Background: Heart failure (HF) is a global public health issue, with approximately 1-2% of the adult population and even more than 10% of people aged 70 years and older in developed countries were affected, and most of them report low health-related quality of life (HRQOL) even though they have received evidence-based HF treatments. Identifying and ameliorating potential negative factors that could impact patients’ HRQOL is imperative to create better long-term health-care outcomes for people living with HF, and physical activity (PA) adherence is known to be associated with exercise capacity and clinical outcomes; however, study about PA and HRQOL still limited in Indonesia.
Purpose: This study examined the relationship between demographic characteristics, illness-related factors, and PA with HRQOL in Indonesian patients with HF.
Method: A cross-sectional study design was used in this study. A convenience sample of 180 outpatients with heart failure was recruited from the cardiology unit of a hospital located in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Instruments included demographic characteristics, illness-related factors, self-report health status (SRHS), five times sit to stand test (FTSST), International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ), and Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire (MLHFQ). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, including t-tests, Pearson product-moment, one-way analysis of variance, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis.
Results: A total of 180 participants completed the research. The mean age of the participants was 59.98 (SD= 11.86) years old, and 60% were male. The mean score for HRQOL was 43.14 (SD= 20.74) and for PA was 3007.75 (SD= 4903.54). The health status (r = .24, p < .01), NYHA Class (F = 8.36, p < .01), and FTSST (F = 26.01, p < .01), occupational domain (t = 5.08, p< .01), transportation domain (t = 3.41, p< .001), housework domain (t = 7.44, p< .001), and leisure time (t = 4.76, p< .001) showed significant association with HRQOL. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that after adjusting for education, NYHA Class, Hb, medication and health status; three predictors were significant with HRQOL, including FTSST (β = .36, p< .001), occupational domain (β = -.20 p< .05), and housework domain (β = -.22, p< .05), were predicted 40% of the variance in the HRQOL.
Conclusion: The study found that the NYHA functional classification, health status, domains of PA, and FTSST significantly associated with HRQOL. The FTSST and occupational domain and housework domain of PA were essential factors associated with HRQOL. In the future, improving HRQOL with increasing routine PA including occupational and housework domains should be applied besides medication therapy in patients with stable HF.

References

Aguilar-Farias, N., & Leppe Zamora, J. (2017, Aug). Is a single question of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) valid for measuring sedentary behaviour in the Chilean population? J Sports Sci, 35(16), 1652-1657. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1229010
Akhmad, A. N. (2018). Kualitas hidup pasien Gagal Jantung Kongestif (GJK) berdasarkan karakteristik demografi. Jurnal Keperawatan Soedirman, 11(1), 27-34.
Al Suwaidi, J., Al-Qahtani, A., Asaad, N., Al-Mulla, A. W., Singh, R., & Albinali, H. A. (2012, Feb 1). Comparison of women versus men hospitalized with heart failure (from a 20-year registry in a middle-eastern country 1991-2010). Am J Cardiol, 109(3), 395-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.09.026
Aladin, A. I., Whellan, D., Mentz, R. J., Pastva, A. M., Nelson, M. B., Brubaker, P., Duncan, P., Reeves, G., Rosenberg, P., & Kitzman, D. W. (2021). Relationship of physical function with quality of life in older patients with acute heart failure. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(7), 1836-1845. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17156
Alaloul, F., AbuRuz, M. E., Moser, D. K., Hall, L. A., & Al-Sadi, A. (2017, Mar). Factors associated with quality of life in Arab patients with heart failure. Scand J Caring Sci, 31(1), 104-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12324
Andreae, C., Arestedt, K., Evangelista, L., & Stromberg, A. (2019, Jun). The relationship between physical activity and appetite in patients with heart failure: A prospective observational study. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs, 18(5), 410-417. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515119836567
Anto, E. J., Siagian, L. O., Siahaan, J. M., Silitonga, H. A., & Nugraha, S. E. (2019, May 15). The Relationship between Hypertension and Cognitive Function Impairment in the Elderly. Open Access Maced J Med Sci, 7(9), 1440-1445. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.300
Antoine, S., Vaidya, G., Imam, H., & Villarreal, D. (2017, Jan). Pathophysiologic Mechanisms in Heart Failure: Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System. Am J Med Sci, 353(1), 27-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2016.06.016
Asano, R., Kajimoto, K., Oka, T., Sugiura, R., Okada, H., Kamishima, K., Hirata, T., Sato, N., & investigators of the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Syndromes, r. (2017, Mar 1). Association of New York Heart Association functional class IV symptoms at admission and clinical features with outcomes in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure syndromes. Int J Cardiol, 230, 585-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.052
Audi, G., Korologou, A., Koutelekos, I., Vasilopoulos, G., Karakostas, K., Makrygianaki, K., & Polikandrioti, M. (2017). Factors Affecting Health Related Quality of Life in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure. Cardiol Res Pract, 2017, 4690458. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4690458
Ausili, D., Rebora, P., Di Mauro, S., Riegel, B., Valsecchi, M. G., Paturzo, M., Alvaro, R., & Vellone, E. (2016, Nov). Clinical and socio-demographic determinants of self-care behaviours in patients with heart failure and diabetes mellitus: A multicentre cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud, 63, 18-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.08.006
Badia, X., Roset, M., Herdman, M., & Kind, P. (2001, Jan-Feb). A comparison of United Kingdom and Spanish general population time trade-off values for EQ-5D health states. Med Decis Making, 21(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X0102100102

Baert, A., De Smedt, D., De Sutter, J., De Bacquer, D., Puddu, P. E., Clays, E., & Pardaens, S. (2018, Mar). Factors associated with health-related quality of life in stable ambulatory congestive heart failure patients: Systematic review. Eur J Prev Cardiol, 25(5), 472-481. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487318755795
Banham, D., Karnon, J., & Lynch, J. (2019, Feb 18). Health related quality of life (HRQoL) among Aboriginal South Australians: a perspective using survey-based health utility estimates. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 17(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-019-1107-z
Begic, E., Begic, Z., & Naser, N. (2018, Feb). Clinical Course and Treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy During Twenty Years of Follow-up. Med Arch, 72(1), 68-70. https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2018.72.68-70
Benjamin, E. J., Virani, S. S., Callaway, C. W., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Delling, F. N., & Deo, R. (2018). Heart disease and stroke statistics—2018 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 137(12), e67-e492.
Berg, J., Lindgren, P., Kahan, T., Schill, O., Persson, H., Edner, M., & Mejhert, M. (2014, Jan). Health-related quality of life and long-term morbidity and mortality in patients hospitalised with systolic heart failure. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis, 3, 2048004014548735. https://doi.org/10.1177/2048004014548735
Bertheussen, G. F., Oldervoll, L., Kaasa, S., Sandmael, J. A., & Helbostad, J. L. (2013, Feb). Measurement of physical activity in cancer survivors--a comparison of the HUNT 1 Physical Activity Questionnaire (HUNT 1 PA-Q) with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and aerobic capacity. Support Care Cancer, 21(2), 449-458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-012-1530-8
Bohannon, R. W., Bubela, D. J., Magasi, S. R., Wang, Y. C., & Gershon, R. C. (2010). Sit-to-stand test: Performance and determinants across the age-span. Isokinet Exerc Sci, 18(4), 235-240. https://doi.org/10.3233/IES-2010-0389
Bohme, S., & Renneberg, B. (2015). Predicting Self-Rated Health in Diabetes and Chronic Heart Failure - A Multiple Mediation Model. Front Public Health, 3, 266. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00266
Borland, M., Rosenkvist, A., & Cider, A. (2014, May). A group-based exercise program did not improve physical activity in patients with chronic heart failure and comorbidity: a randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Med, 46(5), 461-467. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1794
Born Lopes, P., Rodacki, A. L. F., Wolf, R., Fisher, K., Bento, P. C. B., & Pereira, G. (2021, Mar-Apr). Can Age Influence Functional Tests Differently to Predict Falls in Nursing Home and Community-Dwelling Older Adults? Exp Aging Res, 47(2), 192-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2020.1871277
Bozkurt, B., Aguilar, D., Deswal, A., Dunbar, S. B., Francis, G. S., Horwich, T., Jessup, M., Kosiborod, M., Pritchett, A. M., Ramasubbu, K., Rosendorff, C., Yancy, C., American Heart Association Heart, F., Transplantation Committee of the Council on Clinical, C., Council on Cardiovascular, S., Anesthesia, Council on, C., Stroke, N., Council on, H., Council on, Q., & Outcomes, R. (2016, Dec 6). Contributory Risk and Management of Comorbidities of Hypertension, Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperlipidemia, and Metabolic Syndrome in Chronic Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 134(23), e535-e578. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000450
Brown, A., Westley, K., Robson, J., Armstrong, L., Matthews, I., Runnett, C., Ripley, D., & Thomas, H. (2020, Jul 9). Furosemide in end-stage heart failure: community subcutaneous infusions. BMJ Support Palliat Care. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2019-002158
Brubaker, P. H., Avis, T., Rejeski, W. J., Mihalko, S. E., Tucker, W. J., & Kitzman, D. W. (2020). Exercise Training Effects on the Relationship of Physical Function and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Older Heart Failure Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention, 40(6), 427-433. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/hcr/2020/00000040/00000006/art00015
Buck, H. G., Dickson, V. V., Fida, R., Riegel, B., D’Agostino, F., Alvaro, R., & Vellone, E. (2015). Predictors of hospitalization and quality of life in heart failure: A model of comorbidity, self-efficacy and self-care. International journal of nursing studies, 52(11), 1714-1722.
Buck, H. G., Lee, C. S., Moser, D. K., Albert, N. M., Lennie, T., Bentley, B., Worrall-Carter, L., & Riegel, B. (2012). Relationship between self-care and health-related quality of life in older adults with moderate to advanced heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 27(1), 8-15.
Bunevicius, A., Tamasauskas, S., Deltuva, V., Tamasauskas, A., & Bunevicius, R. (2013, Dec). Psychological distress symptoms' clusters in brain tumor patients: factor analysis of depression and anxiety scales. Psychooncology, 22(12), 2860-2863. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3354

