研究背景：面對人口老化，於在地老化以及年齡歧視等議題中，「地方依附」以及「老化自我覺知」兩概念逐漸受重視。在此背景下，以中高齡長者個人層級視角來檢視對於自己老化的覺知以及所居住地方的依附感，對於其社區生活之影響實有其意義。然而經過文獻回顧，本國針對社區中高齡長者地方依附的研究較少，且鮮少進一步以老化自我覺知為出發點，探討上述兩者和社會參與此一重要活躍老化指標之關係。
研究方法：本研究採量化的橫斷性研究設計。研究地點為臺南市某都會里、針對居住於社區中50歲以上的中高齡者作便利取樣。最終分析的樣本數為226。資料分析使用SPSS 24.0來進行描述性以及推論性分析。首先進行相關性以及迴歸分析來初步了解地方依附、老化自我覺知以及社會參與之間的關係，接著再藉由中介效果檢定來檢視地方依附的中介效果。
研究結果：本研究結果發現(1)中高齡者的地方依附和其正負向老化自我覺知皆有顯著正向相關；(2)負向老化自我覺知以及地方依附對於社會參與皆有顯著影響力，其中負向老化自我覺知越低、地方依附越高者，其社會參與越高；(3)中介效果分析顯示地方依附在負向老化自我覺知與社會參與的關係中扮演著部分中介的角色，代表即便負向老化自我覺知會造成社會參與的下降，但某些帶有負向老化自我覺知的中高齡者仍可藉由地方依附的提升來增加其社會參與。
結論：基於人與環境互動理論，本研究指出在中高齡者的老化自我覺知以及社區活動之參與中，居住地方情感連結所扮演的重要角色。尤其是針對負向老化自我覺知高的中高齡者，除了降低對於老化自我的負向態度之外，藉由和居住社區產生依附感，將能促使其在自己熟悉的社區中活躍與健康老化。

The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between place attachment, self-perception of aging and social participation of middle-aged and older adults living in the community. The study sample consisted of 226 people aged 50 and over that lived in an urban community in Tainan city, Taiwan. The instrument used were questionnaires that included socio-demographics, health status, and scales for the three main variables. The data was analyzed using correlation, linear regression and mediation testing. The result showed a significant positive correlation between place attachment and both positive and negative self-perception of aging. Furthermore, it was found that negative self-perception of aging and place attachment had significant effects on social participation. Specifically, individuals with lower levels of negative self-perception of aging and higher levels of place attachment showed higher levels of social participation. Finally, the mediation analysis indicated that place attachment played a partial mediating role in the relationship between negative self-perception of aging and social participation. This means that under the positive effect of place attachment, social participation of middle-aged and older adults with negative self- perception of aging can still be increased. In conclusion, based on the interaction between aging and the environment, in addition to the importance of reducing negative views on aging, this study sheds light on the power of emotional bonds with living place in promoting active and healthy aging in familiar neighborhoods.

【國內參考文獻】
[1]吳治勳（2010）。對老的刻板印象、老化自我覺知及最適老化〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立台灣大學心理學研究所。
[2]吳治勳、陳慶餘、許志成、吳英璋（2016）。臺灣老化態度量表之編製與心理計量特性。中華心理衛生學刊，29(2)，159-186。https://doi.org/10.30074/fjmh.201606_29(2).0002
[3]林嘉男、許毅璿（2007）。人與環境關係之論述：釐清“地方感”、“地方依附”與“社區依附”在環境研究上的角色。環境教育研究，5(1)，41-71。https://doi.org/10.6555/jeer.5.1.041
[4]邱懿瑩（2020）。老年人社會參與、社會支持及生活品質之關係研究。屏東大學體育(6)，1-23。
[5]危芷芬（譯）（2023）。環境心理學（原作者：McAndrew, F. T.）。五南圖書出版公司。（原著出版年：1995）
[6]金韋志、劉嘉逸、李晉邦、朱俊霖（2014）。於台灣老年族群使用五種簡短型老年憂鬱量表之可行性。臺灣精神醫學，28(3)，156-163。
[7]張怡（2003）。影響老人社會參與之相關因素探討。社區發展季刊，(103)。
[8]張怡（2011）。社區老人社會參與型態及其相關因素探討。台灣高齡服務管理學刊，1(2)，54-76。https://doi.org/10.29745/jscsm.201110.0004
[9]鈕文英（2013）。研究方法與論文寫作（第二版）。雙葉書廊有限公司。
[10] 劉修祥、王明元、若井弘道（2011）。地方依戀構面發展之分析。商業現代化學刊，6(1)，1-11。https://doi.org/10.6132/jcm.2011.6.1.01
[11] 謝美娥（2019）。從社會參與之能力表現探討老人活動參與。東吳社會工作學報(37)，43-80。
[12] 藍苔菁（2011）。從社會參與角度談退休後的生涯規劃。終身學習網通訊，52。
[13] 顏財發（2019）。居民的地方依戀前因與結果探討：以四川宜賓全域旅遊為例。運動休閒餐旅研究，14(2)，42-68。https://doi.org/10.29429/jslhr.201906_14(2).03

【國外參考文獻】
[14] Afshar, P. F., Foroughan, M., Vedadhir, A., & Tabatabaei, M. G. (2017). The effects of place attachment on social well-being in older adults. Educational Gerontology, 43(1), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2016.1260910
[15] Aliakbarzadeh Arani, Z., Zanjari, N., Delbari, A., Foroughan, M., & Ghaedamini Harouni, G. (2021). How do Iranian older adults define place attachment? a qualitative study. Health Promot Perspect, 11(2), 186-193. https://doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.23
[16] Aliakbarzadeh Arani, Z., Zanjari, N., Delbari, A., Foroughan, M., & Ghaedamini Harouni, G. (2022). Place attachment and aging: A scoping review. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 32(1), 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2020.1860852
[17] Atchley, R. C. (1989). A continuity theory of normal aging. Gerontologist, 29(2), 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/29.2.183
