研究目的: 台灣位於中國東南沿海，每年冬季，氣候受東北季風影響。強風把中國沙漠地區和沿海工業區之沙塵微粒及空氣污染物帶到台灣，即為沙塵暴(Asian dust storm)和高污染事件(Frontal pollution case)。此類長程傳輸事件除會傳輸空氣污染物外，微生物(如:細菌)亦會隨之而傳播，可能會使當地氣候、生態、農業及人類健康造成影響。因此有必要加深了解長程傳輸事件發生時台灣地區大氣中微生物相之變化。然而，過去的長程傳輸研究只有針對沙塵暴事件進行探討，但亦為重要之高污染事件對細菌濃度和菌群的影響仍未知，其發生率可達每星期一次。並且，目前亦甚少關於台灣地區大氣中細菌與長程傳輸事件的資訊。因此，本研究目的為探討高污染事件(前、期間、後)對台灣北部大氣中細菌濃度和菌群之影響，且比較沙塵暴和高污染事件之菌群組成差異。

材料與方法: 於2014年11月至2015年4月高污染事件採集台北市台灣大學(市區)之空氣中細菌樣本進行濃度定量及多樣性分析。且於2013至2014年度之採樣中選取兩個長程傳輸事件(沙塵暴和高污染事件)進行細菌菌群分析，其採樣點包括台灣最北端富貴角(郊區)及台北市台灣大學(市區)。採樣方式以幫蒲連接濾紙匣搭配鐵氟龍濾紙在流速為30 LPM下採集24小時。以日本氣象局和台灣環保署等資料評估長程傳輸事件可能影響台灣的時間，於事件可能抵達的2天前開始採樣直至事件結束後的 2天。採樣後以氣象因子和空氣污染物數據確認長程傳輸事件之影響，並利用HYSPLIT模式推估氣流方向，結合兩者之結果以判定長程傳輸事件是否抵台，且進一步區分沙塵暴和高污染事件以及事件之前、期間、後階段。所得之濾紙經DNA萃取後以quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)進行總、活細菌定量，活性細菌則需在DNA萃取前先以Propidium Monoazide (PMA)進行樣本前處理。總細菌之多樣性以PCR-based Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP)進行分析。總細菌之菌群分析則利用Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)。

結果: 共採集到五次高污染事件。總細菌濃度皆於事件發生期間上升，除了11月的事件在事件結束後仍維持較高之濃度和2月的事件在事件結束後有輕微上升，其他則為事件結束後下降至事件發生前水平；活性細菌於11月和12月的事件為發生期間下降和結束後上升，而3月的事件則為相反。總細菌多樣性的部分，豐富度、生物多樣性指標Shannon-Weiner index (H)和均勻性皆於事件發生期間上升和結束後下降，除了11月事件的H index和均勻性在事件結束後上升。總細菌菌群的部分，先以生物分類法中“門”作分析，台灣北部大氣中細菌菌群一般以Proteobacteria為主，Firmicutes在沙塵暴和高污染事件分別之兩採樣點發生期間和結束後皆有明顯增加。再以生物分類法中“綱”作分析，其中Proteobacteria的菌群組成為，沙塵暴和高污染事件分別之兩採樣點的背景日和結束後階段大部分以Alphaproteobacteria為主，事件發生期間
則是以Betaproteobacteria為主。其中的Firmicutes菌群組成為，沙塵暴事件發生期間在富貴角檢測到較高量之Clostridia，此事件之兩採樣點的結束後則以Bacilli為主。而高污染事件之兩採樣點發生期間以Bacilli為主，結束後Clostridia於富貴角則明顯增加。其中的Cyanobacteria菌群組成為，與高污染事件發生期間相比較，Nostocophycideae於事件結束後在富貴角採樣點有明顯增加。最後以生物分類法中“屬”作分析，顯示Sphingomoa為台灣北部大氣中主要的菌屬。沙塵暴事件中，兩採樣點之背景日和發生期間之菌群結構相似，其代表性菌屬分別為Roseomonas 和Clostridium，富貴角和台大於事件結束後之代表性性菌屬分別為Salinicoccus和Janthinobacterium；並且在事件發生期間於富貴角檢測到相對較高量之Ralstonia和Delftia，而在事件發生期間和結束後於台大檢測到相對較高量之Streptococcus。高污染事件中，兩採樣點之背景日皆檢測到較高量之Paracoccus，並且於發生期間皆檢測到較高量之Bacillus和Ralstonia；富貴角在事件結束後之代表性菌屬為Faecalibacterium和Calothrix，台大則為Flavobacterium。