Butler, J., Filippatos, G., Jamal Siddiqi, T., Brueckmann, M., Bohm, M., Chopra, V. K., Pedro Ferreira, J., Januzzi, J. L., Kaul, S., Pina, I. L., Ponikowski, P., Shah, S. J., Senni, M., Vedin, O., Verma, S., Peil, B., Pocock, S. J., Zannad, F., Packer, M., & Anker, S. D. (2022, Jan 18). Empagliflozin, Health Status, and Quality of Life in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction: The EMPEROR-Preserved Trial. Circulation, 145(3), 184-193. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057812
Canuto Wanderley, F. A., Oliveira, N. L., Marques, E., Moreira, P., Oliveira, J., & Carvalho, J. (2015, Apr). Aerobic versus resistance training effects on health-related quality of life, body composition, and function of older adults. J Appl Gerontol, 34(3), NP143-165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464812468502
Carvalho, V. O., Guimaraes, G. V., Carrara, D., Bacal, F., & Bocchi, E. A. (2009, Jul). Validation of the Portuguese version of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. Arq Bras Cardiol, 93(1), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0066-782x2009000700008
Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985, Mar-Apr). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep, 100(2), 126-131. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3920711
Chambela, M. d. C., Mediano, M. F. F., Carneiro, F. M., Ferreira, R. R., Waghabi, M. C., Mendes, V. G., Oliveira, L. d. S., de Holanda, M. T., de Sousa, A. S., da Costa, A. R., Xavier, S. S., da Silva, G. M. S., & Saraiva, R. M. (2020). Impact of pharmaceutical care on the quality of life of patients with heart failure due to chronic Chagas disease: Randomized clinical trial. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 86(1), 143-154. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14152
Chan, E., Giallauria, F., Vigorito, C., & Smart, N. A. (2016). Exercise training in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, 86(1-2).
Charlson, M. E., Ales, K. L., Simon, R., & MacKenzie, C. R. (1987, Dec). Why predictive indexes perform less well in validation studies. Is it magic or methods? Arch Intern Med, 147(12), 2155-2161. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3689067
Chen, X., Xin, Y., Hu, W., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Z., & Zhou, Y. (2019). Quality of life and outcomes in heart failure patients with ejection fractions in different ranges. PloS one, 14(6), e0218983. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6597164/pdf/pone.0218983.pdf
Choi, E. Y., Park, J. S., Min, D., Lee, H. S., & Ahn, J. A. (2022, Mar 8). Association between self-management behaviour and quality of life in people with heart failure: a retrospective study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 22(1), 90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-022-02535-7
Chu, A. H. Y., & Moy, F. M. (2015). Reliability and validity of the Malay International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-M) among a Malay population in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), NP2381-NP2389. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539512444120
Citlik-Saritas, S., & Dural, G. (2020, Jun). Effect of Medication and Dietary Compliance on Rehospitalization and the Quality of Life of Patients with Heart Failure. Florence Nightingale J Nurs, 28(2), 184-193. https://doi.org/10.5152/FNJN.2020.19072
Clarke, J. D., Riello, R., Allen, L. A., Psotka, M. A., Teerlink, J. R., Lindenfeld, J., Desai, N. R., & Ahmad, T. (2021, Feb). Effect of Inotropes on Patient-Reported Health Status in End-Stage Heart Failure: A Review of Published Clinical Trials. Circ Heart Fail, 14(2), e007759. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007759
Cohen, R., Gasca, N. C., McClelland, R. L., Alcántara, C., Jacobs Jr, D. R., Roux, A. D., Rozanski, A., & Shea, S. (2016). Effect of physical activity on the relation between psychosocial factors and cardiovascular events (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). The American journal of cardiology, 117(10), 1545-1551. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4856538/pdf/nihms765112.pdf
Comin-Colet, J., Anguita, M., Formiga, F., Almenar, L., Crespo-Leiro, M. G., Manzano, L., Muniz, J., Chaves, J., de Frutos, T., Enjuanes, C., & researchers, V.-I. m. s. (2016, Mar). Health-related Quality of Life of Patients With Chronic Systolic Heart Failure in Spain: Results of the VIDA-IC Study. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed), 69(3), 256-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2015.07.030
Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjostrom, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., Pratt, M., Ekelund, U., Yngve, A., Sallis, J. F., & Oja, P. (2003, Aug). International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 35(8), 1381-1395. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB
Da Silva, V. Z., Lima, A. C., Vargas, F. T., Cahalin, L. P., Arena, R., & Cipriano Jr, G. (2013). Association between physical activity measurements and key parameters of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with heart failure. Journal of cardiac failure, 19(9), 635-640. https://www.onlinejcf.com/article/S1071-9164(13)00569-1/fulltext

Dalal, H. M., Taylor, R. S., Jolly, K., Davis, R. C., Doherty, P., Miles, J., Van Lingen, R., Warren, F. C., Green, C., & Wingham, J. (2019). The effects and costs of home-based rehabilitation for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: The REACH-HF multicentre randomized controlled trial. European journal of preventive cardiology, 26(3), 262-272. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2047487318806358
Deka, P., Almenar, L., Pathak, D., Klompstra, L., Lopez-Vilella, R., & Marques-Sule, E. (2021, Dec). Depression mediates physical activity readiness and physical activity in patients with heart failure. ESC Heart Fail, 8(6), 5259-5265. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13609
Deka, P., Pozehl, B., Williams, M. A., & Yates, B. (2017). Adherence to recommended exercise guidelines in patients with heart failure. Heart failure reviews, 22(1), 41-53. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10741-016-9584-1
do Nascimento, D. M., Machado, K. C., Bock, P. M., Saffi, M. A. L., Goldraich, L. A., Silveira, A. D., Clausell, N., & Schaan, B. D. (2020). Cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and quality of life of patients with heart failure undergoing a functional training program: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. BMC cardiovascular disorders, 20(1), 200. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12872-020-01481-6
Doi, S., Tamura, A., Minagawa, T., Osaka, A., & Sata, M. (2020). Classification of physical activity in patients with heart failure categorized as New York Heart Association class I or II. The journal of medical investigation : JMI, 67(1.2), 124-133. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.2152/jmi.67.124
Doukky, R., Mangla, A., Ibrahim, Z., Poulin, M.-F., Avery, E., Collado, F. M., Kaplan, J., Richardson, D., & Powell, L. H. (2016). Impact of physical inactivity on mortality in patients with heart failure. The American journal of cardiology, 117(7), 1135-1143. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4799780/pdf/nihms752783.pdf
Du, H., Li, X., Zhao, W., & Jiang, N. (2022). The Difference between Sacubitril Valsartan and Valsartan on Vascular Endothelial Function, APN, MMP-9, and BNP Levels in Patients with Hypertension and Chronic Heart Failure. J Healthc Eng, 2022, 9494981. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9494981
Dunderdale, K., Thompson, D. R., Beer, S. F., Furze, G., & Miles, J. N. (2008). Development and validation of a patient-centered health-related quality-of-life measure: the Chronic Heart Failure Assessment Tool. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 23(4), 364-370.
Elkinton, J. R. (1966, Mar). Medicine and the quality of life. Ann Intern Med, 64(3), 711-714. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-64-3-711
Ellingson, L. D., Schwabacher, I. J., Kim, Y., Welk, G. J., & Cook, D. B. (2016). Validity of an Integrative Method for Processing Physical Activity Data. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 48(8), 1629-1638.
Engelen, L., Bauman, A., & Physical Activity Network, g. (2017, Mar 1). Capacity building in physical activity and non-communicable disease prevention: a low-cost online training course can reach isolated practitioners. Glob Health Promot, 24(1), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975915586957
Ensign, C. M., & Hawkins, S. Y. (2017, Jul/Aug). Improving Patient Self-Care and Reducing Readmissions Through an Outpatient Heart Failure Case Management Program. Prof Case Manag, 22(4), 190-196. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCM.0000000000000232

