軍事決心策定程序(military decision making process)是臺灣陸軍在訓練和教育軍事的核心課程，而學習及進行戰術操作時必須要先建構出共同作戰圖像(common operational picture)，目的是將敵人與我方的軍事武力、戰場空間和戰況時程等內容以資料視覺化的方式呈現，使指揮官及參謀官們能融入戰場情境，並進行對任務的思考和判斷。然而，隨著戰爭型態的改變和資訊量需求的增加，有些重要資訊無法利用平面的圖像呈現，以及視覺識別效果和戰場的感知能力不足等問題。本研究主要探討如何改善共同作戰圖像的使用方式，以提升戰術教學的學習效能和加強戰場情境的理解。本研究透過有關軍事作戰和使用者經驗的文獻探討，以及人機互動等相關理論，可發現擴增實境能將虛擬資訊與現實環境結合，以及具備直覺性、互動性和沉浸性等特性能有效運用在當前的戰術教學模式。另外，從近年來的研究指出擴增實境已成功應用在醫學、教育、工業及商業等領域，並展現出正面的評價和高度的發展潛力。
研究過程主要可分為使用者需求分析、定義及詮釋問題、視覺化策略應用、系統建構及以評估學習成效；為確實了解使用者的需求和問題，透過脈絡訪查和焦點團體法，分析「共同作戰圖像」使用行為和效能的關鍵因素，經歸納整理後，以視覺策略發展出一套基於擴增實境的共同作戰圖像訓練系統原型。該系統主要強調以3D動畫所傳達的視覺效果，並在傳統的地圖上增加了擬真的天候、地形和動態的戰術圖像等物理現象。以國防大學陸軍學院40員學生為研究樣本，並與學員共同參與戰術課程5天，以及進行2天的實驗研究。
實驗範圍設定為指參作業程序中的「分析行動方案」階段，其評估的方式為3個階段，首先使用科技接受模式(Technology Acceptance Model, TAM)去探討擴增實境教學系統導入MDMP中分析行動方案階段的效能影響，可發現學員們對於擴增實境教學系統的視覺化效果、認知有用性和易用性、戰場情境的理解、互動狀況和使用者滿意度的相互關係，以及對於系統的接受度和使用意願都呈現顯著的結果。第二階段，依據課程中行動方案的評估要項做為驗證項目，區分實驗組和控制組，以獨立樣本t檢定方式比較，顯示出新的科技系統在平均得分上皆優於原始版本。最後，由戰術組的教師們實施德爾菲法，對系統的使用績效進行專家意見的評估。
研究結果顯示，透過使用者經驗和視覺策略所設計的系統原型，對使用者具有高度使用意願和增進學習的興趣，並能有效提升資訊視覺化的豐富度，輔助戰術思考和制定決策的過程，證明基於擴增實境的教學系統適用在目前的戰術教學模式。最後，在研究中提出的系統原型和實驗內容，也能提供擴增實境技術對於未來發展軍事應用議題的參考。

The military decision making process (MDMP) is an important course for army training and military tactics education in Taiwan. Core training of the course involves tactics in constructing common operational pictures (COP). During military tactics operation, COP allows the army to display the military force, battlefield space, and war situation schedule for troops on both sides through information visualization. Such information visualization allows the commanders and staff officers to enhance situation awareness while simultaneously engaging critical thinking in decision making.
In so much as information visualization is useful in military actions, with the evolution of war types and increased demands for information, the two-dimensional display can no longer accommodate the visual recognition and context-awareness needs in current battlefield situations. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate how to better use COP in order to enhance the effectiveness of military tactics education and raise situation awareness. Through reviewing the literature on military operations, user experience, and human-computer interaction (HCI), the researcher identified possible ways to combine virtual information and realistic environment with augmented reality (AR) to achieve intuitiveness, interaction, and immersion for tactics education. As shown by recent studies, AR has been accredited for its potential in an application in such fields as medicine, education, manufacturing, and business.
