| 研究生: |
歐凰姿 Ou, Huang-Tz |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
醫院競爭與處方行為之關係-以門診糖尿病口服降血糖藥品治療為例 The Relationship between Hospital Competition and Prescribing Behaviors-A Case study of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents in Ambulatory Care |
| 指導教授: |
葉鳳英
Liu Yeh, Pheng-Ying 高雅慧 Kao, Yea Huei 劉亞明 Liu, Ya-Ming |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
醫學院 - 臨床藥學研究所 Institute of Clinical Pharmacy |
| 論文出版年: | 2005 |
| 畢業學年度: | 93 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 246 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 醫院競爭 、評鑑層級醫院 、處方行為 、口服降血糖藥品 、糖尿病 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | the prescribing behavior, diabetes, oral hypoglycemic agents, the accreditation system, hospital competition |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:123 下載:8 |
| 分享至: |
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研究背景
實證顯示在台灣全民健保採論量計酬(fee-for service; FFS)為主的支付制度,在病患有自由選擇就醫的權利下,係以「病患為主導的競爭(patient-driven competition)」環境,促使醫院間從事「非價格(品質)競爭(non-price competition)」,亦即醫院間競相提供高科技醫療服務,以吸引病患,實證上喻為「醫武競賽(medical arms race; MAR)」。醫院間非價格競爭的結果,往往造成醫院成本的上升,但對於醫療品質之影響實證上仍無一致的結論,並且仍缺乏以「處方行為」此競爭行為之代理變數。而目前相關研究係以美國為主,但相較其多元化的保險體制,我國為單一保險人、以論量計酬的支付制度為主及醫師與醫院之從屬關係較為單純,因此在台灣保險體制下預期可更清楚來觀察醫院競爭與行為之關係,且台灣醫院市場結構重要特色之一是有評鑑層級醫院分佈,因此更進一步在各醫院市場內各層級醫院交互競爭行為上,實為目前台灣需待評估之研究題材。目前台灣醫療產業支出,係偏重於門診部分,就特定疾病而言,糖尿病照護較其他疾病為高,且大部分糖尿病患係透過門診照護,因此門診糖尿病患的照護,一定程度上可反映台灣醫院醫療服務行為。
研究目的
1. 分析醫院市場競爭程度與各家醫院口服降血糖藥品(oral hypoglycemic agents; OHAs; 以下簡稱OHAs)處方行為的關係;
2. 分析不同市場結構下,各層級醫院競爭程度與各層級醫院OHAs處方行為的關係。
研究方法
主要資料為民國86~91年「全民健康保險學術資料庫」及「健保給付藥品Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical代碼對照檔」。主要變項,醫院市場定義係以行政地域為界;且將各市場依市場內「各層級醫院組成」再歸納三種「市場結構」別,以觀察各層級醫院間競爭行為;市場競爭程度以門診人次計算賀氏指數(Herfindahl-Hirschman Index)來衡量;競爭行為,以「高價OHAs」處方行為,代表高價醫療服務;以「新進OHAs」及「低處方品質OHAs」處方行為,分別代表「高、低」處方品質。主要統計分析,採「工具變項」處理衡量市場競爭程度時所可能產生的偏誤,再利用複線性迴歸模型控制相關影響因素。
研究結果
本研究樣本六年度共包含2,110家醫院觀察值、18,045個糖尿病患(以身分字號歸戶)觀察值與158,655人次。醫院競爭與處方行為關係,在控制相關影響因素下,醫院市場競爭與醫院「低處方品質OHAs」行為呈現顯著正相關。各層級醫院交互競爭行為方面,就區域醫院,控制相關影響因素後,第一種市場結構(存在三種層級醫院)下,區域醫院競爭與其「低處方品質OHAs」行為呈現顯著負相關;而在第二種市場結構(存在區域及地區醫院)下,區域醫院競爭與其「低處方品質OHAs」行為呈現顯著正相關;對地區醫院而言,在控制相關影響因素後,第一種市場結構下,地區醫院競爭與其「低處方品質OHAs」行為呈現顯著負相關;第二種市場結構下,區域醫院競爭與地區醫院「新進OHAs」行為呈現顯著負相關;第二或三種市場結構(僅存地區醫院)下,地區醫院競爭與其「高價OHAs」行為呈現顯著正相關。
結論
整體而言,以「低處方品質OHAs」處方行為進行衡量時,台灣醫院間競爭與處方品質呈現顯著負相關;但此一結果,較難排除病患藥品認知不足、「資訊不對稱」與醫師處方習慣等因素可能帶來的影響。各層級醫院競爭行為方面,研究結果顯示相對於第二或三種市場結構,在第一種市場結構下,市場機制使區域或地區醫院傾向有較高處方品質。若「市場結構」別,可意涵為各市場「醫療資源之豐缺」,則我們推測可能相對於第二或三種市場結構,第一種市場結構(含三種層級醫院,代表醫療資源相對充足區),可藉由較高醫療資訊密集度或流通性,改善「資訊不對稱」,以較接近「完全之訊息」條件,使「市場機制」較能夠充分發揮。因此,本研究建議各市場醫療資源應達適當配置,並配合資訊透明化,如建構處方監測機制或藥事服務,提升民眾藥品認知與處方品質,在促使資訊有效流通下,以期接近完全訊息之條件,使市場機制發揮下爲台灣醫院產業帶來正面影響。
Background Recently, several empirical studies suggested non-price competition among hospitals in Taiwan under fee-for service (FFS) by means of advanced medical amenities, the so-called “medical arms race.” But there is an ambiguous effect of hospital competition on the quality of care, and few studies used the prescribing behavior to estimate this relationship. From the perspective on hospital competition, relatively limited data in the Unites States which may be due to complicated insurance and payment system. Studies regarding the interaction of hospital competition from different accreditation types in Taiwan are still absent. In addition, the utilization of outpatient services in Taiwan is relatively high compared to OECD countries, and health care for diabetes is mainly delivered in an outpatient setting. Thus, diabetes is a good representative health condition to examine the quality of care delivered in hospitals.