Erceg, P., Despotovic, N., Milosevic, D. P., Soldatovic, I., Mihajlovic, G., Vukcevic, V., Mitrovic, P., Markovic-Nikolic, N., Micovic, M., Mitrovic, D., & Davidovic, M. (2019). Prognostic value of health-related quality of life in elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure. Clin Interv Aging, 14, 935-945. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S201403
Ergatoudes, C., Schaufelberger, M., Andersson, B., Pivodic, A., Dahlstrom, U., & Fu, M. (2019, Sep). Non-cardiac comorbidities and mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced vs. preserved ejection fraction: a study using the Swedish Heart Failure Registry. Clin Res Cardiol, 108(9), 1025-1033. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-019-01430-0
Fan, X., & Lv, F. (2016, Jun). Psychosocial factors associated with self-efficacy for managing chronic disease in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs, 15(4), 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515114566157
Fathipour-Azar, Z., & Hejazi Shirmard, M. (2018). Applying person-environment-occupation in cardiac disease: A case report. Function and Disability Journal, 1(2), 65-70.
Ferrans, C. E. (1990, Nov). Quality of life: conceptual issues. Semin Oncol Nurs, 6(4), 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-2081(90)90026-2
Fitz, J., Edelmann, F., Hasenfuss, G., Sandek, A., Nolte, K., Hashemi, D., Trippel, T. D., Wachter, R., & Herrmann-Lingen, C. (2021, Dec). Influence of baseline parameters on one-year physical, mental, and health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. ESC Heart Fail, 8(6), 4635-4643. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13593
Floegel, T. A., & Perez, G. A. (2016). An integrative review of physical activity/exercise intervention effects on function and health-related quality of life in older adults with heart failure. Geriatric Nursing, 37(5), 340-347. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108691/pdf/nihms781226.pdf
Fonseca, A. F., Lahoz, R., Proudfoot, C., Corda, S., Loefroth, E., Jackson, J., Cotton, S., & Studer, R. (2021). Burden and Quality of Life Among Female and Male Patients with Heart Failure in Europe: A Real-World Cross-Sectional Study. Patient Prefer Adherence, 15, 1693-1706. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S312200
Formiga, F., Moreno-Gonzalez, R., Chivite, D., Franco, J., Montero, A., & Corbella, X. (2018, Aug). High comorbidity, measured by the Charlson Comorbidity Index, associates with higher 1-year mortality risks in elderly patients experiencing a first acute heart failure hospitalization. Aging Clin Exp Res, 30(8), 927-933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-017-0853-1
Fotos, N. V., Giakoumidakis, K., Kollia, Z., Galanis, P., Copanitsanou, P., Pananoudaki, E., & Brokalaki, H. (2013). Health‐related quality of life of patients with severe heart failure. A cross‐sectional multicentre study. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences, 27(3), 686-694. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2012.01078.x
Furlanetto, L. M., Mendlowicz, M. V., & Bueno, J. R. (2005). The validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form as a screening and diagnostic instrument for moderate and severe depression in medical inpatients. Journal of affective disorders, 86(1), 87-91.
Garay, A., Tapia, J., Anguita, M., Formiga, F., Almenar, L., Crespo-Leiro, M. G., Manzano, L., Muniz, J., Chaves, J., De Frutos, T., Moliner, P., Corbella, X., Enjuanes-Grau, C., Comin-Colet, J., & Vida-Ic Multicenter Study Investigators, O. B. O. (2020, Aug 31). Gender Differences in Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure: Results of the VIDA Multicenter Study. J Clin Med, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092825
Garcia-Olmos, L., Batlle, M., Aguilar, R., Porro, C., Carmona, M., Alberquilla, A., Sanchez-Gomez, L. M., Monge, E., Lopez-Rodriguez, A. B., Benito, L., Banos, N., Simon, A., Martinez-Alvarez, M. A., Luque, E. M., & Garcia-Benito, C. (2019). Disability and quality of life in heart failure patients: a cross-sectional study. Family practice, 36(6), 693-698. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmz017
Garin, O., Ferrer, M., Pont, A., Wiklund, I., Van Ganse, E., Vilagut, G., Almansa, J., Ribera, A., & Alonso, J. (2013, Dec). Evidence on the global measurement model of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. Qual Life Res, 22(10), 2675-2684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-013-0383-z
Gary, R. A., Paul, S., Corwin, E., Butts, B., Miller, A. H., Hepburn, K., & Waldrop, D. (2020, Oct 13). Exercise and Cognitive Training Intervention Improves Self-Care, Quality of Life and Functional Capacity in Persons With Heart Failure. J Appl Gerontol, 733464820964338. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464820964338
Gauthier, A. P., Lariviere, M., & Young, N. (2009). Psychometric properties of the IPAQ: a validation study in a sample of northern Franco-Ontarians. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6(s1), S54-S60.
Geidl, W., Schlesinger, S., Mino, E., Miranda, L., Ryan, A., Bartsch, K., Janz, L., & Pfeifer, K. (2019). Dose–response relationship between physical activity and mortality in people with non-communicable diseases: a study protocol for the systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ open, 9(9), e028653. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6747656/pdf/bmjopen-2018-028653.pdf

Gerges, M., Gerges, C., Pistritto, A. M., Lang, M. B., Trip, P., Jakowitsch, J., Binder, T., & Lang, I. M. (2015, Nov 15). Pulmonary Hypertension in Heart Failure. Epidemiology, Right Ventricular Function, and Survival. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 192(10), 1234-1246. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201503-0529OC
German, C. A., Brubaker, P. H., Nelson, M. B., Fanning, J., Ye, F., & Kitzman, D. W. (2021, Jun). Relationships Between Objectively Measured Physical Activity, Exercise Capacity, and Quality of Life in Older Patients With Obese Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Card Fail, 27(6), 635-641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.12.025
Ghafoor, H., Ahmad, R. A., Nordbeck, P., Ritter, O., Pauli, P., & Schulz, S. M. (2019). A cross-cultural comparison of the roles of emotional intelligence, metacognition, and negative coping for health-related quality of life in German versus Pakistani patients with chronic heart failure. British journal of health psychology, 24(4), 828-846. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12381
Ghorbani Saeedian, R., Nagyova, I., Klein, D., Skorvanek, M., Rosenberger, J., Gdovinova, Z., Groothoff, J. W., & van Dijk, J. P. (2014, Jul). Self-rated health mediates the association between functional status and health-related quality of life in Parkinson's disease. J Clin Nurs, 23(13-14), 1970-1977. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12442
Goldberg, A., Chavis, M., Watkins, J., & Wilson, T. (2012, Aug). The five-times-sit-to-stand test: validity, reliability and detectable change in older females. Aging Clin Exp Res, 24(4), 339-344. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325265

