| 研究生: |
王選雄 Wang, Hsuan-Hsiung |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
由學名藥法規發展看生物相似性藥品之法律規範---以美國為例 A Study of the Law and Regulation on Biosimilar Drugs Based on the Development of the Law and Regulation on Generic Drugs — From the U.S. Perspectives |
| 指導教授: |
陳俊仁
Chen, Chun-Jen |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
社會科學院 - 科技法律研究所 Institute of Law in Science and Technology |
| 論文出版年: | 2011 |
| 畢業學年度: | 99 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 150 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 學名藥 、藥價競爭與專利權回復法 、簡易新藥申請程序 、生物可利用性 、生物相等性 、專利連結制度 、橘皮書 、30個月停審期 、生物相似性藥品 、生物藥品價格競爭與創新法案 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Generic, Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, Hatch-Waxman Act, abbreviated new drug application, bioavailability, bioequivalence, patent linkage, Orange book, 30-Month Stay, biosimilar, the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:271 下載:3 |
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為維持小分子藥物創新研發的誘因與促進便宜的學名藥儘早上市,美國國會於1984年通過了「藥價競爭與專利權回復法」 (HWA)。該法新創之「簡易新藥申請程序」(ANDA)提供學名藥一個快速的查驗登記程序,學名藥廠可以引據對照品牌藥品之試驗數據以讓FDA相信學名藥之安全性與有效性與對照藥品相同,進而核准該學名藥。因此,學名藥廠只要證實學名藥活性成分、投遞路徑、劑型、劑量與仿單上之標示皆與對照品牌藥相同,且證明學名藥與品牌藥具有相同之「生物可利用性」與「生物相等性」,即可在不會對品牌藥專利侵權下獲得查驗登記上市。
由於要以實驗室中的試驗方法描繪複雜的生物藥品的特性無法像小分子藥物般明確,因此,生物相似性藥品無法比照學名藥之ANDA申請上市許可,而要另訂適用法規。美國在歷經多年各方之折衝後,管理生物相似性藥品的法規——「生物藥品價格競爭與創新法案」(BPCIA)終在2010年3月23日由歐巴馬總統簽署通過(該法案為病患保護與平價醫療法案的一部份)。
BPCIA與HWA對專利爭議的處理方式有很多不同之處,例如HWA有專利連結制度之橘皮書供品牌藥品登錄專利及專利所有人接到ANDA申請者提出第IV類證明通知後45天內對該申請者提告所自動產生之30個月停審期。然而在該制度下品牌藥獨占時間常遠超過30個月,因此造成BPCIA並無橘皮書之設置與自動停審規定,而改讓生物相似性藥品申請者與生物藥品發起人間在保密情況下相互進行資訊交換,俾便與生物相似性藥品相關之專利容易被鑑別,包括專利是否有效、生物相似性藥品是否對相關專利不會侵權等。
第1家成功對品牌藥提出第IV類型證明的學名藥可得到180天市場銷售專屬權,而經由FDA證明與生物藥品有可互換性的第1家生物相似性藥品則享有1年的市場銷售專屬權,至於是否會像學名藥般產生逆向補償合約的情形則有待觀察。
雖然生物藥品價格競爭與創新法案已通過,且授權FDA訂定可行的生物相似性藥品申請、審查程序與規範,但大家都在討論的1個問題:要達到何程度才能「稱為」生物相似性藥品?目前FDA尚在徵詢與整理各方意見中。美國所立的BPCIA對我國相關法令之制訂可能也會有影響,本文建議政府所定法令或政策仍應考量國資企業之體質,以適度扶植我國生物藥品產業。除配合專利修法以維合理的試驗實施免責範圍外,尤其在資料專屬權的年限方面,不可一味追隨美國,若非對我國公共衛生有最大利益時,應酌減資料專屬權的年限。
To encourage the development of small molecule drugs and to push cheaper generic drugs to the market, the United States lawmakers passed the Hatch-Waxman Act (HWA). The HWA provides the Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) process which would speed up the registration of generic drugs. Generic drug makers could rely on data from brand name drug for the proof of safety and efficacy. Thus, generic drug makers can get drug approval without patent infringement as long as the active ingredient, route of administration, dosage form, strength, labeling, bioavailability, and bioequivalence are proved the same as the counterpart of the reference product.