The research design includes a needs analysis, definition of key concepts, problem interpretation, strategies for visualization application, system building, and learning performance evaluation. To understand users’ needs and issues, interviews and focus groups were conducted to analyze and identify key factors of user behaviors in COP. Inductive categorization of the data and the use of visualization strategies led to the construction of a protocol of AR-based COP training system. The system mainly employed visualization effects through three-dimensional animation along with traditional visual guidance strategies to represent dynamic changes in weather patterns, landscapes, and physical tactic images. The evaluation of the experiment involved an experimental and a control group, with 22 participants in each, both of which were classes at the Army Command and Staff College (ACSC). The analysis focused on the course of action approval of MDMP,
The scope of the experiment is the course of action (COA) analysis phase in the Military Decision-Making Process (MDMP). The evaluation was divided into two stages. During the first stage, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used to investigate the process and effects of an improved system incorporated in the tactics course. Results showed significant effects with the AR-based visualization, cognitive usability, ease of use, situation awareness, interaction, and intention to use. Stage two, based on the evaluation items of the action course, the experimental group, and the control group are distinguished for the verification project. Further Compared with the independent Sample t-test which shows that the average scores are better than the original version with the new technology system. Finally, the Delphi Method was conducted by the teacher of the tactical team to evaluate the experts’ opinion of the system performance.
The results of this study indicated that system protocol design based on user experience and visualization strategies can effectively facilitate the enrichment of information visualization for tactical thinking and decision-making through better understanding about users’ attitudes and willingness to adopt the new system. The positive outcomes of the study prove that AR technology can be applied to the current teaching of military tactics. Lastly, the system prototype and experiment proposed in this study also provide future reference related to military education using AR-based systems.

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Orgnizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.
Ajzen, I., &Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. EnglewoodCliffs NY Prentice Hall, 278.
Ajzen, I., &Madden, T. J. (1986). Prediction of goal directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 453–474.
Alexander, T. (2000). Visualisation of Geographic Data in Virtual Environments. Human Performance, (April), 13–15.
Almquist, B., Office, T., Zysk, T., Systems, T., &Luce, J. (2011). Augmented Reality Precision Navigation. Technology, (June), 1818–1824.
Aloimonos, Y. (1995). Guest editorial: Qualitative vision. International Journal of Computer Vision, 14(2), 115–117.
Amburn, C. R., Vey, N. L., Boyce, M. W., &Mize, M. J. R. (2015). The Augmented REality Sandtable (ARES) (p. 26).
Anabuki, M., &Ishiit, H. (2007). AR-Jig: A handheld tangible user interface for modification of 3D digital form via 2D physical curve. In 2007 6th IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, ISMAR.
Army Command Headquaters. (2015). Course of action analysis. In Army forces Command & Staff Operating Guidelines [3 version] (pp. 55–73). Taoyuan: Army Command Headquaters, Ministry of National Defense, R.O.C.
Arthurs, K. (2015). Nurse preceptor assessment of critical thinking: An e-Delphi study. Nurse Preceptor Assessment of Critical Thinking: An E-Delphi Study, 76(8–B(E)), 164.
Aukstakalnis, S. (2016). Practical Augmented Reality: A Guide to the Technologies, Applications, and Human Factors for AR and VR. Evaluation (Laura Lewi). Indiana: Mark L. Taub.
Azuma, R. (1997). A survey of augmented reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(4), 355–385.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94.
Balfour R.E. (2013). Next generation emergency management common operating picture software / systems ( COPSS ). IEEE Systems, Applications and Technology Conference 2012, (3), 1–6.
Ballard, D. H. (1991). Animate vision. Artificial Intelligence, 48(1), 57–86.
Beyer, H., &Holtzblatt, K. (1998). Contextual design: Defining customer-centered systems. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers In (Vol. 32). Morgan Kaufmann.
Beyer, H., &Holtzblatt, K. (1999). Contextual design. Interactions, 6(1), 32–42.
BjÖRKrkbom, M., Timonen, J., Yigitler, H., Kaltiokallio, O., Vallet, J. M., Myrsky, M., …Koivo, H. N. (2013). Localization services for online common operational picture and situation awareness. IEEE Access, 1, 742–757.
Blair-Early, A., &Zender, M. (2008). User Interface Design Principles for Interaction Design. Design Issues, 24(3), 85–107.
Bolter, J., &Gromala, D. (2004). Transparency and Reflectivity: Digital Art and the Aesthetics of Interface Design. Aesthetic computing.
Bonanni, T. M., DellaCorte, B., &Grisetti, G. (2017). 3D Map Merging on Pose Graphs. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 2(2), 1–1.