Gonzalez-Saenz de Tejada, M., Bilbao, A., Ansola, L., Quiros, R., Garcia-Perez, L., Navarro, G., & Escobar, A. (2019, Feb 14). Responsiveness and minimal clinically important difference of the Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 17(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-019-1104-2
Green, C. P., Porter, C. B., Bresnahan, D. R., & Spertus, J. A. (2000, Apr). Development and evaluation of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire: a new health status measure for heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol, 35(5), 1245-1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00531-3
Grove, S. K., & Cipher, D. J. (2019). Statistics for nursing research-e-book: a workbook for evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Guglin, M., Win, C. M., Darbinyan, N., & Wu, Y. (2012, Sep-Oct). Predictors of right ventricular systolic dysfunction in compensated and decompensated heart failure. Congest Heart Fail, 18(5), 278-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7133.2012.00289.x
Gulea, C., Zakeri, R., & Quint, J. K. (2019, Sep 1). Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on readmission after hospitalization for acute heart failure: A nationally representative US cohort study. Int J Cardiol, 290, 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.04.087
Gurwitz, J. H., Magid, D. J., Smith, D. H., Tabada, G. H., Sung, S. H., Allen, L. A., McManus, D. D., Goldberg, R. J., Tisminetzky, M., & Go, A. S. (2017, Dec). Treatment Effectiveness in Heart Failure with Comorbidity: Lung Disease and Kidney Disease. J Am Geriatr Soc, 65(12), 2610-2618. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15062
Guyatt, G. H., Nogradi, S., Halcrow, S., Singer, J., Sullivan, M. J., & Fallen, E. L. (1989). Development and testing of a new measure of health status for clinical trials in heart failure. Journal of general internal medicine, 4(2), 101-107.
Haedtke, C., Smith, M., VanBuren, J., Klein, D., & Turvey, C. (2017a). THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PAIN, DEPRESSION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE. The Journal of cardiovascular nursing, 32(5), E21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5555784/pdf/nihms835601.pdf
Haedtke, C., Smith, M., VanBuren, J., Klein, D., & Turvey, C. (2017b). The Relationships Among Pain, Depression, and Physical Activity in Patients With Heart Failure. The Journal of cardiovascular nursing, 32(5), E21-E25. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000399
Hagströmer, M., Oja, P., & Sjöström, M. (2006). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ): a study of concurrent and construct validity. Public health nutrition, 9(6), 755-762.
Hariawan, H., Fathoni, A., & Purnamawati, D. (2019). Hubungan gaya hidup (pola makan dan aktivitas fisik) dengan kejadian diabetes melitus di Rumah Sakit Umum Provinsi NTB. Jurnal Keperawatan Terpadu (Integrated Nursing Journal), 1(1), 1-7.
Hastuti, J. (2013). Anthropometry and body composition of Indonesian adults: an evaluation of body image, eating behaviours, and physical activity Queensland University of Technology].
Haykowsky, M. J., Brubaker, P. H., Morgan, T. M., Kritchevsky, S., Eggebeen, J., & Kitzman, D. W. (2013, Aug). Impaired aerobic capacity and physical functional performance in older heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction: role of lean body mass. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 68(8), 968-975. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glt011
Heidenreich, P. A., Trogdon, J. G., Khavjou, O. A., Butler, J., Dracup, K., Ezekowitz, M. D., Finkelstein, E. A., Hong, Y., Johnston, S. C., Khera, A., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Nelson, S. A., Nichol, G., Orenstein, D., Wilson, P. W., Woo, Y. J., American Heart Association Advocacy Coordinating, C., Stroke, C., Council on Cardiovascular, R., Intervention, Council on Clinical, C., Council on, E., Prevention, Council on, A., Thrombosis, Vascular, B., Council on, C., Critical, C., Perioperative, Resuscitation, Council on Cardiovascular, N., Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular, D., Council on Cardiovascular, S., Anesthesia, Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of, C., & Outcomes, R. (2011, Mar 1). Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 123(8), 933-944. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820a55f5
Heo, S., Moser, D. K., Lennie, T. A., Fischer, M., Kim, J., Lee, M., Walsh, M. N., & Ounpraseuth, S. (2018, Sep/Oct). Changes in Heart Failure Symptoms are Associated With Changes in Health-related Quality of Life Over 12 Months in Patients With Heart Failure. J Cardiovasc Nurs, 33(5), 460-466. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000493
Heo, S., Moser, D. K., Lennie, T. A., Fischer, M., Kim, J., Walsh, M. N., Ounpraseuth, S., & Turrise, S. (2020). Prediction of Heart Failure Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life at 12 Months From Baseline Modifiable Factors in Patients With Heart Failure. The Journal of cardiovascular nursing, 35(2), 116-125. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000642
Heo, S., Moser, D. K., Lennie, T. A., Fischer, M., Smith, E., & Walsh, M. N. (2014, Nov). Modifiable correlates of physical symptoms and health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure: a cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud, 51(11), 1482-1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.03.005
Heo, S., Moser, D. K., Riegel, B., Hall, L. A., & Christman, N. (2005, Jul-Aug). Testing the psychometric properties of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire. Nurs Res, 54(4), 265-272. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200507000-00009
Hlatky, M. A., Boineau, R. E., Higginbotham, M. B., Lee, K. L., Mark, D. B., Califf, R. M., Cobb, F. R., & Pryor, D. B. (1989, Sep 15). A brief self-administered questionnaire to determine functional capacity (the Duke Activity Status Index). Am J Cardiol, 64(10), 651-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(89)90496-7
Höfer, S., Schmid, J. P., Frick, M., Benzer, W., Laimer, H., Oldridge, N., & Saner, H. (2008). Psychometric properties of the MacNew heart disease health‐related quality of life instrument in patients with heart failure. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 14(4), 500-506. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2007.00905.x
Holland, R., Rechel, B., Stepien, K., Harvey, I., & Brooksby, I. (2010, Feb). Patients' self-assessed functional status in heart failure by New York Heart Association class: a prognostic predictor of hospitalizations, quality of life and death. J Card Fail, 16(2), 150-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.08.010
Holtermann, A., Marott, J. L., Gyntelberg, F., Søgaard, K., Suadicani, P., Mortensen, O. S., Prescott, E., & Schnohr, P. (2013). Does the benefit on survival from leisure time physical activity depend on physical activity at work? A prospective cohort study. PloS one, 8(1), e54548. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3547911/pdf/pone.0054548.pdf
Hübner, L., & Voelcker-Rehage, C. (2017). Does physical activity benefit motor performance and learning of upper extremity tasks in older adults?–A systematic review. European review of aging and physical activity, 14(1), 1-19.
Hummel, S. L., Herald, J., Alpert, C., Gretebeck, K. A., Champoux, W. S., Dengel, D. R., Vaitkevicius, P. V., & Alexander, N. B. (2016, Jul). Submaximal oxygen uptake kinetics, functional mobility, and physical activity in older adults with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. J Geriatr Cardiol, 13(5), 450-457. https://doi.org/10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.05.004
Hur, S. A., Guler, S. A., Khalil, N., Camp, P. G., Guenette, J. A., Swigris, J. J., & Ryerson, C. J. (2019, Jan). Minimal Important Difference for Physical Activity and Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in Interstitial Lung Disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc, 16(1), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201804-265OC
Ibanez, B., James, S., Agewall, S., Antunes, M. J., Bucciarelli-Ducci, C., Bueno, H., Caforio, A. L. P., Crea, F., Goudevenos, J. A., Halvorsen, S., Hindricks, G., Kastrati, A., Lenzen, M. J., Prescott, E., Roffi, M., Valgimigli, M., Varenhorst, C., Vranckx, P., Widimsky, P., & Group, E. S. C. S. D. (2018, Jan 7). 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J, 39(2), 119-177. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393

Igwesi-Chidobe, C. N., Godfrey, E. L., & Kengne, A. P. (2015, Aug 12). Effective components of exercise and physical activity-related behaviour-change interventions for chronic non-communicable diseases in Africa: protocol for a systematic mixed studies review with meta-analysis. BMJ open, 5(8), e008036. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008036
Ishaque, S., Johnson, J. A., & Vohra, S. (2019, Apr). Individualized health-related quality of life instrument Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile (MYMOP) and its adaptations: a critical appraisal. Qual Life Res, 28(4), 879-893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-2046-6
Izawa, K. P., Watanabe, S., Oka, K., Hiraki, K., Morio, Y., Kasahara, Y., Takeichi, N., Tsukamoto, T., Osada, N., & Omiya, K. (2011, Oct 6). Physical activity in relation to exercise capacity in chronic heart failure patients. Int J Cardiol, 152(1), 152-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.07.069
Jaarsma, T., Hill, L., Bayes-Genis, A., La Rocca, H. B., Castiello, T., Celutkiene, J., Marques-Sule, E., Plymen, C. M., Piper, S. E., Riegel, B., Rutten, F. H., Ben Gal, T., Bauersachs, J., Coats, A. J. S., Chioncel, O., Lopatin, Y., Lund, L. H., Lainscak, M., Moura, B., Mullens, W., Piepoli, M. F., Rosano, G., Seferovic, P., & Stromberg, A. (2021, Jan). Self-care of heart failure patients: practical management recommendations from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail, 23(1), 157-174. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.2008
Jessup, M., Drazner, M. H., Book, W., Cleveland, J. C., Jr., Dauber, I., Farkas, S., Ginwalla, M., Katz, J. N., Kirkwood, P., Kittleson, M. M., Marine, J. E., Mather, P., Morris, A. A., Polk, D. M., Sakr, A., Schlendorf, K. H., & Vorovich, E. E. (2017, Jun). 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA/ISHLT/ACP Advanced Training Statement on Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology (Revision of the ACCF/AHA/ACP/HFSA/ISHLT 2010 Clinical Competence Statement on Management of Patients With Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant): A Report of the ACC Competency Management Committee. Circ Heart Fail, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.1161/HHF.0000000000000021
Jiang, Y. Y., Yang, Z. X., Rong, N., Zhu, Y. Q., Li, Z. Y., Yang, L. C., Yi, Z., & Zhao, W. H. (2013). Effectiveness analysis on the physical activity and the health benefit of a community population based program. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 26(6), 468-473. http://www.besjournal.com/en/article/doi/10.3967/0895-3988.2013.06.007
Jurakic, D., Pedisic, Z., & Greblo, Z. (2010, Nov). Physical activity in different domains and health-related quality of life: a population-based study. Qual Life Res, 19(9), 1303-1309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-010-9705-6
Kajimoto, K., Sato, N., Takano, T., & investigators of the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Syndromes, r. (2016, Aug). Functional mitral regurgitation at discharge and outcomes in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure with a preserved or reduced ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail, 18(8), 1051-1059. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.562
Kao, C. W., Tseng, L. F., Lin, W. S., & Cheng, S. M. (2014, Jul). Association of Psychosocial Factors and Heart Rate Variability in Heart Failure Patients. West J Nurs Res, 36(6), 769-787. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945913505922
Kapstad, H., Rokne, B., & Stavem, K. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Brief Pain Inventory among patients with osteoarthritis undergoing total hip replacement surgery. Health and quality of life outcomes, 8(1), 1-8.