結論: 長程傳輸高污染事件發生期間會使得總細菌濃度增加，可高達10倍，而在事件結束後下降至背景值；活性細菌結果則是具有季節性差異，其推斷可能與大氣循環過程在各季節的不同有關，未來可累積更多事件數和進一步探討以獲得更明確結論。除了濃度增加外，研究也發現事件發生使得大氣中細菌菌群組成變複雜及均勻性提高。其中，Clostridium、Bacillus、Ralstonia和Delftia為沙塵暴事件之優勢菌種，高污染事件則是Ralstonia和Bacillus，並且部分菌種可傳送至台北市區。此外，結果也顯示沙塵暴結束後仍會受中國東部沿海工業區之空氣污染影響。比較沙塵暴和高污染事件發生期間之菌群組成，得出Ralstonia和Bacillus可作為台灣受長程傳輸影響之具代表性菌種。本研究同時對長程傳輸高污染事件大氣中細菌濃度和菌群結構進行探討，顯示細菌濃度增加為菌種種類增加，此細菌菌種對人類健康可造成影響。因此，冬季時應常注意空氣品質，長程傳輸事件發生期間和2天後應避免在台灣北部地區(郊區和市區)進行戶外活動。

Objectives: Taiwan located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. Its climates are affected by northeasterly wind every winter. The strong wind transport air pollutants included dust particles from China continent to Taiwan, the sources associated with desert sources and industrial emission at coast that namely Asian dust storm (ADS) and frontal pollution case (FP), respectively. Besides, the microbes also are dispersal accompanied with air pollutants through long-range transport in atmosphere, the ambient bacteria might cause influences to Taiwan in relation to climate, ecology agricultural and human health. Hence, it is necessary to understand the information about the ambient bacteria related to long-range transport (LRT) in Taiwan. However, previous studies of LRT events only focus on the ADS, even though the FP case which occurs about once a week during the prevailing northeasterly winds might often affect the bacterial concentration and community diversity in the atmosphere. Thus FP case also is importance in the research of LRT events in Taiwan, but the distribution of ambient bacteria associated with the FP case is still unknown. as well as few information about with bacterial community structure of LRT events in Taiwan. The aims of this study were to investigate abundance, diversity and community composition of ambient bacteria in FP case (before, during and after event period), as well as compared the variation of community composition between ADS and FP case.

Materials and methods: The sampling of FP case was performed from November of 2014 to April of 2015 at National Taiwan University of Taipei city (urban) that for the bacterial abundance and diversity analysis. Moreover, two LRT events and background days collected from 2013 to 2014 at Cap Fukuei of the northernmost of Taiwan (rural) and National Taiwan University (urban) were selected for the bacterial community composition analysis, the LRT events included ADS and FP case. Air pump collected to filter holder (Teflon filter) was sampling at 30 LPM for 24 hours. In addition, the information of Japan Meteorological Agency, Taiwan EPA, Taiwan CWB and Taiwan RCEC are used to evaluate the arrival time of LRT event. The sampling was performed at the two days before LRT to the two days after the end. After sampling, the data of meteorological factors, air pollutants and air mass trajectories of HYSPLIT model are applied to estimate the effect level of LRT event and confirm whether ADS or FL case, and classified to before, during and after event period. Abundance of total and viable bacteria was analyzed using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) and the viable bacteria was treated by Propidium Monoazidein (PMA) before the DNA extraction. Total bacterial diversity was analyzed using PCR-based Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP). The total bacterial community composition was analyzed using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS).

Results: A total of 5 cases were collected in FP occurrences. For the bacterial abundance, the total bacterial concentrations in all five cases increased during the FP case as compared with those seen in the before period, and decreased to levels similar to before period when the FP case ended, except the case in November still kept a relatively high concentration and the one in February saw a small increase. The viable bacterial concentrations in the cases in November and December decreased during the FP case as compared with those in the before period. In contrast, the concentrations in March increased during the FP case.

