研究背景：不論是警察或國軍，特戰和特勤部隊均為一群具備高度軍事專業知識、優異的體能表現以及堅韌的心理素質的精英人員，其經常須於高度身心壓力下執行重要的國家任務。因此，想要成為特戰部隊的士兵必須經過一系列嚴苛的篩選和考核，而僅有少數人能夠成功通過。然而，究竟是哪些關鍵因素影響了這一篩選過程的結果，是一個值得深入探究的問題。
研究目的：本研究將嘗試從篩選訓練考核的各項能力指標，包括人口學因子、體能表現、心理素質及高階認知功能（即執行功能）等指標，探討影響成功通過特戰部隊選訓考核的預測因子。
研究方法：本研究於國軍某兩棲特戰單位，招募51位符合資格且有意願報名篩選訓練之參與者，年齡範圍為介於18至30歲，並於篩選訓練開始前，實施體能表現測驗（2分鐘伏立挺身及仰臥起坐、1分鐘引體向上、3,000公尺跑步及200公尺游泳訓練）、心理素質量表評估（恆毅力及復原力）及執行功能測驗 (flanker task及go/no-go task) 等項目，並於經過14週的篩選訓練後，比較成功結訓組與退訓組在各項指標的差異，再透過分析相關以及進行階層邏輯斯迴歸分析，進一步瞭解影響篩選合格的關鍵預測因子。
研究結果：本次篩選訓練成功完訓人員為24位 (47.1%)，成績不合格、志願放棄及受傷等綜合因素退訓人員為27位 (52.9%)，結訓組顯著較退訓組在教育程度 (p < 0.01)、仰臥起坐 (p = 0.047)、3,000公尺跑步 (p < 0.01)、200公尺游泳 (p < 0.01)、恆毅力 (p < 0.01)、復原力 (p < 0.01) 及flanker task的反應時間 (p = 0.019) 等變項上有差異及較高的分數。此外，在階層邏輯斯迴歸統計分析的結果中，放入差異檢定中有顯著的人口學因子、體能表現、心理素質及執行功能等因素後，僅200公尺游泳仍具統計顯著意義，可見其為影響成功結訓與否之解釋力最高的關鍵因子 (Exp(B)= .976, p = .017)。
結論：鑒於特戰部隊的篩選訓練通常安排了高度的體能負荷課程及心理壓力考驗，比起一般的軍事訓練更要求高標準的肌耐力及心肺耐力等條件，且需要有強大的心理素質，以撐過艱苦的訓練，因此研究成果與假設預期符合，且呼應國外相關研究。惟因本次篩選訓練單位負責海岸偵查搜索等特種作戰任務，故比起其他特戰單位，更重視水域技巧，故游泳能力的好壞較其他因素，可能尤為重要。

Background. Regardless of whether it's in the police force or the military, special force and special duty units are comprised of elite individuals who possess a high level of military expertise, superior physical abilities, and strong mental resilience. They often perform critical national tasks under significant physical and mental stress. As such, soldiers wishing to join the special forces must pass through a series of rigorous screenings and assessments, with only a very few succeeding. However, the key factors that influence the outcome of this selection process remain a subject worthy of further investigation.
Purpose. This study attempted to explore various indicators that influence successful completion of the special force selection course, including physical performance, psychological attributes, and execution functions.
Method. We recruited 51 eligible and healthy participants from a amphibious special forces unit in the R.O.C. These participants aged between 18 and 30 years old. We conducted assessments before the start of the selection course and training, including physical performance tests (2-minute push-ups and sit-ups, 1-minute pull-ups, 3,000-meter run, and 200-meter swim), evaluations of psychological attributes (grit and resilience), and execution function tests (flanker task and go/no-go task). After 14 weeks of the selection course, we compared the differences in various indicators between the group that successfully completed the course and the group that did not. Through correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis, our goal was to understand the crucial predictive factors that influenced qualification.
Results. Out of the 51 participants, 24 successfully completed the selection course, representing 47.1% of the total, while 27 participants did not qualify due to factors such as inadequate performance, voluntary withdrawal, and injuries, making up 52.9% of the total. The group that successfully completed the course demonstrated significantly higher scores than the group that did not in several variables, including education level (p < 0.01), sit-ups (p = 0.047), the 3,000-meter run (p < 0.01), the 200-meter swim (p < 0.01), grit (p < 0.01), resilience (p < 0.01), and flanker task reaction time (p = 0.019).
Furthermore, the results of the hierarchical regression analysis, after excluding potential interfering factors, it was found that the 200-meter swim remained the most influential factor in predicting successful course completion.