Kawecka-Jaszcz, K., Klocek, M., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., & Bulpitt, C. J. (2012). Health-related quality of life in cardiovascular patients. Springer.
KemenKes, R. (2018). Hasil utama RISKESDAS 2018. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan.
Kepka, S., Baumann, C., Anota, A., Buron, G., Spitz, E., Auquier, P., Guillemin, F., & Mercier, M. (2013, Aug 5). The relationship between traits optimism and anxiety and health-related quality of life in patients hospitalized for chronic diseases: data from the SATISQOL study. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 11, 134. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-134
Kessing, D., Denollet, J., Widdershoven, J., & Kupper, N. (2017, Oct). Self-care and health-related quality of life in chronic heart failure: A longitudinal analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs, 16(7), 605-613. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515117702021
Kim, H. Y., Kim, J. K., Shin, G. G., Han, J. A., & Kim, J. W. (2019, Dec). Association between Abdominal Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults with Normal Body Mass Index: Based on the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Obes Metab Syndr, 28(4), 262-270. https://doi.org/10.7570/jomes.2019.28.4.262
Koirala, B., Dennison Himmelfarb, C. R., Budhathoki, C., & Davidson, P. M. (2020, Feb). Heart failure self-care, factors influencing self-care and the relationship with health-related quality of life: A cross-sectional observational study. Heliyon, 6(2), e03412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03412
Konstam, V., Gregory, D., Chen, J., Weintraub, A., Patel, A., Levine, D., Venesy, D., Perry, K., Delano, C., & Konstam, M. A. (2011). Health-related quality of life in a multicenter randomized controlled comparison of telephonic disease management and automated home monitoring in patients recently hospitalized with heart failure: SPAN-CHF II trial. Journal of cardiac failure, 17(2), 151-157. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.08.012
Kozhekenova, L. G., Lanzoni, M., Rakhypbekov, T. K., Mussakhanova, A. K., Zurikanov, K. S., & Castaldi, S. (2014, Nov-Dec). Health-related quality of life in Kazakh heart failure patients evaluated by the Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire and comparison with a published large international sample. Ann Ig, 26(6), 547-552. https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2014.2013
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ‐9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of general internal medicine, 16(9), 606-613. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1495268/pdf/jgi_01114.pdf
Kronberger, C., Mousavi, R. A., Ozturk, B., Dachs, T. M., Rettl, R., Camuz-Ligios, L., Litschauer, B., & Badr-Eslam, R. (2022, Sep-Oct). Exercise capacity assessed with the one-minute sit-to-stand test (1-min STST) and echocardiographic findings in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Heart Lung, 55, 134-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.05.001
Kupper, N., Pelle, A. J., Szabo, B. M., & Denollet, J. (2013). The relationship between Type D personality, affective symptoms and hemoglobin levels in chronic heart failure. PloS one, 8(3), e58370. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058370
Kusuma, D. Y., Shatri, H., Alwi, I., & Abdullah, M. (2019). Validity and Reliability Studies of the Indonesian Version of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ): Quality of Life Questionnaire for Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Acta medica Indonesiana, 51(1), 26-33. http://www.actamedindones.org/index.php/ijim/article/download/649/pdf
Kyriakou, M., Middleton, N., Ktisti, S., Philippou, K., & Lambrinou, E. (2020, Nov). Supportive Care Interventions to Promote Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients Living With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Heart Lung Circ, 29(11), 1633-1647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2020.04.019
Laksmi, I. A. A., Suprapta, M. A., & Surinten, N. W. (2020). Hubungan Self Care Dengan Kualitas Hidup Pasien Gagal Jantung Di RSD Mangusada. Care: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan, 8(1), 39.
Lavie, C. J., Arena, R., Swift, D. L., Johannsen, N. M., Sui, X., Lee, D.-c., Earnest, C. P., Church, T. S., O’Keefe, J. H., & Milani, R. V. (2015). Exercise and the cardiovascular system: clinical science and cardiovascular outcomes. Circulation research, 117(2), 207-219. https://doi.org/pdf/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.305205
Lawton, M. P., Moss, M., Fulcomer, M., & Kleban, M. H. (1982, Jan). A research and service oriented multilevel assessment instrument. J Gerontol, 37(1), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/37.1.91
Lee, H., Boo, S., Yu, J., Suh, S.-R., Chun, K. J., & Kim, J. H. (2017). Physical functioning, physical activity, exercise self-efficacy, and quality of life among individuals with chronic heart failure in Korea: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Journal of Nursing Research, 25(2), 131-139.
Liao, Y.-H., Kao, T.-W., Peng, T.-C., & Chang, Y.-W. (2021). Gender differences in the association between physical activity and health-related quality of life among community-dwelling elders. Aging clinical and experimental research, 33, 901-908. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40520-020-01597-x
Lindgren, M., & Borjesson, M. (2021). The importance of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness for patients with heart failure. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 176, 108833. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108833
Lipscomb, J., Trinkoff, A., Brady, B., & Geiger-Brown, J. (2004, Aug). Health care system changes and reported musculoskeletal disorders among registered nurses. Am J Public Health, 94(8), 1431-1435. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.8.1431
Liu, L., Yin, X., Chen, M., Jia, H., Eisen, H. J., & Hofman, A. (2018). Geographic Variation in Heart Failure Mortality and Its Association With Hypertension, Diabetes, and Behavioral-Related Risk Factors in 1,723 Counties of the United States. Front Public Health, 6, 132. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00132
Loprinzi, P. D. (2016a). The effects of free-living physical activity on mortality after congestive heart failure diagnosis. International journal of cardiology, 203, 598-599. https://www.internationaljournalofcardiology.com/article/S0167-5273(15)30827-5/fulltext
Loprinzi, P. D. (2016b). Implications of light-intensity physical activity in improving health-related quality of life among congestive heart failure patients. International journal of cardiology, 212, 16-17. https://www.internationaljournalofcardiology.com/article/S0167-5273(16)30426-0/fulltext
Loukine, L., O'Donnell, S., Goldner, E. M., McRae, L., & Allen, H. (2016, Dec). Health status, activity limitations, work-related restrictions and level of disability among Canadians with mood and/or anxiety disorders. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can, 36(12), 289-301. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.36.12.03 (Etat de sante, limitations d'activite, restrictions professionnelles et degre d'invalidite chez les Canadiens atteints d'un trouble de l'humeur ou d'anxiete.)
Lukas, S., Ramatillah, D. L., Latuharhary, A., Aldi, Y., & Wahyuni, F. S. (2021). Mortality of Hemodialysis Patients with Comorbidities at RSUP Prof Dr RD Kandou, Manado, North Sulawesi. 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Science and Clinical Pharmacy 2021 (ICCSCP 2021),
Maggioni, A. P. (2015, Oct). Epidemiology of Heart Failure in Europe. Heart Fail Clin, 11(4), 625-635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2015.07.015
Mahanani, A. R., Jadmiko, A. W., & Ambarwati, W. N. (2017). Gambaran Kualitas Hidup pada Pasien Gagal Jantung Kongestif di Kota Surakarta Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta].
Malecka, B., Zabek, A., Lelakowski, J., & Malecki, J. (2012). [Change of quality of life and NYHA class in patients with advanced heart failure and permanent atrial fibrillation after 12-months period from upgrade of pacing system]. Zmiana jakosci zycia oraz klasyfikacji NYHA u chorych z zaawansowana niewydolnoscia serca i utrwalonym migotaniem przedsionkow po 12 miesiacach od rozbudowy systemu stymulacji., 32(187), 9-13. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=med9&NEWS=N&AN=22400172
Mannheimer, B., Andersson, B., Carlsson, L., & Währborg, P. (2007). The validation of a new quality of life questionnaire for patients with congestive heart failure–an extension of the Cardiac Health Profile. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 41(4), 235-241.

