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研究生： 林玉鋗
Lin, Yu-Shuan
論文名稱： 金融風暴下經濟用語的譬喻研究
Metaphors under the Global Financial Crisis in 2008: A Cognitive-Pragmatic Perspective
指導教授： 謝菁玉
Hsieh, Ching-Yu Shelley
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 文學院 - 外國語文學系碩士在職專班
Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (on the job class)
論文出版年： 2010
畢業學年度： 98
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 102
中文關鍵詞： 金融風暴 、經濟用語 、報紙標題 、批判隱喻分析 、語法隱喻分析 、語料庫
外文關鍵詞： financial crisis, financial linguistic expressions, newspaper headlines, Critical Metaphor Analysis, Grammatical Metaphor Analysis, corpus
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    • 本論文以新聞知識庫為研究基礎並從認知學及語用學的角度出發探討2008年金融風暴下經濟議題的隱喻在報紙標題的應用。本研究藉由Charteris-Black (2004) 所提出的「批判性隱喻分析」(Critical Metaphor Analysis) 及Halliday (1985) 所主張的「概念語法隱喻分析」(Grammatical Metaphor Analysis) 兩種隱喻分析模式，旨在分析報紙標題經濟用語原型隱喻在特定時期 (金融風暴) 為何，不同經濟用語所偏好的隱喻為何，以及其背後所代表當今資本主義的意識形態。
    研究結果顯示：(一) 經濟用語中有五種隱喻最為常見，分別是人、自然、自然災害、水體與移動，其中人 (personification) 是最常見的本體 (source domain)，此外，人的本體還可區分成不同的隱喻情景 (metaphor scenarios)，如資金是活躍的、貨幣是發展歷程、股市是情緒化的、市場是敏感的。語法的偏好方面，主詞是以人為本體所偏好的語法位置，但也發現受詞則為以病人為本體所偏好的語法位置。(二) 去擬人法 (de-personification) 的隱喻則見於自然、自然災害與水體的隱喻。其中發現，「景氣」偏好自然隱喻，「金融」偏好自然災害的隱喻，「資金」則偏好水體的隱喻，顯示「景氣」是一個較中性的概念而「金融」帶有負面的評價，「資金」則介於兩者之間，既富有自然現象也可能產生不良影響，如資金氾濫。相較於 (一) 的發現，「金融」偏好修飾語的語法位置顯示其難以預測以及不受人為控制的特性。(三)「移動」隱喻雖然於金融風暴時期並未顯示出特定的偏好，卻是常見具體化（reification）表達複雜抽象經濟的概念，其隱喻表現可再細分成三種形式: 垂直移動、水平移動及連續移動。「垂直移動」與市場價值增加減少相關，例如貨幣升值與貶值；「水平移動」與市場價值增減無關，強調移動的方向，例如資金轉進與轉出；另外，研究中發現經濟用語「垂直移動」隱喻為方位譬喻 (Orientational Metaphors) UP IS GOOD; DOWN IS BAD的延伸，顯示不斷起伏的現象為經濟活動發展的過程，因此修正「下是壞」 DOWN IS BAD的認知思維。(四)金融風暴時期經濟用語所偏好的隱喻顯示出現今全球資本主義的經濟體系的轉換與反思。本研究藉由隱喻認知基礎在社會文化脈絡下產生的意義除了有助於理解專門術語外並可延伸到其背後可能隱含的價值判斷。