Briefel, R. R., Kalb, L. M., Condon, E., Deming, D. M., Clusen, N. A., Fox, M. K., …Reidy, K. C. (2010). The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2008: Study Design and Methods. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 110(12), S16–S26.
Briggs, R. O., Adkins, M., Kruse, J., &Nunamaker Jr., J. F. (1999). Lessons learned using a technology transition model with the US navy. Systems Sciences, 1999. HICSS-32. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Hawaii International Conference On, Track1(c), 10 pp.
Campbell, T., &Armistead, L. (2005). Information Operations: Warfare and the Hard Reality of Soft Power. International Journal, 60(3), 868.
Carroll, J. M. (2015). Human Computer Interaction - brief intro: The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction, 2nd Ed. | Interaction Design Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/book/the-encyclopedia-of-human-computer-interaction-2nd-ed/human-computer-interaction-brief-intro
Catherine Courage & Kathy Baxter. (2005). Understanding Your Users: A Practical Guide to User Requirements Methods, Tools, and Techniques. Morgan Kaufmann.
Caudell, T. P., &Mizell, D. W. (1992). Augmented reality: an application of heads-up display technology to manual manufacturing processes. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 659–669 vol.2).
Chan, S. H., Song, Q., Sarker, S., &Plumlee, R. D. (2017). Decision support system (DSS) use and decision performance: DSS motivation and its antecedents. Information and Management, 54(7), 934–947.
Chang, H. Y., Wu, H. K., &Hsu, Y. S. (2013). Integrating a mobile augmented reality activity to contextualize student learning of a socioscientific issue. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(3).
Cheah, M., Chew, L. P., Fong, G., Teh, C. A., &Toh, E. (2007). Command post anywhere experiment - exploiting the use of teamsight for ops concepts. STAR, 45(5).
Chen, C. H., Chou, Y. Y., &Huang, C. Y. (2016). An Augmented-Reality-Based Concept Map to Support Mobile Learning for Science. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 25(4), 567–578.
Chen, M., Ebert, D., Hagen, H., Laramee, R. S., VanLiere, R., Ma, K.-L., …Silver, D. (2009). Data, Information, and Knowledge in Visualization. Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE, 29, 12–19.
Chen, Yi. R. (2017). Using Delphi to Explore the Influencing Factors of the Success of Huge Data Analysis-Taking the National Health Insurance Database. Department of Information Management, Coollege of Management, NCCU. Chiayi.
Cheng, K. H., &Tsai, C. C. (2013). Affordances of Augmented Reality in Science Learning: Suggestions for Future Research. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 22(4), 449–462.
Cheung, R., &Vogel, D. (2013). Predicting user acceptance of collaborative technologies: An extension of the technology acceptance model for e-learning1. Cheung, R., Vogel, D.: Predicting user acceptance of collaborative technologies: An extension of the technology acceptance model for. Computers and Education, 63, 160–175.
Chin, W. W. (1998a). Issues and Opinion on Structural Equation Modeling. MIS Quarterly.
Chin, W. W. (1998b). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern Methods for Business Research, 295(2), 295–336.
Chiu, L. F., &Knight, D. (2001). How useful are focus groups for obtaining views of minority groups? In Developing Focus Group Research. Politics, Theory and Practice.
Chou, Y. Y. (2017). Constructing a Multidimensional Concept Map-based Augmented Reality Mobile Learning System for Foodchain Course in Natural Science. Department of Industrial Design, College of Planning and Design, NCKU. Tainan.
Chung, N., Han, H., &Joun, Y. (2015). Tourists’ intention to visit a destination: The role of augmented reality (AR) application for a heritage site. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 588–599.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340.
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., &Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models. Management Science, 35(8), 982–1003.
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R., &Warshaw, P. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: a comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 181–192.
Devon Bistarkey. (2016). The big common operating picture. Retrieved February10, 2018, from https://www.army.mil/article/167488/the_big_common_operating_picture
DiSerio, Á., Ibáñez, M. B., &Kloos, C. D. (2013). Impact of an augmented reality system on students’ motivation for a visual art course. Computers & Education, 68, 586–596.
Donskoy, M., &Kaptelinin, V. (1997). Window navigation with and without animation: a comparison of scroll bars, zoom, and fisheye view. CHI ’97 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Looking to the Future, (March).