For the total bacterial diversity, richness, H index and evenness revealed an increase during the FP cases as compared with the before period, and most of those values decreased in the after period although the H index and evenness in November both increased.

For the total bacterial community composition, at phylum level, both of ADS and FP case, the bacterial communities among all samples of CF and NTU location were also dominated by phylum Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes of those were increased during and after event periods. At Proteobacteria-related community of glass level, in generally, both of ADS and FP case, the communities of background day and after period of both locations were dominated by Alphaproteobacteria, the during period of both locations were dominated by Betaproteobacteria. At Firmicutes-related community of glass level, for the ADS, the Clostridia were detected with high abundance in community of during period of CF location, the communities of after period of both locations were dominated by Bacilli; for the FP case, the communities of during period of both locations were dominated by Bacilli and the Clostridia were detected greatly in the community of after period of CF location. At Cyanobacteria-related community of glass level, for the pollution case, the populations of Nostocophycideae were increased highly in the after period of CF location.

At genera level, for the ADS, the community structures of background day between CF and NTU location were similar, those in during period also were observed, the characteristic populations were Roseomonas and Clostridium, respectively; the communities of after period of CF location involved with the populations of Salinicoccus, whereas the after period of NTU location related to Janthinobacterium; the populations of Ralstonia and Delftia were detected greatly in during period of CF location, the Streptococcus were detected with relatively high level in the communities of during and after period of NTU location. For the FP case, the Paracoccus was detected greatly in background day of both locations, as well as Bacillus and Ralstonia in during period of both locations, the communities among after period of CF and NTU locations were grouped and dissimilar to other samples, the typical population in CF location was Faecalibacterium and Calothrix, whereas the NTU location was Flavobacterium. Sphingomoas was the major contributor in all bacterial communities of both locations of ADS and FP case.

Conclusions: The FP case created a significant increase in total bacterial abundance, probably 10-fold higher than in the before period, and fell to a level similar to that seen in the before period following the end of the FP case; whereas the change of viable bacterial abundance was different in various months that may be related to the effect of seasonal atmospheric processes, it is need more cases and detail study in future to obtain thorough results. Moreover, the FP case introduced the bacterial community structure more complex and even.

The members of Clostridium, Bacillus, Ralstonia and Delftia, which thought to have been carried by the pathways of ADS events, were predominant at CF location. The members of Bacillus and Ralstonia, which carry from industrial areas at the coast of eastern China, were detected greatly at CF location. Some of species also would dispersal to NTU location urban areas, and the community was affected by low-degree LRT from industrial contamination of eastern China after ADS. Among these, Bacillus and Ralstonia might became the representative populations in the LRT events of Taiwan.

This study investigating quantification, biodiversity and community composition of ambient bacteria simultaneously, it demonstrated that the increase in bacterial abundance due to species multiplication, and these populations can have adverse effects on human health. As such, people should pay particular attention to the outdoor air quality in winter, and should also avoid outdoor activities during LRT events, and even up to two days after such events in northern Taiwan, regardless of whether being in rural or urban areas.