Conclusions. Because the special force selection course typically involves highly demanding physical fitness and psychological stress tests, with higher standards for muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, and the need for strong psychological resilience to endure grueling training, this research findings consist with expectations and correspond to studies conducted abroad. However, it's noteworthy that this special force is responsible for the tasks such as coastal reconnaissance and search. It is not surprising that aquatic skills and swimming ability are the most crucial factor of completing the selection course compared to the others.

齊璘、陳豐慈、祝堅恆、張育愷（2014）。男大專生身體適能與認知功能之關聯。大專體育學刊，16（3），311-320。
邱雁熙、蘇遂龍（2020）。簡介：美軍當前訓練體系曁科技化訓練。陸軍學術雙月刊，56（571），23-45。
陳威穎、吳昇光（2014）。以訊息處理能力及注意力作為運動選才的基礎。國立臺灣體育運動大學學報，3（1），65-78。
賴重宇、朱信（2017）。國軍與美軍航空生理官訓練差異分析。中華民國航空醫學暨科學期刊，31（1&2），17-30。
吳榮福、林育成（2021)。軍人 [戰鬥體能] 訓練發展之研究。陸軍學術雙月刊，57（576），69-84。
Chi, L., Chen, F.-T., Chu, C.-H., & Chang, Y.-K. (2014). 男大專生身體適能與認知功能之關聯. 大專體育學刊，16（3），311-320.
Aharony, S., Milgrom, C., Wolf, T., Barzilay, Y., Applbaum, Y. H., Schindel, Y., Finestone, A., & Liram, N. (2008). Magnetic resonance imaging showed no signs of overuse or permanent injury to the lumbar sacral spine during a Special Forces training course. The Spine Journal, 8(4), 578-583.
Alves, H., Voss, M. W., Boot, W. R., Deslandes, A., Cossich, V., Salles, J. I., & Kramer, A. F. (2013). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in elite volleyball players. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 36.
Armstrong, N. C., Smith, S., Risius, D., Doyle, D., Wardle, S., Greeves, J., House, J., Tipton, M., & Lomax, M. (2023). Cognitive performance of military men and women during prolonged load carriage. BMJ Mil Health, 169(1), 37-45.
Bartone, P. T., Roland, R. R., Picano, J. J., & Williams, T. J. (2008). Psychological hardiness predicts success in US Army Special Forces candidates. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 16(1), 78-81.
Beal, S. A. (2010). The roles of perseverance, cognitive ability, and physical fitness in US Army Special Forces assessment and selection. US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.
Brunyé, T. T., Brou, R., Doty, T. J., Gregory, F. D., Hussey, E. K., Lieberman, H. R., Loverro, K. L., Mezzacappa, E. S., Neumeier, W. H., & Patton, D. J. (2020). A review of US Army research contributing to cognitive enhancement in military contexts. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 4, 453-468.
Chan, J. S., Wong, A. C., Liu, Y., Yu, J., & Yan, J. H. (2011). Fencing expertise and physical fitness enhance action inhibition. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(5), 509-514.
Christensen, P. A., Jacobsen, O., Thorlund, J. B., Madsen, T., Møller, C., Jensen, C., Suetta, C., & Aagaard, P. (2008). Changes in maximum muscle strength and rapid muscle force characteristics after long-term special support and reconnaissance missions: a preliminary report. Military medicine, 173(9), 889-894.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and anxiety, 18(2), 76-82.
Cragg, L., & Nation, K. (2008). Go or no‐go? Developmental improvements in the efficiency of response inhibition in mid‐childhood. Developmental Science, 11(6), 819-827.
Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of personality and social psychology, 92(6), 1087.
Duckworth, A. L., & Quinn, P. D. (2009). Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale (GRIT–S). Journal of personality assessment, 91(2), 166-174.
Eddy, M. D., Hasselquist, L., Giles, G., Hayes, J. F., Howe, J., Rourke, J., Coyne, M., O’Donovan, M., Batty, J., & Brunye, T. T. (2015). The effects of load carriage and physical fatigue on cognitive performance. PLoS One, 10(7), e0130817.
Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & psychophysics, 16(1), 143-149.
Eskreis-Winkler, L., Duckworth, A. L., Shulman, E. P., & Beal, S. (2014). The grit effect: Predicting retention in the military, the workplace, school and marriage. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 36.
Farina, E. K., Taylor, J. C., Means, G. E., Williams, K. W., Murphy, N. E., Margolis, L. M., Pasiakos, S. M., Lieberman, H. R., & McClung, J. P. (2017). Effects of combat deployment on anthropometrics and physiological status of US Army special operations forces soldiers. Military medicine, 182(3-4), e1659-e1668.
Farina, E. K., Thompson, L. A., Knapik, J. J., Pasiakos, S. M., McClung, J. P., & Lieberman, H. R. (2019). Physical performance, demographic, psychological, and physiological predictors of success in the US Army Special Forces Assessment and Selection course. Physiology & behavior, 210, 112647.