Durbin, J., Swan, J.E., I., Colbert, B., Crowe, J., King, R., King, T., …Welsh, T. (1998). Battlefield visualization on the responsive workbench. In Proceedings Visualization ’98 (Cat. No.98CB36276).
Dyer, S., &Adamo-Villani, N. (2008). Animated Versus Static User Interfaces: A Study of MathsignerTM. International Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 3(6), 421–426.
Endsley, M. R. (2012). Designing for Situation Awareness: An Approach to User-Centered Design, Second Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Fischer, G. (2001). User modeling in human–computer interaction. User modeling and user-adapted interaction, 11(1-2), 1–18.
Fishbein, M., &Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behaviour: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading MA AddisonWesley, (August), 480.
Gefen, D., Straub, D. W., &Boudreau, M.-C. (2000). Structural Equation Modeling and Regression : Guidelines for Research Practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems.
George W. Casey, J. (2010). Fm 5-0: the Operations Process. HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY.
Golberg, S. (2005a). Human Factors Issues in the Use of Virtual and Augmented Reality for Military Purposes – USA. Security.
Golberg, S. (2005b). Human Factors Issues in the Use of Virtual and Augmented Reality for Military Purposes – USA.
Gonzalez, C., &Kasper, G. M. (1997). Animation in user interfaces designed for decision support systems: The effects of image abstraction, transition, and interactivity on decision quality. Decision Sciences, 28(4), 793–823.
Gupta, U. G., &Clarke, R. E. (1996). Theory and applications of the Delphi technique: a bibliography (1975-1994). Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 53(2), 185–211.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., &Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. Vectors, 816.
Hallowell, M. R., &Gambatese, J. A. (2010). Qualitative Research: Application of the Delphi Method to CEM Research. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136(1), 99–107.
Hartson, R., &Pyla, P. S. (2012). Contextual Inquiry. In The UX Book (pp. 87–127). Elsevier.
Hassenzahl, M., &Tractinsky, N. (2006). User experience - a research agenda. Behaviour & Information Technology, 25(2), 91–97.
Heise, S. A., &Morse, H. S. (2000). The DARPA JFACC program: modeling and control of military operations. In Decision and Control, 2000. Proceedings of the 39th IEEE Conference on (Vol. 3, pp. 2551–2555).
Hix, D., Ii, J. E. S. I., Gabbard, J. L., Mcgee, M., Durbin, J., &King, T. (1999). User-centered design and evaluation of a real-time battlefield visualization virtual environment. In Virtual Reality, 1999. Proceedings., IEEE (pp. 96–103). IEEE.
Hollan, J., Hutchins, E., &Kirsh, D. (2000). Distributed cognition: toward a new foundation for human-computer interaction research. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 7(2), 174–196.
Holtzblatt, K., Wendell, J., &Wood, S. (2005). Rapid Contextual Design. Elsevier Inc.
Huang, K. L. (2014). Design of Interactive Interfaces for Tablet PC: Enhancing Reading Experience and Acceptance. Department of Industrial Design, College of Planning and Design, NCKU. Tainan.
Huang, R. X. (2001). Improve Military Decision Making Process of My Opinion. Army Academic Bimonthly, 425, 1–13.
Huh, J., Ackerman, M., &Douglas, R. (2007). The Use of Aesthetics in HCI Systems. In CHI ’07 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 2441–2446).
Ibáñez, M. B., DiSerio, Á., Villarán, D., &Delgado Kloos, C. (2014). Experimenting with electromagnetism using augmented reality: Impact on flow student experience and educational effectiveness. Computers & Education, 71, 1–13.
Irawati, S., Hong, S., Kim, J., &Ko, H. (2008). 3D Edutainment Environment : Learning Physics through VR / AR Experiences. Science And Technology, 21–24.
Jason Hall. (2017). How Augmented Reality Is Changing The World Of Consumer Marketing. Retrieved February15, 2018, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2017/11/08/how-augmented-reality-is-changing-the-world-of-consumer-marketing/#55a5abfe54cf
Jhen-Fu, H. (2012). A study of Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield. Army Bimonthly, 48(524), 56–73.
John E. Pike. (2016). Course-of-Action Development and Analysis. Retrieved March12, 2018, from https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/call/call_93-3_ch4.htm
Jung, E. S., &Kee, D. (1996). A man-machine interface model with improved visibility and reach functions. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 30(3 SPEC. ISS.), 475–486.
