莎士比亞《一報還一報》劇中的犯罪,刑罰,與司法正義
Crime, Punishment, and Justice in Measure for Measure

中文摘要

本論文旨在探索莎比士亞在《一報還一報》劇中有關犯罪、刑罰、與司法正義等法律議題。期望本劇提供莎比士亞時代真實社會生活寫照是不太可能的事,但是當代的社會事件、價值觀與文化型態如排列般在本劇中展現出來,例如:詹姆士一世的神聖王權觀─國王是上帝在人間代理者、安齊諾的神聖行政長官觀、伊莎貝拉的貞操至上觀、下層階級人民在嚴苛律法的威脅下的苟存殘活,及嚴苛刑罰與慈悲赦免之被操縱使用。因此,本論文共分為五個單元來探索犯罪、刑罰與司法正義等社會現象。
本論文一開始的簡介著重於本劇《一報還一報》的背景介紹。第一章論述“犯罪”是個文化的概念,因各民族,不同區域,個別時期而有不同,接著介紹莎士比亞虛構人物在本劇中所犯的罪行,及精英的統治階級如何憑個人的意識形態處理這些罪行。第二章論述安齊諾採用的死刑刑罰策略及公爵運用的婚姻配對為刑罰的手段,公爵的婚姻配對與二種的訂婚婚約有關,莎士比亞藉由他們的策略再現精英統治階級採用這些刑法的趨勢與意圖。在第三章凸顯了權力、司法正義與慈悲赦免的論述:不同人物對司法正義與慈悲赦免會有不同的觀點,也被統治階級視為懲罰與規範人民的謀略。本論文的結論:安齊諾的死刑刑罰與公爵的婚配刑罰是用來防止子民的違法犯紀,也在本劇反應了莎士比亞當代的文化觀、價值觀、意識形態。

關鍵字: 司法權、君王特權、神聖行政長官、犯罪、刑罰、司法正義

Abstract

The thesis intends to explore such legal themes as crime, punishment, justice, and mercy in Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure. It is impossible that this play provides us full descriptions of the “reality” of social lives and matters in Shakespeare’s time. All its social events, values, and morphology, such as King James’s conception of royal prerogative and the monarch as the substitute of God on earth, Angelo’s godly-magistrate idea, Isabella’s concept of chastity as supremacy, the low-class people’s criminal offenses for survival under the threat of the strict punishment, and the harsh penalty and manipulated mercy for offenders are paraded in the text. This thesis is then divided into five units to analyze such social phenomena of crime, punishment, justice, and mercy.
This thesis begins with an Introduction to the background knowledge that pertains to Measure for Measure. The first chapter is an attempt to define “crime” as a cultural conception determined by different peoples, spaces, and ages. And then it shows what “crimes” Shakespeare’s fictional characters commit in this play and how the ruling élite deals with them based on their personal ideology. A subsequent discussion, in the second chapter, will focus on the “death penalty” supported by Angelo and the “marriage sentence” favored by the Duke. The Duke’s policy is relative to two versions of “pre-marriage contract.” Both of their criminal-justice policies are utilized by Shakespeare to represent ruling elite’s inclination and intention. Hence, the third chapter highlights the discourse on power, justice, and mercy. Various characters, of course, have different notions of justice and mercy. These notions of “justice” and “mercy” are used as strategies by the ruling class to discipline their subjects. This thesis comes to the conclusion that, in a sense, Angelo’s and the Duke’s approaches to ward their subjects’ offenses correspond to how Shakespeare’s contemporaries regard their cultures, values, and ideologies as represented in Measure for Measure.

Keywords: jurisdiction, royal prerogative, godly-magistrate, crime, punishment, justice

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