[18] Baron, R., & Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
[19] Bayat, F., Hesari, E., Ghahremani, S., Besharati Kivi, S., Hamidi, R., & Hamidi, N. (2022). Analyzing the Causal Model between Place Attachment and Social Participation in Residences through the Mediation of Social Cohesion. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 5(4), 711-732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-022-00179-1
[20] Boeder, J., & Tse, D. C. K. (2021). Measuring Self-Perceptions of Aging: Differences Between Measures When Predicting Health Outcomes. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 76(5), 825-835. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa064
[21] Bowling, A., & Stafford, M. (2007). How do objective and subjective assessments of neighbourhood influence social and physical functioning in older age? Findings from a British survey of ageing. Social Science & Medicine, 64(12), 2533-2549. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.009
[22] Bronfenbrenner, U. (1999). Environments in developmental perspective: Theoretical and operational models. In Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts. (pp. 3-28). https://doi.org/10.1037/10317-001
[23] Buffel, T., De Donder, L., Phillipson, C., De Witte, N., Dury, S., & Verté, D. (2014). Place Attachment Among Older Adults Living in Four Communities in Flanders, Belgium. Housing Studies, 29(6), 800-822. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2014.898741
[24] Buffel, T., De Donder, L., Phillipson, C., Dury, S., De Witte, N., & Verté, D. (2014). Social participation among older adults living in medium-sized cities in Belgium: the role of neighbourhood perceptions. Health Promot Int, 29(4), 655-668. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dat009
[25] Carver, L. F., Beamish, R., Phillips, S. P., & Villeneuve, M. (2018). A Scoping Review: Social Participation as a Cornerstone of Successful Aging in Place among Rural Older Adults. Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland), 3(4), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics3040075
[26] Chang, E. S., Kannoth, S., Levy, S., Wang, S. Y., Lee, J. E., & Levy, B. R. (2020). Global reach of ageism on older persons' health: A systematic review. PLoS One, 15(1), e0220857. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220857
[27] Chang, F. H., Liou, T. H., Ni, P., Chang, K. H., & Lai, C. H. (2017). Development of the Participation Measure-3 Domains, 4 Dimensions (PM-3D4D): A New Outcome Measure for Rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 98(2), 286-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2016.08.462
[28] Chaudhury, H., & Oswald, F. (2019). Advancing understanding of person-environment interaction in later life: One step further. Journal of Aging Studies, 51, 100821. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2019.100821
[29] Cheng, S. P., Tsai, T. I., & Chen, I. J. (2021). Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Place Attachment for Community-Dwelling Older Adults Scale. J Appl Gerontol, 40(6), 620-628. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464820907781
[30] Cherbuin, N., Iijima, K., Kalula, S., Malhotra, R., Rasmussen, L. J., Chan, A., Lafortune, L., Harper, S., Zheng, X., Lindeman, D., Walsh, E., Hussain, R., Burns, R., Kristiansen, M., Sugawara, I., Son, B., Tanaka, T., Buckner, S., Hoffman, J., & Combrinck, M. (2021). Societal Need for Interdisciplinary Ageing Research: An International Alliance of Research Universities “Ageing, Longevity and Health” Stream (IARU-ALH) Position Statement. Biomedicine Hub, 6(1), 42-47. https://doi.org/10.1159/000513513
[31] Chu, L., Lay, J. C., Tsang, V. H. L., & Fung, H. H. (2020). Attitudes Toward Aging: A Glance Back at Research Developments Over the Past 75 Years. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 75(6), 1125-1129. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz155
[32] Cobb, S. (1976). Presidential Address-1976. Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosom Med, 38(5), 300-314. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197609000-00003
[33] Dannefer, D. (Ed.). (1992). On The Conceptualization of Context in Developmental Discourse: Four Meanings of Context and Their Implications. (Vol. 11).