Kaber, D. B., Riley, J. M., Endsley, M. R., Sheik-Nainar, M., Zhang, T., &Lampton, D. R. (2013). Measuring situation awareness in virtual environment-based training. Military Psychology, 25(4), 330–344.
Kangas, E., &Kinnunen, T. (2005). Applying user-centered design to mobile application development. Communications of the ACM, 48(7), 55–59.
Katzeff, C., Nyblom, Å., Tunheden, S., &Torstensson, C. (2012). User-centred design and evaluation of EnergyCoach – an interactive energy service for households. Behaviour & Information Technology, 31(3), 305–324.
Keim, D. A. (2002). Information visualization and visual data mining. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 8(1), 1–8.
Keller, J. M. (2010). Motivational Design for Learning and Performance. Motivational Design for Learning and Performance.
Kenny, M. R. J. (2015). Augmented Reality at the Tactical and Operational Levels of War (Vol. 298). RHODE ISLAND.
Kerawalla, L., Luckin, R., Seljeflot, S., &Woolard, A. (2006). “Making it real”: Exploring the potential of augmented reality for teaching primary school science. Virtual Reality, 10(3–4), 163–174.
Kim, H. C., &Hyun, M. Y. (2016). Predicting the use of smartphone-based Augmented Reality (AR): Does telepresence really help? Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 28–38.
Kim, S., &Dey, A. K. (2010). AR interfacing with prototype 3D applications based on user-centered interactivity. CAD Computer Aided Design, 42, 373–386.
Kim, Y. J., &Hoffmann, C. M. (2003). Enhanced battlefield visualization for situation awareness. Computers and Graphics (Pergamon), 27(6), 873–885.
Kotamraju, N. P., &Van DerGeest, T. M. (2012). The tension between user-centred design and e-government services. Behaviour and Information Technology, 31(3), 261–273.
Koutromanos, G., &Avraamidou, L. (2014). The use of mobile games in formal and informal learning environments: a review of the literature. Educational Media International, 51(1), 49–65.
Kress, V. E., &Shoffiner, M. F. (2007). Focus groups: A practical and applied research approach for counselors. Journal of Counseling and Development, 85(2), 189–195.
Kuniavsky, M. (2003). Observing the User Experience: A Practitioner’s Guide to User Research. Elsevier Inc. Elsevier Inc. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-55860-923-5.X5026-8
Kwon, O., Choi, K., &Kim, M. (2007). User acceptance of context-aware services: Self-efficacy, user innovativeness and perceived sensitivity on contextual pressure. Behaviour and Information Technology, 26(6), 483–498.
Lee, H. Y., Ahn, H., &Han, I. (2007). VCR: Virtual community recommender using the technology acceptance model and the user’s needs type. Expert Systems with Applications, 33(4), 984–995.
Lee, K. (2012). Augmented Reality in Education and Training. Linking Research and Practice to Improve Learning, 56(2), 13–21.
Lee, S. W., Jung, J., Hong, J., Lee, S., Cho, H., &Yang, H. S. (2012). Efficient 3D content authoring framework based on mobile AR. In Proceedings of the 2012 18th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia, VSMM 2012: Virtual Systems in the Information Society (pp. 95–102).
Liamputtong, P. (2010). Focus Group Methodology : Introduction and History. Qualitative Research Methods, 1–14.
Liang, J., Gong, J., Zhou, J., Ibrahim, A. N., &Li, M. (2015). An open-source 3D solar radiation model integrated with a 3D Geographic Information System. Environmental Modelling and Software, 64, 94–101
Liaw, S. S., &Huang, H. M. (2003). An investigation of user attitudes toward search engines as an information retrieval tool. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(6), 751–765.
Libicki, M. C., &Cavelty, M. D. (2011). Military and Strategic Affairs. Military and Strategic Affairs (Vol. 3).
Lin, F. H., &Wu, J. H. (2004). An empirical study of end-user computing acceptance factors in small and medium enterprises in Taiwan: Analyzed by structural equation modeling. Journal of Computer Information Systems.
Lindberg, B. D., &Mccauley, M. (2010). PANORAMIC AUGMENTED REALITY FOR PERSISTENCE OF INFORMATION IN COUNTERINSURGENCY ENVIRONMENTS, (December).
Liu, B., Wu, C. H., &Liu, H. J. (2011). Research on the human factors of common operational picture. Procedia Engineering, 24, 282–286.