Biologics are generally more complicated than small molecule drugs. Biosimilar drugs have difficulties of using ANDA to get approval as generic drugs do. There is a need for special regulations on biosimilar drugs. After years of negotiation, a regulation for biosimilar drugs, the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (BPCIA), has finally passed and signed by Present Obama on March 23, 2010, as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
BPCIA and HWA deal with patent confliction differently. For example, under HWA: (1) there is Orange Book for a brand name drug manufacturer to list patents related to a brand name drug; and (2) FDA will automatically stop approving the generic drug for 30 months while the patent owner and/or original drug manufacturer sue the applicant of the generic drug within 45 days after receiving the applicant’s notification of paragraph IV certification. In this circumstance, the monopolization of brand name drug de facto lasts longer than 30 months. Therefore, instead of an Orange Book or a 30-month stay, BPCIA provides for exchanges of information between the biosimilar applicant and the reference product sponsor, through which the patents relevant to a proposed biosimilar product can be identified, including invalidity or non-infringement of the patent
Under HWA, the first ANDA filer to obtain a paragraph IV certification, i.e., proving either invalidity or non-infringement of the patent, would be awarded a 180-day exclusivity period, during which only the first ANDA applicant can sell a generic version of the listed drug. On the contrary, under BPCIA, there is one year market exclusivity period awarded to the first applicant to obtain approval of a biosimilar rated "interchangeable" with the reference product. It is not clear if the reverse payment settlement would appear in the biosimilar field.
Although BPCIA has passed and authorized the FDA to make regulations related to biosimilar drug application, verification process and guidelines, one thing remains questionable: to what extent a biosimilar can be considered as a biosimilar. Currently, the FDA is consulting and gathering opinions from many interested parties. The US BPCIA may have its influence on the ROC laws. This thesis suggests that our government should consider the difference between local businesses and international big-pharms. Appropriate protection of our pharmaceutical industry seems necessary. In addition to revise patent laws for the reasonable scope of experimental use exemption, the time span for data exclusivity should not follow the steps of the US. The time for data exclusivity may need to be cut shorter, unless a longer time period allows for the benefit of our public health.
壹、 中文書目
1. 孫小萍,處方藥的法律戰爭——專利侵權之學名藥實驗例外,元照,2008年1月,初版第1刷。
2. 張紹勳,研究方法,滄海,2008年12月,初版一刷。
3. 陳文吟,我國專利制度之研究,五南,2004年9月,4版1刷。
4. 陳智超,專利法——理論與實務,三民書局,2005年3月,二版二刷。
5. 曾陳明汝,兩岸暨歐美專利法,新學林,2004年,修訂再版。
6. 湯谷清、許毓真、秦慶瑤,從生技藥品發展趨勢看我國藥物開發之機會,財團法人生技術開發中心,2008年11月。