[34] Dawson-Townsend, K. (2019). Social participation patterns and their associations with health and well-being for older adults. SSM Popul Health, 8, 100424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100424
[35] Dehi Aroogh, M., & Mohammadi Shahboulaghi, F. (2020). Social Participation of Older Adults: A Concept Analysis. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery, 8(1), 55-72. https://doi.org/10.30476/ijcbnm.2019.82222.1055
[36] Diehl, M., Wahl, H. W., Barrett, A. E., Brothers, A. F., Miche, M., Montepare, J. M., Westerhof, G. J., & Wurm, S. (2014). Awareness of Aging: Theoretical Considerations on an Emerging Concept. Dev Rev, 34(2), 93-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.01.001
[37] Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. W W Norton & Co.
[38] Farokhnezhad Afshar, P., Foroughan, M., ajri-khameslou, M., Bahramnezhad, F., & Rashedi, V. (2020). Reliability and Validity of Place Attachment Scale among Iranian Older Adults. Elderly Health Journal, 6. https://doi.org/10.18502/ehj.v6i2.5016
[39] Ferreira, F. R., César, C. C., Andrade, F. B., Souza Junior, P. R. B., Lima-Costa, M. F., & Proietti, F. A. (2018). Aspects of social participation and neighborhood perception: ELSI-Brazil. Rev Saude Publica, 52Suppl 2(Suppl 2), 18s. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2018052000647
[40] Fornara, F., Lai, A. E., Bonaiuto, M., & Pazzaglia, F. (2019). Residential Place Attachment as an Adaptive Strategy for Coping With the Reduction of Spatial Abilities in Old Age [Original Research]. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00856
[41] Gallardo-Peralta, L. P., Raymond, É., & Gálvez-Nieto, J. L. Ageing in Context: An Ecological Model to Understand Social Participation Among Indigenous Adults in Chile. Research on Aging, 0(0), 01640275221108502. https://doi.org/10.1177/01640275221108502
[42] Gilleard, C., Hyde, M., & Higgs, P. (2007). The Impact of Age, Place, Aging in Place, and Attachment to Place on the Well-Being of the Over 50s in England. Research on Aging, 29, 590-605. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027507305730
[43] Goll, J. C., Charlesworth, G., Scior, K., & Stott, J. (2015). Barriers to Social Participation among Lonely Older Adults: The Influence of Social Fears and Identity. PLOS ONE, 10(2), e0116664. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116664
[44] Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1986). The Causes and Consequences of a Need for Self-Esteem: A Terror Management Theory. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Public Self and Private Self (pp. 189-212). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9564-5_10
[45] Hausknecht, S., Low, L. F., O'Loughlin, K., McNab, J., & Clemson, L. (2020). Older Adults' Self-Perceptions of Aging and Being Older: A Scoping Review. Gerontologist, 60(7), e524-e534. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz153
[46] Hees, S. v., Horstman, K., Jansen, M., & Ruwaard, D. (2017). Photovoicing the neighbourhood: Understanding the situated meaning of intangible places for ageing-in-place. Health & Place, 48, 11-19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.08.007
[47] Hidalgo, M. C., & Hernández, B. (2001). Place Attachment: Conceptual and Empirical Questions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 273-281. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0221
[48] Hoh, J. W. T., Lu, S., Yin, Y., Feng, Q., Dupre, M. E., & Gu, D. (2020). Environmental Gerontology. In D. Gu & M. E. Dupre (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging (pp. 1-8). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_1126-1
[49] Hoyl, M. T., Alessi, C. A., Harker, J. O., Josephson, K. R., Pietruszka, F. M., Koelfgen, M., Mervis, J. R., Fitten, L. J., & Rubenstein, L. Z. (1999). Development and testing of a five-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. J Am Geriatr Soc, 47(7), 873-878. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb03848.x
[50] Jang, H.-Y. (2020). Factors Associated with Successful Aging among Community-Dwelling Older Adults Based on Ecological System Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3220. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/9/3220
[51] Lai, D. W. L., Li, J., Lee, V. W. P., & Dong, X. (2019). Environmental Factors Associated with Chinese Older Immigrants' Social Engagement. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 67(S3), S571-S576. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15899
[52] Lawton, M. P. (1986). Environment and Aging. Study of Aging.
