臨床上量測人體肩關節動作仍是個挑戰，因為肩關節包含四個關節部分以及有很大的關節動作，肩關節複雜之解剖構造加上關節周圍組織較鬆動，導致肩關節有很大之自由度。而在臨床測試被動關節活動度及肱骨頭位移測試上最常用的姿勢是受試者採用坐姿之方式，物理治療師或臨床人員一手固定其肩胛骨及鎖骨，一手實施被動關節活動度測試及肱骨頭位移測試，在本論文中我們發展一個盂肱關節動作模型來預測及量測受試者之盂肱關節旋轉中心位移，此量測模型利用一個球窩關節來做驗證動作來探討是否適合應用此模型於人體盂肱關節之鬆弛度量測。結果此量測模型於球窩關節有很大之準確性，受試者肱骨頭被施予前推或後推測試時其預測之旋轉中心有很好的同一天可信度，另外其肱骨頭位移有很足夠之重現性，表示利用此量測方法於臨床位移測試中也許可以預測位移參數。
所以我們應用此量測方法來決定正常受試者之盂肱關節休息位置，另外我們也利用此盂肱關節模型探討實施肩關節鬆動術之效果，於受試者做測試時，我們利用夾具固定受試者肩胛骨、鎖骨模擬臨床治療師以徒手限制肩胛之動作，正常受試者及五十肩患者於量測時均採用坐姿，每間隔10度分別紀錄及計算分別達到80牛頓力量和4牛頓米力矩之肱骨頭位移及盂肱關節之旋轉角度，亦計算關節僵硬度。結果正常受試者其平均之位移休息位置為23.7度和旋轉角度之休息位置(49.8度) 不同。至於五十肩患者經過終端關節鬆動術後則是降低僵硬度且增加外展角度，利用這種比較激烈之鬆動術技術也許可以幫助五十肩患者減少僵硬度，免於關節進一步攣縮。

Clinical examination of the shoulder joint kinematics in vivo remains a challenge since it contains four joint components and has a large range of joint movement. Its complexity and looseness in its construction lead to the large number of degrees of freedom occurred in shoulder joint. In the clinical setting subjects are commonly instructed in a seated position during measurement of glenohumeral rotational range of motion or humeral head translation tests. Physical therapists or clinicians place one hand to stabilize the subject’s scapula and clavicle while the other hand perform passive rotational range of motion or translation testing at the patient’s shoulder. In the present study we developed a kinematic method to estimate and measure the subject’s center of rotation as well as displacement of the glenohumeral joint during humeral head translation tests. The kinematic measurement system was then validated with a ball-and-socket joint model to investigate the feasibility for application on the measurement of the glenohumeral joint laxity in vivo. Our results demonstrated great accuracy for center of rotation estimation and displacement of center of rotation in the ball-and-socket joint. In addition, during anterior and posterior drawer tests in vivo our method obtained an acceptable reliability in the measurement of glenohumeral joint center of rotation as well as sufficient intra-session repeatability for the measurement of humeral head displacement. It indicates that this measurement method may be used as a non-invasive method in the estimation of translation parameters during passive clinical laxity test with refinement.
Thus, the kinematic method was applied to determine the resting position of the glenohumeral joint in normal subjects and to assess the effect of end-range of mobilization in patients with adhesive capsulitis. The clamps were used to immobilize scapula and clavicle of both subjects group resembling clinical testing situations while the scapula and clavicle of the subject is constrained manually by the therapist. The anterior and posterior translation of the humeral head and rotational ROMs were assessed in seated position in the plane of the scapula at multiple abduction positions (10度 intervals) in 15 normal subjects and 6 patients with adhesive capsulitis using an electromagnetic tracking device. A force of 80 N and a torque of 4 Nm were applied during the displacement of the humeral head and rotational ROM measurement procedures, respectively. The stiffness was also calculated.
Translational and rotational laxity of the glenohumeral joints, were used for determining the resting position in normal subjects. In normal subjects, the mean resting position for rotation movement obtained is located at 49.8度 of GH abduction. The mean resting position for translation movement in our study appears to be at lower GH abduction (23.7度). As to patients with adhesive capsulitis the GH joint stiffness decreased and passive abduction range of motion increased immediately after end-range mobilization of the shoulder joint. The use of intensive mobilization techniques may help to decrease the risk of further stiffness or joint contracture progression in patients with adhesive capsulitis.

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