-5	Operating conditions for start-up of anaerobic fluidized-bed bioreactors……………	40
Table 4-6	Matched pair samples test on means of normal distributions………………………………	59
Table 5-1	Performance data of steady-state AFBBRs………………………………………	60
Table 5-2	Bioparticle characteristics of steady-state AFBBRs……………………………	61
Table 5-3	Hydrodynamic characteristics of steady-state AFBBRs………………………………	68
Table 5-4	Hydrodynamic characteristics of dynamic-state AFBBRs………………………………	71
Table 5-5	Correlation coefficients for hydrodynamic parameters………………	73
Table 5-6	Pressure drops in liquid and gas phases of AFBBRs…………………………………75
Table 5-7	Statistical analyses for DPt and DPdl……………………………………………	75
 
圖 目 錄
Fig. 4-1.	Size distribution of granular activated carbon……………………	34
Fig. 4-2.	The plot of the GAC particle distribution data on log-probability paper…………	34
Fig. 4-3.	Schematic diagram of the conventional anaerobic fluidized-bed bioreactor………………	35
Fig. 4-4.	Schematic diagram of the tapered anaerobic fluidized-bed bioreactor………………	36
Fig. 4-5.	Variation in total pressure drop with elapsed time…	44
Fig. 4-6.	Distribution of total pressure drops in anaerobic fluidized-bed bioreactors………………	45
Fig. 5-1.	Size distribution of bioparticles in AFFBRs (Run 1)……………	63
Fig. 5-2.	Size distribution of bioparticles in AFFBRs (Run 2)…………	64
Fig. 5-3.	The plot of bioparticles distribution data on log-probability paper (Run1)……………	65
Fig. 5-4.	The plot of bioparticles distribution data on log-probability paper (Run2)……………	66
Fig. 5-5.	Effect of superficial velocity of fluid on holdups of liquid and  biogas bubbles in AFBBRs………………………………………	77
Fig. 5-6.	Relationship between total pressure drop and holdup of liquid in AFBBRs………………	78
Fig. 5-7.	Simulated total pressure drop vs. experimental total pressure drop.80
Fig. 5-8.	Simulated expanded-bed height vs. experimental expanded-bed height…………………………………80
                                    

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