[53] Lawton, M. P., & Nahemow, L. (1973). Ecology and the aging process. In The psychology of adult development and aging. (pp. 619-674). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10044-020
[54] Lawton, M. P., & Simon, B. (1968). The ecology of social relationships in housing for the elderly. Gerontologist, 8(2), 108-115. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/8.2.108
[55] Lebrusán, I., & Gómez, M. V. (2022). The Importance of Place Attachment in the Understanding of Ageing in Place: “The Stones Know Me&rdquo. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 17052. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/24/17052
[56] Lee, S., Hong, S. H., & Song, H. Y. (2022). Factors Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life among Older Adults in Rural South Korea Based on Ecological Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 7021. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/12/7021
[57] Lemon, B. W., Bengtson, V. L., & Peterson, J. A. (1972). An exploration of the activity theory of aging: activity types and life satisfaction among in-movers to a retirement community. J Gerontol, 27(4), 511-523. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/27.4.511
[58] Lev, S., Wurm, S., & Ayalon, L. (2018). Origins of Ageism at the Individual Level. In L. Ayalon & C. Tesch-Römer (Eds.), Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism (pp. 51-72). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73820-8_4
[59] Levasseur, M., Lussier-Therrien, M., Biron, M. L., Raymond, É., Castonguay, J., Naud, D., Fortier, M., Sévigny, A., Houde, S., & Tremblay, L. (2022). Scoping study of definitions of social participation: update and co-construction of an interdisciplinary consensual definition. Age Ageing, 51(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab215
[60] Levasseur, M., Naud, D., Bruneau, J.-F., & Généreux, M. (2020). Environmental Characteristics Associated with Older Adults’ Social Participation: The Contribution of Sociodemography and Transportation in Metropolitan, Urban, and Rural Areas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8399. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/22/8399
[61] Levasseur, M., Richard, L., Gauvin, L., & Raymond, E. (2010). Inventory and analysis of definitions of social participation found in the aging literature: proposed taxonomy of social activities. Soc Sci Med, 71(12), 2141-2149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.041
[62] Levasseur, M., Routhier, S., Clapperton, I., Doré, C., & Gallagher, F. (2020). Social participation needs of older adults living in a rural regional county municipality: toward reducing situations of isolation and vulnerability. BMC Geriatrics, 20(1), 456. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01849-5
[63] Levy, B. (2009). Stereotype Embodiment: A Psychosocial Approach to Aging. Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 18(6), 332-336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01662.x
[64] Levy, B. R., & Myers, L. M. (2004). Preventive health behaviors influenced by self-perceptions of aging. Prev Med, 39(3), 625-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.029
[65] Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., & Kasl, S. V. (2002). Longitudinal Benefit of Positive Self-Perceptions of Aging on Functional Health. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 57(5), P409-P417. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/57.5.P409
[66] Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S. R., & Kasl, S. V. (2002). Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. J Pers Soc Psychol, 83(2), 261-270. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.83.2.261
[67] Lewicka, M. (2011). Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(3), 207-230. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.10.001
[68] Lien, L. L., Steggell, C. D., & Iwarsson, S. (2015). Adaptive Strategies and Person-Environment Fit among Functionally Limited Older Adult
[69] Liu, H., Wu, B., & Feng, Z. (2020). Social Participation and Self-Perception of Being Old in China. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 91(3), 219-234. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415019875456
[70] Low, S. M., & Altman, I. (1992). Place Attachment. In I. Altman & S. M. Low (Eds.), Place Attachment (pp. 1-12). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8753-4_1
[71] Lu, P., Xu, C., & Shelley, M. (2021). A state-of-the-art review of the socio-ecological correlates of volunteerism among older adults. Ageing and Society, 41(8), 1833-1857. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X20000082
[72] Lynne C. Manzo, P. D.-W. (2020 ). Place Attachment: Advances in Theory, Methods and Applications 2nd Edition. Routledge.