Mastenbroek, M. H., Pedersen, S. S., Meine, M., & Versteeg, H. (2016, Jun). Distinct trajectories of disease-specific health status in heart failure patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Qual Life Res, 25(6), 1451-1460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-015-1176-3
Mazurek, J. A., & Jessup, M. (2015, Dec). Understanding Heart Failure. Card Electrophysiol Clin, 7(4), 557-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccep.2015.08.001
McGuinty, C., Leong, D., Weiss, A., MacIver, J., Kaya, E., Hurlburt, L., Billia, F., Ross, H., & Wentlandt, K. (2020, May). Heart Failure: A Palliative Medicine Review of Disease, Therapies, and Medications With a Focus on Symptoms, Function, and Quality of Life. J Pain Symptom Manage, 59(5), 1127-1146 e1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.12.357
Melo, T. A., Duarte, A. C. M., Bezerra, T. S., Franca, F., Soares, N. S., & Brito, D. (2019). The Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test: safety and reliability with older intensive care unit patients at discharge. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva, 31(1), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-507X.20190006 (Teste de Sentar-Levantar Cinco Vezes: seguranca e confiabilidade em pacientes idosos na alta da unidade de terapia intensiva.)
Mengesha, M. M., Roba, H. S., Ayele, B. H., & Beyene, A. S. (2019, Aug 22). Level of physical activity among urban adults and the socio-demographic correlates: a population-based cross-sectional study using the global physical activity questionnaire. BMC public health, 19(1), 1160. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7465-y
Meriem, M., Cherif, J., Toujani, S., Ouahchi, Y., Hmida, A. B., & Beji, M. (2015, Oct-Dec). Sit-to-stand test and 6-min walking test correlation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Thorac Med, 10(4), 269-273. https://doi.org/10.4103/1817-1737.165289
Milita, F., Handayani, S., & Setiaji, B. (2021). Kejadian diabetes mellitus tipe II pada lanjut usia di Indonesia (analisis riskesdas 2018). Jurnal Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan, 17(1), 9-20.
Miyahara, S., Fujimoto, N., Dohi, K., Sugiura, E., Moriwaki, K., Omori, T., Takeuchi, T., Kumagai, N., Nakamori, S., Yamada, N., & Ito, M. (2018, May). Postdischarge Light-Intensity Physical Activity Predicts Rehospitalization of Older Japanese Patients With Heart Failure. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev, 38(3), 182-186. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0000000000000296
Miyoshi, A., Nishii, N., Okamoto, Y., Fujita, S., Kawamoto, K., Okawa, K., Hiramatsu, S., Nakamura, K., Morita, H., & Ito, H. (2020). Lifestyle Modification or Medication to Improve Condition of Patients With Asymptomatic Heart Failure―Monitoring and Management of OptiVol Alert to Reduce Heart Failure Hospitalization II (MOMOTARO II) Study―. Circulation Journal, CJ-19-0986.
Moon, J. R., Jung, Y. Y., Jeon, E.-S., Choi, J.-O., Hwang, J. M., & Lee, S.-C. (2012). Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. Heart & Lung, 41(1), 57-66.
Moreno-Suarez, I., Liew, S., Dembo, L. G., Larbalestier, R., & Maiorana, A. (2020, Jan). Physical Activity Is Higher in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Device Compared with Chronic Heart Failure. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 52(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002104
Morys, J. M., Pachalska, M., Bellwon, J., & Gruchala, M. (2016, Sep-Dec). Cognitive impairment, symptoms of depression, and health-related quality of life in patients with severe stable heart failure. Int J Clin Health Psychol, 16(3), 230-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2016.03.002
Moule, P., Aveyard, H., & Goodman, M. (2016). Nursing research: An introduction. Sage.
Murase, N. (2002). Validity and reliability of Japanese version of international physical activity questionnaire. J Health Welfare Stat., 49(11), 1-9.
Nagai, T., & Anzai, T. (2016, Aug). [NYHA functional classification and AHA/ACC Stages for heart failure management]. Nihon Rinsho, 74 Suppl 6, 340-344. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30547504
Napier, R., McNulty, S. E., Eton, D. T., Redfield, M. M., AbouEzzeddine, O., & Dunlay, S. M. (2018). Comparing Measures to Assess Health-Related Quality of Life in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. JACC. Heart failure, 6(7), 552-560. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2018.02.006 (Comment in: JACC Heart Fail. 2018 Jul;6(7):561-563; PMID: 29885950 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29885950])
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bedirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005, Apr). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc, 53(4), 695-699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
Nayor, M., & Vasan, R. S. (2015). Preventing heart failure: the role of physical activity. Current opinion in cardiology, 30(5), 543. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615715/pdf/nihms729736.pdf
Nguyen, C., Zhang, X., Evers, T., Willey, V. J., Tan, H., & Power, T. P. (2020, Sep). Real-World Treatment Patterns, Healthcare Resource Utilization, and Costs for Patients with Newly Diagnosed Systolic versus Diastolic Heart Failure. Am Health Drug Benefits, 13(4), 166-174. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33343816
Nichols, T. R. (2015, Jul-Aug). Health-Related Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Persons With Ostomies: The Physical Functioning Domain. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs, 42(4), 374-377. https://doi.org/10.1097/WON.0000000000000153
Nwabuo, C. C., Moreira, H. T., Vasconcellos, H. D., Mewton, N., Opdahl, A., Ogunyankin, K. O., Ambale-Venkatesh, B., Schreiner, P. J., Armstrong, A. A. C., Lewis, C. E., Jacobs, D. R., Lloyd-Jones, D., Gidding, S. S., & Lima, J. A. C. (2019, May 1). Left ventricular global function index predicts incident heart failure and cardiovascular disease in young adults: the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 20(5), 533-540. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jey123
Okwose, N. C., Avery, L., O’Brien, N., Cassidy, S., Charman, S. J., Bailey, K., Velicki, L., Olivotto, I., Brennan, P., & MacGowan, G. A. (2019). Acceptability, feasibility and preliminary evaluation of a novel, personalised, home-based physical activity intervention for chronic heart failure (Active-at-Home-HF): a pilot study. Sports medicine-open, 5(1), 1-9.
Parcha, V., Patel, N., Kalra, R., Bhargava, A., Prabhu, S. D., Arora, G., & Arora, P. (2020, Jun 15). Clinical, Demographic, and Imaging Correlates of Anemia in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (from the RELAX Trial). Am J Cardiol, 125(12), 1870-1878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.03.006
Pastva, A. M., Hugenschmidt, C. E., Kitzman, D. W., Nelson, M. B., Brenes, G. A., Reeves, G. R., Mentz, R. J., Whellan, D. J., Chen, H., & Duncan, P. W. (2021, Mar). Cognition, Physical Function, and Quality of Life in Older Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. J Card Fail, 27(3), 286-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.09.007
Polit, D., & Beck, C. (2020). Study guide for essentials of nursing research: appraising evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Ponikowski, P., Anker, S. D., AlHabib, K. F., Cowie, M. R., Force, T. L., Hu, S., Jaarsma, T., Krum, H., Rastogi, V., Rohde, L. E., Samal, U. C., Shimokawa, H., Budi Siswanto, B., Sliwa, K., & Filippatos, G. (2014, Sep). Heart failure: preventing disease and death worldwide. ESC Heart Fail, 1(1), 4-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12005
Ponikowski, P., Voors, A. A., Anker, S. D., Bueno, H., Cleland, J. G. F., Coats, A. J. S., Falk, V., Gonzalez-Juanatey, J. R., Harjola, V. P., Jankowska, E. A., Jessup, M., Linde, C., Nihoyannopoulos, P., Parissis, J. T., Pieske, B., Riley, J. P., Rosano, G. M. C., Ruilope, L. M., Ruschitzka, F., Rutten, F. H., & van der Meer, P. (2016, Dec). 2016 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed), 69(12), 1167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2016.11.005
Pudiarifanti, N., Pramantara, I. D., & Ikawati, Z. (2015). Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kualitas Hidup Pasien Gagal Jantung Kronik. Jurnal Manajemen dan Pelayanan Farmasi (Journal of Management and Pharmacy Practice), 5(4), 259-266.
Puthoff, M. L., & Saskowski, D. (2013, Mar). Reliability and responsiveness of gait speed, five times sit to stand, and hand grip strength for patients in cardiac rehabilitation. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J, 24(1), 31-37. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23754937
Rahman, I., Bellavia, A., Wolk, A., & Orsini, N. (2015). Physical activity and heart failure risk in a prospective study of men. JACC: Heart Failure, 3(9), 681-687.