1. Aller JY, Kuznetsova MR, Jahns CJ, Kemp PF. 2005. The sea surface microlayer as a source of viral and bacterial enrichment in marine aerosols. Journal of aerosol science 36:801-812.
2. Amoozegar MA, Schumann P, Hajighasemi M, Ashengroph M, Razavi MR. 2008. Salinicoccus iranensis sp. Nov., a novel moderate halophile. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 58:178-183.
3. An HR, Mainelis G, White L. 2006. Development and calibration of real-time pcr for quantification of airborne microorganisms in air samples. Atmospheric Environment 40:7924-7939.
4. Balkwill DL, Fredrickson JK, Romine MF. 2006. Sphingomonas and related genera. In: The prokaryotes:Springer, 605-629.
5. Bowers RM, Lauber CL, Wiedinmyer C, Hamady M, Hallar AG, Fall R, et al. 2009. Characterization of airborne microbial communities at a high-elevation site and their potential to act as atmospheric ice nuclei. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75:5121-5130.
6. Brochu P, Bouchard M, Haddad S. 2014. Physiological daily inhalation rates for health risk assessment in overweight/obese children, adults, and elderly. Risk Analysis 34:567-582.
7. Burke DJ, Kretzer AM, Rygiewicz PT, Topa MA. 2006. Soil bacterial diversity in a loblolly pine plantation: Influence of ectomycorrhizas and fertilization. FEMS microbiology ecology 57:409-419.
8. Burrows S, Elbert W, Lawrence M, Pöschl U. 2009. Bacteria in the global atmosphere–part 1: Review and synthesis of literature data for different ecosystems. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9:9263-9280.
9. Buttner MP, Cruz-Perez P, Stetzenbach LD. 2001. Enhanced detection of surface-associated bacteria in indoor environments by quantitative pcr. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67:2564-2570.
10. Caporaso JG, Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J, Bittinger K, Bushman FD, Costello EK, et al. 2010. Qiime allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nature methods 7:335-336.
11. Caporaso JG, Lauber CL, Walters WA, Berg-Lyons D, Lozupone CA, Turnbaugh PJ, et al. 2011. Global patterns of 16s rrna diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108:4516-4522.
12. Caporaso JG, Lauber CL, Walters WA, Berg-Lyons D, Huntley J, Fierer N, et al. 2012. Ultra-high-throughput microbial community analysis on the illumina hiseq and miseq platforms. The ISME journal 6:1621-1624.
13. Chang C-P, Lu M-M. 2012. Intraseasonal predictability of siberian high and east asian winter monsoon and its interdecadal variability. Journal of Climate 25:1773-1778.
14. Chen W-Y, Wu J-H, Chang J-E. 2014. Pyrosequencing analysis reveals high population dynamics of the soil microcosm degrading octachlorodibenzofuran. Microbes and Environments 29:393-400.
15. Chien L-C, Yang C-H, Yu H-L. 2012. Estimated effects of asian dust storms on spatiotemporal distributions of clinic visits for respiratory diseases in taipei children (taiwan). Environmental health perspectives 120:1215.
16. Clark DP, Gibson G, Maczulak A. 2011. Germs, genes, and bacteria: How they influence modern life (collection):Pearson Education.
17. Cuiping L, Chuangzhi W, Yanyongjie, Haitao H. 2004. Chemical elemental characteristics of biomass fuels in china. Biomass and Bioenergy 27:119-130.
18. Darquenne C. 2014. Aerosol deposition in the human lung in reduced gravity. Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery 27:170-177.
19. DeSantis TZ, Hugenholtz P, Larsen N, Rojas M, Brodie EL, Keller K, et al. 2006. Greengenes, a chimera-checked 16s rrna gene database and workbench compatible with arb. Applied and environmental microbiology 72:5069-5072.
20. Eguchi M, Nishikawa T, MacDonald K, Cavicchioli R, Gottschal JC, Kjelleberg S. 1996. Responses to stress and nutrient availability by the marine ultramicrobacterium sphingomonas sp. Strain rb2256. Applied and environmental microbiology 62:1287-1294.
21. Facklam R. 2002. What happened to the streptococci: Overview of taxonomic and nomenclature changes. Clinical microbiology reviews 15:613-630.
22. Franzetti A, Gandolfi I, Gaspari E, Ambrosini R, Bestetti G. 2011. Seasonal variability of bacteria in fine and coarse urban air particulate matter. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 90:745-753.
