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研究生: 馬妮諾
Sebenele Nonsikelelo Mabuza
論文名稱: 低層木構造建築之碳排研究
Comparative embodied carbon assessment of low-rise timber buildings with equivalent SC and RC alternatives
指導教授: 賴啟銘
Lai, Chi-Ming
共同指導教授: 張惠雲
Chang, Heui-Yung
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 工學院 - 土木工程學系
Department of Civil Engineering
論文出版年: 2023
畢業學年度: 111
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 78
外文關鍵詞: Embodied carbon, End-of-life stage, Life Cycle Assessment, timber, Module A1-A5
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  • The global increase in population has created a necessity to construct more buildings to meet shelter demands and yet mitigating the global warming concern simultaneously has posed a great challenge to the construction industry around the world. Concrete and steel are known great emitters of CO2 in their life cycle and the rise of the potential of mass timber has not gone unnoticed. Construction industries in the world have recently increased their incorporation of mass timber into their designs to try and reduce their buildings embodied carbon. This research uses the LCA method to determine the embodied carbon of a one-story building using four different designs. The designs are produced with different materials, mass timber, steel, concrete and a combination of the three which is referred to as the hybrid in this study. The hybrid building was created by an architectural contractor and information used for the study obtained from his work. The mass timber, concrete and steel structures were also created by an architect with guidance from the hybrid design. The study focuses on comparing the embodied carbon of these buildings and finding some consistency with results from literature in regard to the LCA stages. In addition to this, the study aims to find the building with the least embodied carbon and find some correlation between building mass and embodied carbon. The life cycle of the building was estimated at 50 years. The results obtained showed that the concrete structure had the highest embodied carbon (3191 tCO2e) during Modules A1-A5 which is 53% higher than the EC of the hybrid building, in comparison. In the end-of life stage, the hybrid building had the highest embodied carbon at 376.04 tCO2e/m2 due to different mixture of materials with different EOL treatments. Total embodied carbon calculated for each building was found to be 1957.87 tCO2e (mass timber), 2040.75 tCO2e (steel), 3507.05 tCO2e (concrete) and 1753.49 tCO2e (hybrid). Biogenic carbon was calculated as positive emissions for the mass timber building and the hybrid building. The correlation between the mass of a building and its EC was found to be very significant at 0.01 when run by SPSS. Although most buildings are not usually built with just one material, the hybrid building had the lowest embodied carbon of all the buildings.

    Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment, Embodied Carbon, Module A1-A5, End-of-Life stage, timber.

    ABSTRACT I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III TABLE OF CONTENTS IV LIST OF TABLES VI LIST OF FIGURES VII ABBREVIATIONS VIII CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objectives 5 1.3 Limitations 5 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1 A brief of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 7 2.2 The Production phase 9 2.2.1 Mass timber production 11 2.2.2 Steel production 13 2.2.3 Reinforced concrete production. 14 2.3 Mitigation in the production process 15 2.4 Biogenic carbon and Carbon offsetting 17 2.5 Comparable results from literature 21 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 23 3.1 Scope 23 3.2 Data collection, building design and materials. 25 3.3 Functional unit and system boundary 28 3.4 Process based carbon emission. 30 3.5 Calculating Carbon emission 33 3.5.1 Module A (Production and Construction Process Stages) 34 3.5.2 Module C (End of life stage) 35 3.5.3 Carbon Fixation 38 3.6 Correlation analysis 39 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 40 4.1 Mass of the buildings 40 4.2 Determining the Embodied carbon of the buildings. 42 4.2.1 Analysis from cradle to site to cradle-to grave. 42 4.2.2 Analyzing the EOL (end-of-life stages) 46 4.2.3 Overall EC analysis 50 4.3 Pearson Correlation analysis between mass of the building and its EC. 52 4.4 Suggestions to reduce the embodied carbon of materials during construction. 54 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 57 REFERENCES 61 APPENDIX 68

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