Rahmanian, K., Shojaei, M., Sotoodeh Jahromi, A., & Madani, A. (2015, Jul 31). The Association Between Pre-Diabetes With Body Mass Index and Marital Status in an Iranian Urban Population. Glob J Health Sci, 8(4), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n4p95
Rajadurai, J., Tse, H.-F., Wang, C.-H., Yang, N.-I., Zhou, J., & Sim, D. (2017). Understanding the epidemiology of heart failure to improve management practices: an Asia-Pacific perspective. Journal of cardiac failure, 23(4), 327-339. https://www.onlinejcf.com/article/S1071-9164(17)30026-X/pdf
Ranasinghe, C. D., Ranasinghe, P., Jayawardena, R., & Misra, A. (2013, Oct 12). Physical activity patterns among South-Asian adults: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 10, 116. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-116
Rankin, J., Rowen, D., Howe, A., Cleland, J. G. F., & Whitty, J. A. (2019, Jul). Valuing health-related quality of life in heart failure: a systematic review of methods to derive quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) in trial-based cost-utility analyses. Heart Fail Rev, 24(4), 549-563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-019-09780-7
Rector, T. (1987). Patient's self-assessment of their congestive heart failure: II. Content, reli-ability and validity of a new measure-The Minnesota Living with heart Failure Questionnaire. Heart failure, 3, 198.
Rector, T. S. (2005). A conceptual model of quality of life in relation to heart failure. J Card Fail, 11(3), 173-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2004.09.002
Rector, T. S., & Cohn, J. N. (1992). Assessment of patient outcome with the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire: reliability and validity during a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pimobendan. Pimobendan Multicenter Research Group. Am Heart J, 124(4), 1017-1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(92)90986-6
Rector, T. S., Tschumperlin, L. K., Kubo, S. H., Bank, A. J., Francis, G. S., McDonald, K. M., Keeler, C. A., & Silver, M. A. (1995). Use of the Living With Heart Failure questionnaire to ascertain patients' perspectives on improvement in quality of life versus risk of drug-induced death. J Card Fail, 1(3), 201-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/1071-9164(95)90025-x
Redwine, L. S., Pung, M. A., Wilson, K., Bangen, K. J., Delano-Wood, L., & Hurwitz, B. (2020, Jan). An exploratory randomized sub-study of light-to-moderate intensity exercise on cognitive function, depression symptoms and inflammation in older adults with heart failure. J Psychosom Res, 128, 109883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109883
Santos-Lozano, A., Sanz-Ayan, P., Gonzalez-Saiz, L., Quezada-Loaiza, C. A., Fiuza-Luces, C., Flox-Camacho, A., Munguia-Izquierdo, D., Santalla, A., Moran, M., Escribano-Subias, P., & Lucia, A. (2017, Jun). Effects of an 8-month exercise intervention on physical capacity, NT-proBNP, physical activity levels and quality of life data in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension by NYHA class. Data Brief, 12, 37-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.03.022
Santoso, A., Purwowiyoto, S. L., Purwowiyoto, B. S., & Soesanto, A. M. (2019, Mar). Exercise Training Improved Longitudinal Intrinsic Left Ventricle Function in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Int J Angiol, 28(1), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676836
Schmidt, C., Moreira-Gonçalves, D., Santos, M., Leite-Moreira, A., & Oliveira, J. (2020). Physical activity and exercise training in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Gathering evidence from clinical and pre-clinical studies. Heart failure reviews, 1-14.
Schmidt, C., Santos, M., Bohn, L., Delgado, B. M., Moreira-Goncalves, D., Leite-Moreira, A., & Oliveira, J. (2020). Comparison of questionnaire and accelerometer-based assessments of physical activity in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: clinical and prognostic implications. Scand Cardiovasc J, 54(2), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/14017431.2019.1707863
Scholes, S., & Bann, D. (2018, Jul 28). Education-related disparities in reported physical activity during leisure-time, active transportation, and work among US adults: repeated cross-sectional analysis from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2007 to 2016. BMC public health, 18(1), 926. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5857-z
Scholten, M., Midlov, P., & Halling, A. (2022, Mar 29). Disparities in prevalence of heart failure according to age, multimorbidity level and socioeconomic status in southern Sweden: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open, 12(3), e051997. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051997
Sepehrvand, N., Savu, A., Spertus, J. A., Dyck, J. R. B., Anderson, T., Howlett, J., Paterson, I., Oudit, G. Y., Kaul, P., McAlister, F. A., Ezekowitz, J. A., & Alberta, H. I. (2020, Sep). Change of Health-Related Quality of Life Over Time and Its Association With Patient Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure. J Am Heart Assoc, 9(17), e017278. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.017278
Shih, M.-L., Tsai, S.-T., Chen, H.-M., Chou, F.-H., & Liu, Y. (2020). Gender differences? Factors related to quality of life among patients with Heart failure. Women & health, 60(4), 382-395. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2019.1662868
Shiraishi, Y., Niimi, N., Goda, A., Takei, M., Kimura, T., Kohno, T., Kawana, M., Fukuda, K., & Kohsaka, S. (2021, Sep 11). Assessment of Physical Activity Using Waist-Worn Accelerometers in Hospitalized Heart Failure Patients and Its Relationship with Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire. J Clin Med, 10(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184103
Shuvy, M., Zwas, D. R., Keren, A., & Gotsman, I. (2020, Mar). The age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index: A significant predictor of clinical outcome in patients with heart failure. Eur J Intern Med, 73, 103-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2019.12.030
Siegersma, K. R., Groepenhoff, F., Onland-Moret, N. C., Tulevski, II, Hofstra, L., Somsen, G. A., & Den Ruijter, H. M. (2021, Mar 15). New York Heart Association class is strongly associated with mortality beyond heart failure in symptomatic women. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes, 7(2), 214-215. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa091
Silavanich, V., Nathisuwan, S., Phrommintikul, A., & Permsuwan, U. (2019, Mar - Apr). Relationship of medication adherence and quality of life among heart failure patients. Heart Lung, 48(2), 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2018.09.009
Silva, P. C., de Almeida Neto, O. P., & Resende, E. S. (2021, Apr 23). Epidemiological profile, cardiopulmonary fitness and health-related quality of life of patients with heart failure: a longitudinal study. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 19(1), 129. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01634-3

Sisson, S. B., Camhi, S. M., Church, T. S., Martin, C. K., Tudor-Locke, C., Bouchard, C., Earnest, C. P., Smith, S. R., Newton, R. L., Jr., Rankinen, T., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2009, Dec). Leisure time sedentary behavior, occupational/domestic physical activity, and metabolic syndrome in U.S. men and women. Metab Syndr Relat Disord, 7(6), 529-536. https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2009.0023
Siswanto, B. B., Radi, B., Kalim, H., Santoso, A., Suryawan, R., Antono, E., & Santoso, T. (2010). Heart failure in NCVC Jakarta and 5 hospitals in Indonesia. CVD Prevention and Control, 5(1), 35-38.
Smolis-Bak, E., Dabrowski, R., Piotrowicz, E., Chwyczko, T., Dobraszkiewicz-Wasilewska, B., Kowalik, I., Kazimierska, B., Jedrzejczyk, B., Smolis, R., Gepner, K., Maciag, A., Sterlinski, M., & Szwed, H. (2015). Hospital-based and telemonitoring guided home-based training programs: effects on exercise tolerance and quality of life in patients with heart failure (NYHA class III) and cardiac resynchronization therapy. A randomized, prospective observation. International journal of cardiology, 199, 442-447. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.07.041
Stein, G., Teng, T.-H. K., Tay, W. T., Richards, A. M., Doughty, R., Dong, Y., Sim, D., Yeo, P. S. D., Jaufeerally, F., Leong, G., Soon, D., Ling, L. H., & Lam, C. S. P. (2020). Ethnic differences in quality of life and its association with survival in patients with heart failure. Clinical cardiology, 43(9), 976-985. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.23394
Stojanovic, M., Cvetanovic, G., Andelkovic Apostolovic, M., Stojanovic, D., & Rancic, N. (2018). Impact of socio-demographic characteristics and long-term complications on quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus. Central European journal of public health, 26(2), 104-110. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a5022
Strath, S. J., Kaminsky, L. A., Ainsworth, B. E., Ekelund, U., Freedson, P. S., Gary, R. A., Richardson, C. R., Smith, D. T., Swartz, A. M., American Heart Association Physical Activity Committee of the Council on, L., Cardiometabolic, H., Cardiovascular, E. C. R., Prevention Committee of the Council on Clinical, C., & Council. (2013, Nov 12). Guide to the assessment of physical activity: Clinical and research applications: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 128(20), 2259-2279. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000435708.67487.da
Strine, T. W., Neff, L. J., & Crawford, S. (2013, Apr). Health-related quality of life domains and household preparedness for public health emergencies: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2006-2010. Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 7(2), 191-200. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2013.23
Sylvia, L. G., Friedman, E. S., Kocsis, J. H., Bernstein, E. E., Brody, B. D., Kinrys, G., Kemp, D. E., Shelton, R. C., McElroy, S. L., & Bobo, W. V. (2013). Association of exercise with quality of life and mood symptoms in a comparative effectiveness study of bipolar disorder. Journal of affective disorders, 151(2), 722-727.
Tanriverdi, A., Ozcan Kahraman, B., Acar, S., Ozsoy, I., Ozpelit, E., Senturk, B., Akdeniz, B., & Savci, S. (2021, Sep). Determinants of gait speed in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Anatol J Cardiol, 25(9), 617-622. https://doi.org/10.5152/AnatolJCardiol.2021.17735