    This is a corpus-based thesis which analyzes metaphors of financial linguistic expressions in newspaper headlines from cognitive and pragmatic perspectives during the global financial crisis in 2008. Using Critical Metaphor Analysis (Charteris-Black, 2004) and Grammatical Metaphor Analysis (Halliday, 1985) as analytical frameworks, this thesis aims at answering (1) What are the prototypical metaphors found in the financial news during the global financial crisis? (2) Do metaphor choices differ for specific economic issues? If so, how do they differ? If not, in what ways are they similar? (3) How does choice of metaphors reflect global capitalism nowadays?
    The results show that (1) Human, nature, natural disasters, water and motion metaphors are found across financial linguistic expressions and among these, human metaphors are the most frequent. The source domain of human can be divided into smaller metaphor scenarios to project different human characteristics e.g., CAPITAL IS ACTIVE, CURRENCY IS DEVELOPMENT, STOCK MARKET IS EMOTIONAL and MARKET IS SENSITIVE. For grammatical metaphor analysis, human metaphors prefer to locate the target lexeme in a syntactic subject position; however, when a patient metaphor is chosen, the target lexemes prefer an grammatical object position. (2) Metaphors of de-personification include nature, natural disasters and water metaphors. It is found that jing3qi4 has a preference for nature metaphors, jin1rong2 for natural disaster metaphors and zi1jin1 for water metaphors. Compared with (1), finance metaphors prefer to place jin1rong2 in a syntactic modifier position, implying its unpredictability beyond human control. Zi1jin1 is evaluated as either neutral or negative, e.g., zi1jin1 fa4lan4資金氾濫 ‘too much capital,’ implying its subsequent negative effect. (3) Motion metaphors were not prominent during the financial crisis, but are used to concretize complex economic concepts. Three types of motion are discovered: Vertical motion, horizontal motion and dynamic motion. Vertical motion is mapped onto the increasing and decreasing of values, e.g., the appreciation and depreciation of currencies. Contrary to vertical motion, horizontal motion is related to the direction of the motion, e.g., the inflow and outflow of capital from an invested target as zi1jin1 zhuan3ru4 xin1xing1shi4chang3資金轉入新興市場 ‘capital is invested in emerging markets.’ In addition, it is found that vertical motion, which is an ever-changing, dynamic process, is extended from Orientational Metaphors UP IS GOOD, DOWN IS BAD. Therefore, DOWN IS BAD is not negative in financial reports. (4) The different choice of metaphors for financial linguistic expressions reflects the changes in the banking system that resulted in the financial crisis.
    In sum, this thesis provides a critical approach to metaphor analysis which helps readers become aware of the motivation that underlies the choice of metaphors that could reflect the socio-cultural aspects of economic reality.

    Table of Contents 中文摘要 i Abstract ii Acknowledgement iv Table of Contents v List of Figures vii List of Tables viii Conventions ix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation and goals 1 1.2 Research questions 3 1.3 The organization of the thesis 4 Chapter 2 Literature Review 5 2.1 Charteris-Black (2000) 5 2.2 White (2003) 7 2.3 Charteris-Black and Musolff (2003) 8 2.4 Chiang & Chiu (2007) 10 2.5 Chung (2008) 13 2.6 Huang (2009) 15 2.7 Summary 16 Chapter 3 Methodology 18 3.1 Data collection 18 3.2 Theoretical frameworks 20 3.2.1 Metaphorical process of metaphors 20 3.2.2 Critical Metaphor Analysis 22 3.2.3 Grammatical Metaphor 26 3.3 Summary 28 Chapter 4 A critical approach to researching metaphors 29 4.1 Distribution of conceptual metaphors and conceptual keys in business headlines 29 4.1.1 ECONOMIC SYSTEM IS A COLLECTIVE CONCEPT 30 4.1.1.1 Jing1ji4 經濟 ‘economy’ metaphors 30 4.1.1.2 Jing3qi4 景氣 ‘business cycle’ metaphors 32 4.1.1.3 Jin1rong2 金融 ‘finance’ metaphors 34 4.1.1.4 Shi4chang3 市場 ‘market’ metaphors 36 4.1.2 ECONOMY SYSTEM IS BUSINESS INTERACTIONS 38 4.1.2.1 Zi1jin1 資金 ‘capital’ metaphors 38 4.1.2.2 Huo4bi4 貨幣 ‘currency’ metaphors 42 4.1.2.3 Gu3shi4 股市 ‘stock market’ metaphors 44 4.1.2.4 Fang2shi4 房市 ‘real estate market’ metaphors 47 4.1.2.5 Che1shi4 車市 ‘automobile market’ metaphors 49 4.1.2.6 Shi1ye4 失業 ‘unemployment’ metaphors 51 4.2 Metaphor choices in discourse as a communicative tool 52 4.2.1 The linguistic preference of the target lexemes 52 4.2.2 Animate metaphors vs. inanimate metaphors. 54 4.2.3 Charteris-Black’s criteria of metaphors 58 4.3 Conceptual metaphor types vs. syntactic positions 60 Chapter 5 Toward a cognitive-pragmatic conceptualization of critical metaphor analysis 64 5.1 Discussion of the conceptual keys in business news headlines 64 5.1.1 Personification: The prevailing mapping domain 65 5.1.2 De-personification: NATURE, NATURAL DISASTER and WATER as conceptual keys 68 5.1.3 Reification: MOTION as a conceptual key 72 5.2 Creative use of metaphors 76 5.2.1 Metaphor scenarios as creativity 76 5.2.2 Topic-trigger metaphors as creativity 79 5.2.3 Situationally-triggered metaphors as creativity 81 5.3 Modification to the Charteris-Black’s model of linguistic criteria of metaphor 82 5.4 Metaphors as the reflection of the global economy: Who is the one to blame? 85 5.5 Summary 88 Chapter 6 Conclusion 90 6.1 Summary of the findings 90 6.2 Modification to Charteris-Black’s model 93 6.3 Suggestions for future studies 94 References 97

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