Garbarino, S., Lanteri, P., Moro, V., Pernigo, S., Magnavita, N., Chiorri, C., Fenici, R., & Cuomo, G. (2013). 33. Dynamics of emotional unavoidable error monitoring in stress and no stress Police Special Force: An event-related potential associated with error processing (ERN) investigation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 124(11), e196.
Gayton, S. D., & Kehoe, E. J. (2015). A prospective study of character strengths as predictors of selection into the Australian army special force. Military medicine, 180(2), 151-157.
Goldenberg, I., & Saindon, M. (2017). The resilience of SOF personnel. In Special Operations Forces in the 21st Century (pp. 258-270). Routledge.
Gruber, K. A., Kilcullen, R. N., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (2009). Effects of psychosocial resources on elite soldiers' completion of a demanding military selection program. Military Psychology, 21(4), 427-444.
Gucciardi, D. F., Lines, R. L., Ducker, K. J., Peeling, P., Chapman, M. T., & Temby, P. (2021). Mental toughness as a psychological determinant of behavioral perseverance in special forces selection. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 10(1), 164.
Johnsen, B. H., Bartone, P., Sandvik, A. M., Gjeldnes, R., Morken, A. M., Hystad, S. W., & Stornæs, A. V. (2013). Psychological Hardiness Predicts Success in a N orwegian Armed Forces Border Patrol Selection Course. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 21(4), 368-375.
Killgore, W. D., Taylor, E. C., Cloonan, S. A., & Dailey, N. S. (2020). Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psychiatry research, 291, 113216.
Lamers, M. J., & Roelofs, A. (2011). Attentional control adjustments in Eriksen and Stroop task performance can be independent of response conflict. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64(6), 1056-1081.
Larkin, P., O’Connor, D., & Williams, A. M. (2016). Does grit influence sport-specific engagement and perceptual-cognitive expertise in elite youth soccer? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28(2), 129-138.
Lieberman, H. R., Bathalon, G. P., Falco, C. M., Kramer, F. M., Morgan III, C. A., & Niro, P. (2005). Severe decrements in cognition function and mood induced by sleep loss, heat, dehydration, and undernutrition during simulated combat. Biological psychiatry, 57(4), 422-429.
Maddi, S. R., Matthews, M. D., Kelly, D. R., Villarreal, B., & White, M. (2012). The role of hardiness and grit in predicting performance and retention of USMA cadets. Military Psychology, 24(1), 19-28.
Masten, A. S., Lucke, C. M., Nelson, K. M., & Stallworthy, I. C. (2021). Resilience in development and psychopathology: Multisystem perspectives. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 17, 521-549.
Meyerhoff, J., Hebert, M., Huhman, K., Mougey, E., Oleshansky, M., Potegal, M., Saviolakis, G., Yourick, D., & Bunnell, B. (2000). Operational stress and combat stress reaction: Neurobiological approaches toward improving assessment of risk and enhancing intervention. Countermeasures for Battlefield Stressors, 27-87.
Nakamoto, H., & Mori, S. (2008). Sport-specific decision-making in a Go/NoGo reaction task: difference among nonathletes and baseball and basketball players. Perceptual and motor skills, 106(1), 163-170.
Nieuwenhuis, S., Yeung, N., Van Den Wildenberg, W., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2003). Electrophysiological correlates of anterior cingulate function in a go/no-go task: effects of response conflict and trial type frequency. Cognitive, affective, & behavioral neuroscience, 3(1), 17-26.
Seguin, C. (2019). A survey of nurse leaders to explore the relationship between grit and measures of success and well-being. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 49(3), 125-131.
Vestberg, T., Gustafson, R., Maurex, L., Ingvar, M., & Petrovic, P. (2012). Executive functions predict the success of top-soccer players. PLoS One, 7(4), e34731.
Vrijkotte, S., Meeusen, R., Roelands, B., Kubesch, S., Mairesse, O., de Schutter, G., & Pattyn, N. (2017). Refining selection for elite troops by predicting military training outcome. Aerospace medicine and human performance, 88(9), 850-857.
Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric. Journal of nursing measurement, 1(2), 165-17847.
Wang, C.-H., Yang, C.-T., Moreau, D., & Muggleton, N. G. (2017). Motor expertise modulates neural oscillations and temporal dynamics of cognitive control. Neuroimage, 158, 260-270.
Ward, P., Farrow, D., Harris, K. R., Williams, A. M., Eccles, D. W., & Ericsson, K. A. (2008). Training perceptual-cognitive skills: Can sport psychology research inform military decision training? Military Psychology, 20(sup1), S71-S102.