23. Gandolfi I, Bertolini V, Ambrosini R, Bestetti G, Franzetti A. 2013. Unravelling the bacterial diversity in the atmosphere. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 97:4727-4736.
24. Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T. 2005. Class ii. Betaproteobacteria class. Nov. In: Bergey’s manual® of systematic bacteriology:Springer, 575-922.
25. Georgakopoulos D, Després V, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Psenner R, Ariya P, Pósfai M, et al. 2008. Microbiology and atmospheric processes: Biological, physical and chemical characterization of aerosol particles. Biogeosciences Discussions 5:1469-1510.
26. Hara K, Zhang D. 2012. Bacterial abundance and viability in long-range transported dust. Atmospheric Environment 47:20-25.
27. Hoekema A, Hirsch P, Hooykaas P, Schilperoort R. 1983. A binary plant vector strategy based on separation of vir-and t-region of the agrobacterium tumefaciens ti-plasmid. Nature 303:179-180.
28. Hua N-P, Kobayashi F, Iwasaka Y, Shi G-Y, Naganuma T. 2007. Detailed identification of desert-originated bacteria carried by asian dust storms to japan. Aerobiologia 23:291-298.
29. Hurst CJ, Crawford RL, Garland JL, Lipson DA. 2007. Manual of environmental microbiology:American Society for Microbiology Press.
30. Idris R, Kuffner M, Bodrossy L, Puschenreiter M, Monchy S, Wenzel WW, et al. 2006. Characterization of ni-tolerant methylobacteria associated with the hyperaccumulating plant thlaspi goesingense and description of methylobacterium goesingense sp. Nov. Systematic and applied microbiology 29:634-644.
31. Jørgensen NO, Brandt KK, Nybroe O, Hansen M. 2009. Delftia lacustris sp. Nov., a peptidoglycan-degrading bacterium from fresh water, and emended description of delftia tsuruhatensis as a peptidoglycan-degrading bacterium. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 59:2195-2199.
32. Jan S, Wang J, Chern C-S, Chao S-Y. 2002. Seasonal variation of the circulation in the taiwan strait. Journal of Marine Systems 35:249-268.
33. Jeon EM, Kim HJ, Jung K, Kim JH, Kim MY, Kim YP, et al. 2011. Impact of asian dust events on airborne bacterial community assessed by molecular analyses. Atmospheric Environment 45:4313-4321.
34. Jones AM, Harrison RM. 2004. The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations—a review. Science of the total environment 326:151-180.
35. Jung M-J, Kim M-S, Roh SW, Shin K-S, Bae J-W. 2010. Salinicoccus carnicancri sp. Nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from a korean fermented seafood. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 60:653-658.
36. JY A, MR K, CJ J, PF K. 2005. The sea surface microlayer as a source of viral and bacterial enrichment in marine aerosols. Aerosol Sci 36:801-812.
37. Kakikawa M, Kobayashi F, Maki T, Yamada M, Higashi T, Chen B, et al. 2008. Dustborne microorganisms in the atmosphere over an asian dust source region, dunhuang. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 1:195-202.
38. Kanatani KT, Ito I, Al-Delaimy WK, Adachi Y, Mathews WC, Ramsdell JW. 2010. Desert dust exposure is associated with increased risk of asthma hospitalization in children. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 182:1475.
39. Kellogg CA, Griffin DW. 2006. Aerobiology and the global transport of desert dust. Trends in ecology & evolution 21:638-644.
40. Khan S, Sistla S, Dhodapkar R, Parija SC. 2012. Fatal delftia acidovorans infection in an immunocompetent patient with empyema. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2:923-924.
41. Kim B-Y, Weon H-Y, Yoo S-H, Kwon S-W, Cho Y-H, Stackebrandt E, et al. 2006. Paracoccus homiensis sp. Nov., isolated from a sea-sand sample. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 56:2387-2390.
42. Lee Jr R, Warren GJ, Gusta LV. 1995. Biological ice nucleation and its applications:American Phytopathological Society.
43. Lee JW, Lee KK. 2013. Effects of asian dust events on daily asthma patients in seoul, korea. Meteorological Applications.
44. Lee S-H, Lee H-J, Kim S-J, Lee HM, Kang H, Kim YP. 2010. Identification of airborne bacterial and fungal community structures in an urban area by t-rflp analysis and quantitative real-time pcr. Science of the total environment 408:1349-1357.
45. Lee S, Choi B, Yi S-M, Ko G. 2009. Characterization of microbial community during asian dust events in korea. Science of the total environment 407:5308-5314