[73] MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prev Sci, 1(4), 173-181. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026595011371
[74] Manzo, L., & Perkins, D. (2006). Finding Common Ground: The Importance of Place Attachment to Community Participation and Planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 20, 335-350. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412205286160
[75] Mertler, C. A. (2016). Introduction to educational research (New edition ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
[76] Oswald, F., & Wahl, H.-W. (2005). Dimensions of the Meaning of Home in Later Life. In (pp. 21-45).
[77] Pani-Harreman, K. E., Bours, G. J. J. W., Zander, I., Kempen, G. I. J. M., & van Duren, J. M. A. (2021). Definitions, key themes and aspects of ‘ageing in place’: a scoping review. Ageing and Society, 41(9), 2026-2059. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X20000094
[78] Pruchno, R. (2018). Aging in Context. The Gerontologist, 58(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx189
[79] Rantakokko, M., Törmäkangas, T., Rantanen, T., Haak, M., & Iwarsson, S. (2013). Environmental barriers, person-environment fit and mortality among community-dwelling very old people. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 783. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-783
[80] Raymond, C., Brown, G., & Weber, D. (2010). The Measurement of Place Attachment: Personal, Community, and Environmental Connections. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 422-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.08.002
[81] Richard, L., Gauvin, L., Gosselin, C., & Laforest, S. (2009). Staying connected: neighbourhood correlates of social participation among older adults living in an urban environment in Montréal, Quebec. Health Promot Int, 24(1), 46-57. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dan039
[82] Robertson, D. A., & Kenny, R. A. (2016). “I'm too old for that” — The association between negative perceptions of aging and disengagement in later life. Personality and Individual Differences, 100, 114-119. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.096
[83] Roscoe, J. T. (1975). Fundamental research statistics for the behavioral sciences (2d ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
[84] Rosenbaum, M. S., Ward, J., Walker, B. A., & Ostrom, A. L. (2007). A Cup of Coffee With a Dash of Love:An Investigation of Commercial Social Support and Third-Place Attachment. Journal of Service Research, 10(1), 43-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670507303011
[85] Rowles, G. D. (1983). Place and personal identity in old age: Observations from Appalachia. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(4), 299-313. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(83)80033-4
[86] Rozanova, J., Keating, N., & Eales, J. (2012). Unequal social engagement for older adults: constraints on choice. Can J Aging, 31(1), 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0714980811000675
[87] Rubinstein, R. I., & Parmelee, P. A. (1992). Attachment to Place and the Representation of the Life Course by the Elderly. In I. Altman & S. M. Low (Eds.), Place Attachment (pp. 139-163). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8753-4_7
[88] Satariano, W. (2006). Aging, Health, and the Environment: An Ecological Model. In Epidemiology of Aging: An Ecological Approach. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=CAfv3CXlnR0C
[89] Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2014). The psychology of place attachment. In.
