背景：出生週數為影響幼兒早期生理狀況與後續發展的重要因素之一，早產兒可能在認知、語言、社會情緒及動作發展上面臨較高風險。然而，臺灣針對一般學齡前幼兒多面向發展之縱貫性研究仍相對有限。
目的：本研究旨在探討出生週數與臺灣學齡前幼兒多面向發展落後風險之關聯，並分析不同出生週數幼兒及其家庭之人口學特徵。
方法：本研究採世代研究設計，資料來源為「臺灣幼兒發展調查資料庫」（Kids in Taiwan: National Longitudinal Study of Child Development & Care, KIT），分別分析3月齡組（N = 6,588）與36月齡組（N = 2,164）。3月齡組追蹤自 3至 36月齡，36月齡組追蹤自36至72月齡。研究依出生週數分為極/重/中度早產、晚期早產、早期足月、足月及晚期足月與過期妊娠等組別，並以足月作為參考組。幼兒發展結果包含認知、語言、情緒、社會、粗大動作及精細動作六個領域；以各領域分數低於同月齡之第 10 百分位者定義為發展落後。統計方法包含羅吉斯迴歸與廣義估計方程式（GEE），並控制家庭社會人口學特徵、幼兒性別及孕期行為等干擾變項。
結果：在3月齡組中，極/重/中度早產兒於嬰幼兒早期部分月齡及發展領域呈現較高之發展落後風險，尤其以認知、語言、粗大動作及精細動作發展較為明顯；晚期早產兒與早期足月兒亦於部分發展領域呈現較高風險。GEE 分析結果亦顯示，3月齡組中出生週數較短與多個發展領域落後風險增加有關。相較之下，36月齡組中出生週數與後續發展落後之關聯較不穩定，多數結果未達統計顯著，僅少數結果顯示晚期早產兒或早期足月兒於特定發展領域可能具有較高風險。

This study examined the association between gestational age and developmental delay among preschool children in Taiwan using data from the Kids in Taiwan: National Longitudinal Study of Child Development & Care (KIT). Two cohorts were analyzed: the 3-month-old cohort followed from 3 to 36 months of age, and the 36-month-old cohort followed from 36 to 72 months of age. Developmental outcomes included cognitive, language, emotional, social, gross motor, and fine motor domains, with scores below the 10th percentile defined as developmental delay. Children were classified into five gestational age groups: extremely, very, or moderately preterm, late preterm, early term, term, and late-term or post-term, with term-born children serving as the reference group. Logistic regression and generalized estimating equations were used to assess the associations while adjusting for parental sociodemographic characteristics, child sex, and maternal smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The results showed that shorter gestational age was associated with higher risks of developmental delay in selected domains during early infancy, particularly cognitive, language, gross motor, and fine motor development. Children born before 34 weeks showed the most consistent and substantial developmental risks, while late preterm and early term children also had elevated risks in several domains. However, the associations were less consistent in later preschool years and varied across developmental domains. These findings suggest that preterm and early term children may require greater attention in early developmental follow-up, and that continued monitoring may help identify children who could benefit from timely assessment and early intervention.

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