Taylor, R. S., Sagar, V. A., Davies, E. J., Briscoe, S., Coats, A. J., Dalal, H., Lough, F., Rees, K., Singh, S. J., & Mordi, I. R. (2014). Exercise‐based rehabilitation for heart failure. Cochrane database of systematic reviews(4).
Taylor, R. S., Walker, S., Smart, N. A., Piepoli, M. F., Warren, F. C., Ciani, O., O'Connor, C., Whellan, D., Keteyian, S. J., Coats, A., Davos, C. H., Dalal, H. M., Dracup, K., Evangelista, L., Jolly, K., Myers, J., McKelvie, R. S., Nilsson, B. B., Passino, C., Witham, M. D., Yeh, G. Y., Zwisler, A. O., & ExTra, M. I. I. C. (2018, Dec). Impact of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with heart failure (ExTraMATCH II) on mortality and hospitalisation: an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised trials. Eur J Heart Fail, 20(12), 1735-1743. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1311
Testa, G., Cacciatore, F., Galizia, G., Della-Morte, D., Mazzella, F., Russo, S., Ferrara, N., Rengo, F., & Abete, P. (2009, Nov). Charlson Comorbidity Index does not predict long-term mortality in elderly subjects with chronic heart failure. Age Ageing, 38(6), 734-740. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afp165
Tjustrup, N. C., Engel Schmidt, S., Christensen, A. V., Rasmussen, T. B., Borregaard, B., Thrysoee, L., Mols, R. E., Thorup, C. B., Juel, K., Ankerstjerne, A., & Berg, S. K. (2021, Sep 9). Patient-reported outcomes, clinical, and demographic variables as predictors of withdrawal from the workforce after hospitalization with heart failure: findings from the national DenHeart survey. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjcn/zvab073
Tran, V. D., Do, V. V., Pham, N. M., Nguyen, C. T., Xuong, N. T., Jancey, J., & Lee, A. H. (2020). Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire–short form for application in Asian countries: A study in Vietnam. Evaluation & the health professions, 43(2), 105-109.
Tsimploulis, A., Sheriff, H. M., Lam, P. H., Dooley, D. J., Anker, M. S., Papademetriou, V., Fletcher, R. D., Faselis, C., Fonarow, G. C., Deedwania, P., White, M., Valentova, M., Blackman, M. R., Banach, M., Morgan, C. J., Alagiakrishnan, K., Allman, R. M., Aronow, W. S., Anker, S. D., & Ahmed, A. (2017, May 15). Systolic-diastolic hypertension versus isolated systolic hypertension and incident heart failure in older adults: Insights from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Int J Cardiol, 235, 11-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.02.139
Tung, H.-H., Jan, M.-S., Lin, C.-Y., Chen, S.-C., & Huang, H.-C. (2012). Mediating role of daily physical activity on quality of life in patients with heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 27(1), 16-23.
Uchmanowicz, I., & Gobbens, R. J. (2015). The relationship between frailty, anxiety and depression, and health-related quality of life in elderly patients with heart failure. Clin Interv Aging, 10, 1595-1600. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S90077
Uddin, N., & Patterson, J. H. (2007). Current guidelines for treatment of heart failure: 2006 update. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 27(4P2), 12S-17S.
Varghese, T., Schultz, W. M., McCue, A. A., Lambert, C. T., Sandesara, P. B., Eapen, D. J., Gordon, N. F., Franklin, B. A., & Sperling, L. S. (2016, Jun 15). Physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease: implications for the clinician. Heart, 102(12), 904-909. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308773

Vellone, E., Fida, R., Ghezzi, V., D'Agostino, F., Biagioli, V., Paturzo, M., Stromberg, A., Alvaro, R., & Jaarsma, T. (2017). Patterns of Self-care in Adults With Heart Failure and Their Associations With Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics, Quality of Life, and Hospitalizations: A Cluster Analysis. The Journal of cardiovascular nursing, 32(2), 180-189. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000325
Volpato, S., Cavalieri, M., Sioulis, F., Guerra, G., Maraldi, C., Zuliani, G., Fellin, R., & Guralnik, J. M. (2011, Jan). Predictive value of the Short Physical Performance Battery following hospitalization in older patients. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 66(1), 89-96. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glq167
Wang, C., Chen, P., & Zhuang, J. (2013). Validity and Reliability of International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form in Chinese Youth. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 84(sup2), S80-S86.
Ware, J. E., Jr., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992, Jun). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care, 30(6), 473-483. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1593914
Westman, E. C. (2021). Editorial: Carbohydrate-Restricted Nutrition and Diabetes Mellitus. Front Nutr, 8, 827990. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.827990
Wiklund, I., Lindvall, K., Swedberg, K., & Zupkis, R. V. (1987). Self‐assessment of quality of life in severe heart failure: an instrument for clinical use. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 28(3), 220-225.
World Health Organization, t. (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. World Health Organization.
Wu, J. R., Lennie, T. A., Frazier, S. K., & Moser, D. K. (2016, May-Jun). Health-Related Quality of Life, Functional Status, and Cardiac Event-Free Survival in Patients With Heart Failure. J Cardiovasc Nurs, 31(3), 236-244. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000248
Yanagi, H., Konishi, H., Yamada, S., Kitagaki, K., Nakanishi, M., Harada, T., & Kohzuki, M. (2020). Effects of Exercise Training on Physical Activity in Heart Failure Patients Treated with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices Or Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 52(10), 1-7.
Yancy, C. W., Jessup, M., Bozkurt, B., Butler, J., Casey, D. E., Jr., Colvin, M. M., Drazner, M. H., Filippatos, G. S., Fonarow, G. C., Givertz, M. M., Hollenberg, S. M., Lindenfeld, J., Masoudi, F. A., McBride, P. E., Peterson, P. N., Stevenson, L. W., & Westlake, C. (2017, Aug 8). 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. J Am Coll Cardiol, 70(6), 776-803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.025
Yancy, C. W., Jessup, M., Bozkurt, B., Butler, J., Casey, D. E., Jr., Drazner, M. H., Fonarow, G. C., Geraci, S. A., Horwich, T., Januzzi, J. L., Johnson, M. R., Kasper, E. K., Levy, W. C., Masoudi, F. A., McBride, P. E., McMurray, J. J., Mitchell, J. E., Peterson, P. N., Riegel, B., Sam, F., Stevenson, L. W., Tang, W. H., Tsai, E. J., & Wilkoff, B. L. (2013, Oct 15). 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation, 128(16), 1810-1852. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829e8807
Yandrapalli, S., Sanaani, A., Harikrishnan, P., Aronow, W. S., Frishman, W. H., Lanier, G. M., Ahmed, A., & Fonarow, G. C. (2019, Jul). Cardiogenic shock during heart failure hospitalizations: Age-, sex-, and race-stratified trends in incidence and outcomes. Am Heart J, 213, 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2019.03.015
Zahwe, M., Isma'eel, H., Skouri, H., Al-Hajje, A., Rachidi, S., Tamim, H., & Noureddine, S. (2020, Jan - Feb). Validation of the Arabic Version of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. Heart Lung, 49(1), 36-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2019.10.006
Zores, F., Iliou, M.-C., Gellen, B., Kubas, S., Berthelot, E., Guillo, P., Bauer, F., Lamblin, N., Bosser, G., & Damy, T. (2019). Physical activity for patients with heart failure: position paper from the heart failure (GICC) and cardiac rehabilitation (GERS-P) working groups of the French society of cardiology. Archives of cardiovascular diseases, 112(11), 723-731.
Zugck, C., Stork, S., Stockl, G., & investigators, R. E.-C. s. (2017). Long-term treatment with ivabradine over 12months in patients with chronic heart failure in clinical practice: Effect on symptoms, quality of life and hospitalizations. Int J Cardiol, 240, 258-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.03.131