[90] Scharlach, A. E. (2017). Aging in Context: Individual and Environmental Pathways to Aging-Friendly Communities-The 2015 Matthew A. Pollack Award Lecture. Gerontologist, 57(4), 606-618. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx017
[91] Schwartz, E., Ayalon, L., & Huxhold, O. (2020). Exploring the Reciprocal Associations of Perceptions of Aging and Social Involvement. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(3), 563-573. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa008
[92] Shoushtari-Moghaddam, E., Kaveh, M., & Nazari, M. (2022). Ageing perception and social functioning in older adults: a narrative review. Working with Older People, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/WWOP-09-2021-0051
[93] Simons, J. D. (2021). From Identity to Enaction: Identity Behavior Theory. Front Psychol, 12, 679490. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.679490
[94] Solhi, M., Pirouzeh, R., & Zanjari, N. (2022). Middle-aged preparation for healthy aging: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12715-x
[95] Steverink, N., Westerhof, G. J., Bode, C., & Dittmann-Kohli, F. (2001). The personal experience of aging, individual resources, and subjective well-being. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 56(6), P364-373. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/56.6.p364
[96] Stones, D., & Gullifer, J. (2016). ‘At home it's just so much easier to be yourself’: older adults' perceptions of ageing in place. Ageing and Society, 36(3), 449-481. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X14001214
[97] Sun, Y., Fang, Y., Yung, E. H. K., Chao, T.-Y. S., & Chan, E. H. W. (2020). Investigating the links between environment and older people’s place attachment in densely populated urban areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 203, 103897. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103897
[98] Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). “An integrative theory of inter-group conflict”, Austin, W.─ S. The Social Psychology of Inter-group Relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
[99] Thissen, F., & Droogleever Fortuijn, J. (2021). ‘The village as a coat’; changes in the person-environment fit for older people in a rural area in The Netherlands. Journal of Rural Studies, 87, 431-443. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.07.001
[100]Tuan, Y., & Press, C. U. (1990). Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values. Columbia University Press. https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=wcAPrIUSzIAC
[101]Tully-Wilson, C., Bojack, R., Millear, P. M., Stallman, H. M., Allen, A., & Mason, J. (2021). Self-perceptions of aging: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Psychology and Aging, 36, 773-789. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000638
[102]United Nations Department of Economic Social Affairs. (2021). World Population Ageing 2020: Highlights. https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/books/9789210051934
[103]Vitman, A., Iecovich, E., & Alfasi, N. (2014). Ageism and social integration of older adults in their neighborhoods in Israel. Gerontologist, 54(2), 177-189. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt008
[104]Wahl, H.-W., & Oswald, F. (2010). Environmental Perspectives on Ageing. In D. Dannefer & C. Phillipson (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Social Gerontology. SAGE.
[105]Wahl, H. W., Brenner, H., Mollenkopf, H., Rothenbacher, D., & Rott, C. (2006). The many faces of health, competence and well-being in old age: Integrating epidemiological, psychological and social perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4138-1
[106]Wahl, H. W., Iwarsson, S., & Oswald, F. (2012). Aging well and the environment: toward an integrative model and research agenda for the future. Gerontologist, 52(3), 306-316. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnr154
[107]Wanchai, A., & Phrompayak, D. (2019). Social Participation Types and Benefits on Health Outcomes for Elder People: a Systematic Review. Ageing International, 44(3), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-018-9338-6
[108]Wanchai, A., & Phrompayak, D. (2019). A Systematic Review of Factors Influencing Social Participation of Older Adults. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 23(2), 131-141. <Go to ISI>://WOS:000462499800004
[109]Wanka, A. (2017). Disengagement as Withdrawal From Public Space: Rethinking the Relation Between Place Attachment, Place Appropriation, and Identity-Building Among Older Adults. The Gerontologist, 58(1), 130-139. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx081
[110]Weil, J. (2020). Developing the Person-Place Fit Measure for Older Adults: Broadening Place Domains. Gerontologist, 60(8), 548-558. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz112
[111]Wiles, J., Leibing, A., Guberman, N., Reeve, J., & Allen, R. (2011). The Meaning of "Aging in Place" to Older People. The Gerontologist, 52, 357-366. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnr098
[112]Wiles, J. L., Rolleston, A., Pillai, A., Broad, J., Teh, R., Gott, M., & Kerse, N. (2017). Attachment to place in advanced age: A study of the LiLACS NZ cohort. Soc Sci Med, 185, 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.006
[113]Woolrych, R., Sixsmith, J., Fisher, J., Makita, M., Lawthom, R., & Murray, M. (2021). Constructing and negotiating social participation in old age: experiences of older adults living in urban environments in the United Kingdom. Ageing and Society, 41(6), 1398-1420. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X19001569
[114]World Health Organization. (2002). Active ageing : a policy framework. In. Geneva: World Health Organization.
[115]World Health Organization. (2007). Global age-friendly cities: a guide. In. Geneva: World Health Organization.
[116]World Health Organization. (2021a). Decade of healthy ageing: baseline report.
[117]World Health Organization. (2021b). Global Report on Ageism
[118]Wurm, S., Tesch-Römer, C., & Tomasik, M. J. (2007). Longitudinal findings on aging-related cognitions, control beliefs, and health in later life. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 62(3), P156-164. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.3.p156