Liu, J.-Y. (2007). The Role and Function of Knowledge Based Military Affairs Innovation in Information Technology. WHAMPOA - An Interdisciplinary Journal.
Livingston, M. A., Ai, Z., Karsch, K., &Gibson, G. O. (2011). User interface design for military AR applications. Virtual Reality, 15(2–3), 175–184.
Livingston, M. A., Rosenblum, L. J., Brown, D. G., Schmidt, G. S., Julier, S. J., Baillot, Y., …Maassel, P. (2011). Handbook of Augmented Reality. (B.Furht, Ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York.
Livingston, M., Rosenblum, L., Julier, S., Brown, D., Baillot, Y., Swan, J., …Hix, D. (2002). An augmented reality system for military operations in urban terrain. Engineering, 2002(1), 1–8.
Mao, C., Sun, C., &Chen, C. (2017). Evaluate Learner ’ s Acceptance of Augmented Reality Based Military Decision Making Process Training System. Proceedings of the 2017 5th International Conference on Information and Education Technology.
Masih-Tehrani, B., &Janabi-Sharifi, F. (2008). Kinematic modeling and analysis of the human workspace for visual perceptibility. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 38(1), 73–89.
Mathieson. (1991). Predicting User Intentions: Comparing the Technology Acceptance Model with the Theory of Planned Behavior. Information Systems Research, 2(3), 173–191.
McGuinness, B., &Ebbage, L. (2002). Assessing human factors in command and control: workload and situational awareness metrics. Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium 2002.
McLafferty, I. (2004). Focus group interviews as a data collecting strategy. Journal of Advanced Nursing.
McNamara, A., Mania, K., Banks, M., &Healey, C. (2010). Perceptually-motivated graphics, visualization and 3D displays. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 Courses (p. 7). ACM.
Mooi, E., &Sarstedt, M. (2014). A Concise Guide to Market Research: The Process, Data, and Methods Using IBM SPSS Statistic. the process, data, and methods using IBM SPSS statistics.
Morgan, D. L. (1997). Focus groups as qualitative research. Qualitative Research Methods Series.
Naderpour, M., Lu, J., &Zhang, G. (2014). An intelligent situation awareness support system for safety-critical environments. Decision Support Systems, 59(1), 325–340.
Nick Hedley, B. E. S., Hedley, N., &Shelton, B. E. (2003). Exploring a Cognitive Foundation for Learning Spatial Relationships with Augmented Reality. Technology, Instruction, Cognition and Learning, 1(4), 323–357.
Nicolau, S., Soler, L., Mutter, D., &Marescaux, J. (2011). Augmented reality in laparoscopic surgical oncology. Surgical Oncology.
Nielsen, J. (1993). Usability Engineering. Academic Press.
Ntuen, C. a., Park, E. H., &Gwang-Myung, K. (2010). Designing an Information Visualization Tool for Sensemaking. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 26(2–3), 189–205.
Ormrod, D. G. A. (2014). A “wicked problem” - Predicting sos behaviour in tactical land combat with compromised C4ISR. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering: The Socio-Technical Perspective, SoSE 2014, 107–112.
Oulasvirta, A., Estlander, S., &Nurminen, A. (2009). Embodied interaction with a 3D versus 2D mobile map. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 13(4), 303–320.
Palmarini, R., Ahmet, J., Roy, R., &Torabmostaedi, H. (2018). A systematic review of augmented reality applications in maintenanceions. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 49(June 2017), 215–228.
Palmer, S. E., Schloss, K. B., &Sammartino, J. (2013). Visual aesthetics and human preference. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(September 2012), 77–107.
Pan, Z., Cheok, A. D., Yang, H., Zhu, J., &Shi, J. (2006). Virtual reality and mixed reality for virtual learning environments. Computers and Graphics (Pergamon), 30(1), 20–28.
Partala, T., &Kallinen, A. (2012). Understanding the most satisfying and unsatisfying user experiences: Emotions, psychological needs, and context. Interacting with Computers, 24(1), 25–34.
Pierdicca, R., Frontoni, E., Zingaretti, P., Mancini, A., Malinverni, E. S., Tassetti, A. N., …Galli, A. (2016). Smart maintenance of riverbanks using a standard data layer and Augmented Reality. Computers and Geosciences, 95, 67–74.