46. Lin C-y, Liu SC, Chou CC, Liu TH, Lee C-T, Yuan C-S, et al. 2004. Long-range transport of asian dust and air pollutants to taiwan. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 15:759-784.
47. Lin C-Y, Liu SC, Chou CC-K, Huang S-J, Liu C-M, Kuo C-H, et al. 2005. Long-range transport of aerosols and their impact on the air quality of taiwan. Atmospheric Environment 39:6066-6076.
48. Lin C-Y, Wang Z, Chen W-N, Chang S-Y, Chou CC, Sugimoto N, et al. 2007. Long-range transport of asian dust and air pollutants to taiwan: Observed evidence and model simulation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7:423-434.
49. Lin C-Y, Chou CC, Wang Z, Lung S-C, Lee C-T, Yuan C-S, et al. 2012. Impact of different transport mechanisms of asian dust and anthropogenic pollutants to taiwan. Atmospheric environment 60:403-418.
50. Liu W-T, Marsh TL, Cheng H, Forney LJ. 1997. Characterization of microbial diversity by determining terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes encoding 16s rrna. Applied and environmental microbiology 63:4516-4522.
51. Livingstone D, Khoja TM, Whitton BA. 1983. Influence of phosphorus on physiology of a hair-forming blue-green alga (calothrix parietina) from an upland stream. Phycologia 22:345-350.
52. Macher J. Bioaerosols: Assessment and control. 1999, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).
53. Maki T, Susuki S, Kobayashi F, Kakikawa M, Yamada M, Higashi T, et al. 2008. Phylogenetic diversity and vertical distribution of a halobacterial community in the atmosphere of an asian dust (kosa) source region, dunhuang city. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 1:81-89.
54. Maki T, Susuki S, Kobayashi F, Kakikawa M, Tobo Y, Yamada M, et al. 2010. Phylogenetic analysis of atmospheric halotolerant bacterial communities at high altitude in an asian dust (kosa) arrival region, suzu city. Science of the Total Environment 408:4556-4562.
55. Maki T, Kakikawa M, Kobayashi F, Yamada M, Matsuki A, Hasegawa H, et al. 2013. Assessment of composition and origin of airborne bacteria in the free troposphere over japan. Atmospheric Environment 74:73-82.
56. Maki T, Puspitasari F, Hara K, Yamada M, Kobayashi F, Hasegawa H, et al. 2014. Variations in the structure of airborne bacterial communities in a downwind area during an asian dust (kosa) event. Science of the Total Environment 488:75-84.
57. Maron P-A, Lejon DP, Carvalho E, Bizet K, Lemanceau P, Ranjard L, et al. 2005. Assessing genetic structure and diversity of airborne bacterial communities by DNA fingerprinting and 16s rdna clone library. Atmospheric Environment 39:3687-3695.
58. Miquel S, Martin R, Rossi O, Bermudez-Humaran L, Chatel J, Sokol H, et al. 2013. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and human intestinal health. Current opinion in microbiology 16:255-261.
59. Morris CE, Sands DC, Vinatzer BA, Glaux C, Guilbaud C, Buffiere A, et al. 2008. The life history of the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae is linked to the water cycle. The ISME journal 2:321-334.
60. Nakamura S, Yang C-S, Sakon N, Ueda M, Tougan T, Yamashita A, et al. 2009. Direct metagenomic detection of viral pathogens in nasal and fecal specimens using an unbiased high-throughput sequencing approach. PloS one 4:e4219.
61. Nocker A, Sossa-Fernandez P, Burr MD, Camper AK. 2007. Use of propidium monoazide for live/dead distinction in microbial ecology. Applied and environmental microbiology 73:5111-5117.
62. Oppliger A, Charrière N, Droz P-O, Rinsoz T. 2008. Exposure to bioaerosols in poultry houses at different stages of fattening; use of real-time pcr for airborne bacterial quantification. Annals of occupational hygiene 52:405-412.
63. Ostrowski M, Cavicchioli R, Blaauw M, Gottschal JC. 2001. Specific growth rate plays a critical role in hydrogen peroxide resistance of the marine oligotrophic ultramicrobacteriumsphingomonas alaskensis strain rb2256. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67:1292-1299.
64. Pan W, Zhao Z, Dong M. 2011. Lobar pneumonia caused by ralstonia pickettii in a sixty-five-year-old han chinese man: A case report. J Med Case Rep 5:377.
65. Peccia J, Milton DK, Reponen T, Hill, Jane. 2008. A role for environmental engineering and science in preventing bioaerosol-related disease. Environmental science & technology 42:4631-4637.