Objective 1) Estimating the relationship between hospital competition and prescribing oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs); 2) Estimating the relationship between hospital competition at different accreditation level and prescribing OHAs under various market structures.
Methods Health care claim data from the National Health Insurance (NHI) program during the period 1997-2002, and the ATC 7-digit coding system of NHI Pharmaceutical Subsidy was used as the interface for analyzing the pharmaceutical claim data. Hospital market was defined by geographic boundary, and hospital competition was measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman index based on the market share of outpatient visits. Prescribing behaviors, including prescribing high cost OHAs implies providing cost-enhancing services, and new OHAs and poor quality OHAs imply the high and low level of the prescribing quality respectively. The caseload of diabetes was estimated by indicated complexity of pharmacology. Instrumental variables are employed to identify the endogeneity and measurement error.
Results There are 2,110 observations of the hospitals, and 18,045 observations of the outpatients and 158,655 outpatient visits documented with diabetes in six years. For overall hospitals, there is a positive relationship between hospital competition and prescribing poor quality OHAs. For regional hospitals, under the market with three levels of hospitals, there is a negative relationship between regional hospital competition and prescribing poor quality OHAs. But under the market with two levels of hospitals, there is a positive relationship between regional hospital competition and prescribing poor quality OHAs. For district hospitals, under the market with three levels of hospitals, there is a negative relationship between district hospital competition and prescribing poor quality OHAs. Under the market with two levels of hospitals, there is a negative relationship between regional hospital competition and district hospital prescribing new OHAs. Under the market with two levels of hospitals or only district hospitals, there is a positive relationship between district hospital competition and prescribing high cost OHAs.
Conclusion We found the negative impact of hospital competition on the prescribing quality, but couldn’t to rule out the potential effects of the physician prescribing habits and asymmetric information. In addition, our findings suggest market mechanisms may improve the prescribing quality of regional and district hospitals under the market with three levels of hospitals. It appears to be that the market with three levels of hospitals may be the area with abundant medical resources, likely being able to provide more pharmaceutical services and information to patients to alleviate the asymmetric information problem. Therefore, appropriate allocation of medical resources to enhance patients’ drug knowledge may be one way to improve the effect of market mechanism on the prescribing quality.
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