Robertson, G. G., Card, S. K., &Mackinlay, J. D. (1993). Information visualization using 3D interactive animation. Communications of the ACM, 36(4), 57–71.
Rummukainen, L., Oksama, L., Timonen, J., &Vankka, J. (2014). Visualizing common operating picture of critical infrastructure. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 9122(Ci), 912208.
Salmon, P. (2013). Assessing the quality of qualitative research. Patient Education and Counseling.
Sánchez, R. A., &Hueros, A. D. (2010). Motivational factors that influence the acceptance of Moodle using TAM. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1632–1640.
Sandor, C., &Klinker, G. (2005). A rapid prototyping software infrastructure for user interfaces in ubiquitous augmented reality. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 9(3), 169–185.
Sebrechts, M. M., Cugini, J. J.V, Laskowski, S. S. J., Vasilakis, J., &Miller, M. S. (1999). Visualization of search results: a comparative evaluation of text, 2D, and 3D interfaces. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 3–10.
Sharp, H., Rogers, Y., &Preece, J. (2007). Interaction design: beyond human-computer interaction. Book.
Sharples, S., Martin, J., Lang, A., Craven, M., O’Neill, S., &Barnett, J. (2012). Medical device design in context: A model of user–device interaction and consequences. Displays, 33(4–5), 221–232.
Shinseki, E. K. (2001). FM 1. Headquarters Department of the Army.
Sing, K. H. (2016). Garden : A Mixed Reality Experience Combining Virtual Reality and 3D Reconstruction. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI EA ’16, 180–183.
Sun, C., &Peng, Z.-L. (2014). How to Improve Military Decision Making Process for System Thinking. WHAMPOA - An Interdisciplinary Journal, 66, 89–108.
Tao, Y., Xun, X.-P., &Tang, B.-D. (2003). Virtual confrontation sharpen fighting—Foreign military simulation training and scanning. Retrieved from http://www.people.com.cn/GB/junshi/62/20030312/941657.html
Ting, S. P., Zhou, S., &Hu, N. (2010). A computational model of situation awareness for MOUT simulations. Proceedings - 2010 International Conference on Cyberworlds, CW 2010, 142–149.
Tominski, C., Schulze-Wollgast, P., &Schumann, H. (2005). 3D information visualization for time dependent data on maps. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Visualisation (Vol. 2005, pp. 175–181).
Tung, C.-J. (2010). The Research of the information and communication equipments of Information-Based Warrior on the Synthetic-Battlefield. New Taipei: Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering National Taipei University.
vanGelder, T., &Clark, A. (1998). Being There: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again. The Philosophical Review, 107(4), 647.
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., &Davis, F. D. (2003). User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425–478.
Ware, C. (2012). Foundation for a Science of Data Visualization. Information Visualization: Perception for Design.
Wickens, C. D. (2008). Situation Awareness: Review of Mica Endsley’s 1995 Articles on Situation Awareness Theory and Measurement. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 50(3), 397–403.
Wojciechowski, R., &Cellary, W. (2013). Evaluation of learners’ attitude toward learning in ARIES augmented reality environments. Computers and Education, 68, 570–585.
Wu, H.-K., Lee, S. W.-Y., Chang, H.-Y., &Liang, J.-C. (2013). Current status, opportunities and challenges of augmented reality in education. Computers & Education, 62, 41–49. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.024
Wuensch, K. L. (2015). An Introduction to Path Analysis. Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints, 1–19.
Xiao Wenlong. (2013). Introduction to Statistical Analysis and Applications : SPSS Chinese+PLS-SEM (SmartPLS). (GOTOP, Ed.). Taipei.
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research : design and methods. Applied Social Research Methods Series ;, 100.
Yoon, C., &Kim, S. (2007). Convenience and TAM in a ubiquitous computing environment: The case of wireless LAN. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications.
Yu, S. Y. S., Deng, L. D. L., &Zhang, Y. Z. Y. (2009). Visualization User Interface for Decision Support Systems. 2009 Ninth International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems, 1, 63–66.
Yuen, A., &Ma, W. (2002). Gender differences in teacher computer acceptance. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 10(3), 365–382.
Zhi-Hao, F. (2010). A Study of military education and training on virtual reality technology –the U.S. Army as an example. Department of Information Management, Chung Hua University. Hsinchu: Chung Hua University.