66. Rinsoz T, Duquenne P, Greff-Mirguet G, Oppliger A. 2008. Application of real-time pcr for total airborne bacterial assessment: Comparison with epifluorescence microscopy and culture-dependent methods. Atmospheric Environment 42:6767-6774.
67. Rodriguez P, Menendez P, Rodriguez S, RJ M. Unpublished (as of 23 March 2007). Roseomonas terpenica sp. Nov., a cineol degrading bacteria isolated form eucalyptus leaves.
68. Ryan MP, Pembroke JT, Adley CC. 2011. Genotypic and phenotypic diversity of ralstonia pickettii and ralstonia insidiosa isolates from clinical and environmental sources including high-purity water. Diversity in ralstonia pickettii. BMC microbiology 11:194.
69. Ryan MP, Adley CC. 2013. The antibiotic susceptibility of water-based bacteria ralstonia pickettii and ralstonia insidiosa. Journal of medical microbiology 62:1025-1031.
70. Schwarzott D, Schüßler A. 2001. A simple and reliable method for ssu rrna gene DNA extraction, amplification, and cloning from single am fungal spores. Mycorrhiza 10:203-207.
71. Shigematsu T, Yumihara K, Ueda Y, Numaguchi M, Morimura S, Kida K. 2003. Delftia tsuruhatensis sp. Nov., a terephthalate-assimilating bacterium isolated from activated sludge. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 53:1479-1483.
72. Shoemaker WR, Muscarella ME, Lennon JT. 2015. Genome sequence of the soil bacterium janthinobacterium sp. Kbs0711. Genome announcements 3:e00689-00615.
73. Smith DJ, Timonen HJ, Jaffe DA, Griffin DW, Birmele MN, Perry KD, et al. 2013. Intercontinental dispersal of bacteria and archaea by transpacific winds. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79:1134-1139.
74. Stetzenbach LD, Buttner MP, Cruz P. 2004. Detection and enumeration of airborne biocontaminants. Current opinion in biotechnology 15:170-174.
75. Stoddard SF, Smith BJ, Hein R, Roller BR, Schmidt TM. 2014. Rrndb: Improved tools for interpreting rrna gene abundance in bacteria and archaea and a new foundation for future development. Nucleic acids research:gku1201.
76. Stohl A. 2004. Intercontinental transport of air pollution:Springer.
77. Sun J, Zhang M, Liu T. 2001. Spatial and temporal characteristics of dust storms in china and its surrounding regions, 1960–1999: Relations to source area and climate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012) 106:10325-10333.
78. Tam WW, Wong TW, Wong AH, Hui DS. 2012. Effect of dust storm events on daily emergency admissions for respiratory diseases. Respirology 17:143-148.
79. Vaz-Moreira I, Nunes OC, Manaia CM. 2011. Diversity and antibiotic resistance patterns of sphingomonadaceae isolates from drinking water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77:5697-5706.
80. Wertz JT, Breznak JA. 2007. Stenoxybacter acetivorans gen. Nov., sp. Nov., an acetate-oxidizing obligate microaerophile among diverse o2-consuming bacteria from termite guts. Applied and environmental microbiology 73:6819-6828.
81. Xiao X, Boles S, Liu J, Zhuang D, Liu M. 2002. Characterization of forest types in northeastern china, using multi-temporal spot-4 vegetation sensor data. Remote Sensing of Environment 82:335-348.
82. Xu J-L, He J, Wang Z-C, Wang K, Li W-J, Tang S-K, et al. 2007. Rhodococcus qingshengii sp. Nov., a carbendazim-degrading bacterium. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 57:2754-2757.
83. Yadav S, Kaushik R, Saxena AK, Arora DK. 2011. Diversity and phylogeny of plant growth‐promoting bacilli from moderately acidic soil. Journal of Basic Microbiology 51:98-106.
84. Yamaguchi N, Ichijo T, Sakotani A, Baba T, Nasu M. 2012. Global dispersion of bacterial cells on asian dust. Scientific reports 2.
85. Yihui D. 2013. Monsoons over china:Springer Science & Business Media.
86. Yoon J-H, Kang S-J, Lee J-S, Oh T-K. 2007. Flavobacterium terrigena sp. Nov., isolated from soil. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 57:947-950.
87. Young JM, Kuykendall LD, Martínez-Romero E, Kerr A, Sawada H. 2001. A revision of rhizobium frank 1889, with an emended description of the genus, and the inclusion of all species of agrobacterium conn 1942 and allorhizobium undicola de lajudie et al. 1998 as new combinations: Rhizobium radiobacter, r. Rhizogenes, r. Rubi, r. Undicola and r. Vitis. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 51:89-103.