7. 楊代華,處方藥產業的法律戰爭——藥品試驗資料之保護,元照,2008年1月,初版1刷。
8. 楊崇森,專利法理論與應用,三民書局,2007年1月,修訂二版一刷。
9. 經濟部智慧財產局,專利法逐條釋義,2002年。
10. 葉嘉新、高純琇,我國生物相似性藥品的法規策略與考量,生物技術產業年鑑 (2009 )。
11. 羅淑慧、陳麗敏,亞太地區藥廠成功轉型經驗予我國之借鏡,財團法人生技術開發中心,2008年12月。
貳、 中文期刊
1. 石凱元,專利侵權之試驗免責——由美國Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifescience Inc.案例看我國藥事法四十條之二修正案,萬國法律,第143期,2005年10月。
2. 李崇僖,專利法上實驗免責之研究,智慧財產權月刊,第75期,2005年3月。
3. 李鎂,解讀專利法第57條——兼論台灣嘉義地方法院90年易字第82號判決,智慧財產權月刊,第46期,2002年10月。
4. 黃慧嫺,專利連結(Patent Linkage)~藥品研發與競爭之阻力或助力?-談藥品查驗登記程序與專利權利狀態連結之發展(上),科技法律透析,2009年2月。
5. 黃慧嫺,專利連結(Patent Linkage)~藥品研發與競爭之阻力或助力?-談藥品查驗登記程序與專利權利狀態連結之發展(下),科技法律透析,2009年3月。
6. 黃慧嫺,論製藥產業研發活動試驗免責之適用—以美國法院之相關判決見解演進為例,科技法律透析,2006年1月。
7. 鄭師安,從新近判決看我國實驗實施例外法規於藥品領域之適用,科技法律透析,2006年4月。
參、 中文碩士論文
1. 何孟璁,論生物相似性藥品之上市規範與智慧財產保護,國立臺灣大學法律學院科際整合法律學研究所碩士論文,2009年6月。
2. 張睿麟,論製藥產業之實驗實施免責,國立政治大學法學院法律科技整合研究所碩士論文,2008年7月。
3. 鄭耀誠,論藥品研發、上市許可之規範與相關智慧財產權之保護——專利連結、資料專屬與專利權之探討,私立輔仁大學財經法律學系碩士論文,2009年7月。
肆、 英文書目
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11. Leary, Thomas B. Antitrust Issues in Settlement of Pharmaceutical Patent Disputes, Federal Trade Commission, Sixth Annual Health Care Antitrust Forum, Northwestern University School of Law, Chicago, Illinois, November 3, 2000, http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/leary/learypharma.htm,(最後瀏覽日:2010年11月26日)。
12. Nihcm Foundation, A Primer: Generic Drugs, Patents and The Pharmaceutical Marketplace 17 ( 2002), http://www.nihcm.org/~nihcmor/pdf/GenericsPrimer.pdf, (最後瀏覽日:2010年5月9日)。
13. Pear, Robert & Toner, Robin. Senate Votes to Give Consumers Faster Access to Generic Drugs, Amending Medicare Bill, N.Y. Times, June 20, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/20/us/senate-votes-give-consumers-faster-access-generic-drugs-amending-medicare-bill.html,(最後瀏覽日:2010年12月12日)。
14. Press Release, Senator Charles E. Schumer, Drug Companies Innovating New Patents, Not New Drugs, May 8, 2002, http:// schumer.senate.gov/SchumerWebsite/pressroom/press_releases/PR00986.html,(最後瀏覽日:2009年3月21日)。
15. Rubin, Allan, “Branded” Generic Drugs, http:// www.therubins.com/legal/branded.htm,(最後瀏覽日:2009年3月5日)。
16. Thomas J. Parker et al., FDA Marketing Exclusivity for Single Enantiomers of Previously Approved Racemates, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY & TECH. L.J. (Jan. 2003), http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-96267904/fda-marketing-exclusivity-single.html,(最後瀏覽日:2010年9月22日)。
柒、 網路資訊
1. http://law.moj.gov.tw
2. http://lis.ly.gov.tw
3. http://www.cde.org.tw
4. http://www.tipo.gov.tw
5. http://nobelprize.org
6. http://thomas.loc.gov
7. http://www.biotechinstitute.org
8. http://www.egagenerics.com
9. http://www.emea.europa.eu
10. http://www.familiesusa.org
11. http://www.fda.gov
12. http://www.ftc.gov
13. http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org
14. http://www.kenyon.com
15. http://www.nature.com
16. http://www.nsf.gov
17. http://www.pharmalaw.org
18. http://www.ti.ubc.ca
19. http://www.treas.gov
20. http://www.who.int/en