評價是對事件 (events)、實體 (entities) 或命題 (propositions) 的態度 (Thompson & Hunston, 2000)。在新聞報導中，評價能有效傳達新聞媒體的態度 (journalistic attitude)。鑑於新聞報導的影響力，學者們已做過許多相關的研究，但學者們的探討主要集中於對比性的社會文化環境中，比如分別來自於中、美兩國的新聞。中國作為第一個報導新冠病毒 (Covid-19) 病例的國家，吸引了西方媒體的大量關注。本研究即分析四家西方媒體 (紐約時報、華爾街日報、泰晤士報及德國之聲) 報導中國和新冠疫情的新聞，以檢視這些將中國視為他者團體 (the Other group) 中一員的媒體如何呈現中國。研究問題分為兩大主軸：第一在於運用評價理論 (Appraisal Theory, Martin & White, 2005) 分析新聞報導中如何建構關於事件和實體的態度評價 (attitudinal evaluation)、關於命題的知識評價(epistemic evaluation)，以及如何操縱態度評價的強度。第二則聚焦於新聞價值話語分析 (Discursive News Values Analysis, Bednarek & Caple, 2017) 的應用，考察新聞價值 (news values) 在新聞文本中的建構。最後再進一步比對分析四家新聞媒體的上述研究結果。
我們對評價標記 (appraisal markers) 的分析結果顯示，雖然同為西方媒體，他們建構態度評價的方式卻有所不同。相對於歐洲媒體，美國媒體對中國政府採取較對立的態度。也就是說，美國媒體建構了更多針對中國政府的評價，且更多地使用了來自於記者的非引用 (unmediated) 態度。這顯示美國社會對中國政府有著較強的負面共識。四家媒體的態度趨勢和他們國家與中國的外交關係一致。此外，新聞媒體的態度經由語言策略被客觀化，同時，透過引用也有被合理化的趨勢。再者，這四家媒體在報導中國建構評價時均受到他者視角影響，例如在所收集的語料中負面態度佔大多數，且相較於正面態度，記者多加強負面態度；對大眾輿論具有影響力的精英其態度或聲音亦大多來自西方，而較少援引來自中國精英的信源。
我們對報導文本的分析發現四家媒體選擇突顯相似的新聞價值，但媒體之間強調這些價值的途徑有所不同。這些差異受到各媒體意識形態偏好的驅動，例如德國之聲在公共外交 (public diplomacy) 中所扮演的角色為其帶來了獨特的國際視野。新聞價值建構的分析支持了以上對媒體態度研究的結果，表明媒體態度的建構受到記者對新聞價值評價的影響，而對新聞價值的評價最終取決於新聞機構與其目標讀者所共有的信念及價值觀。
這項研究聚焦於他者視角下的新聞報導實踐。最後的結果顯示，在報導一場全球性危機時，西方媒體建構評價的方式仍未能擺脫他者視角所帶來的偏見，且受制於各自不同的運作背景。危機新聞報導對解決困境和應對挑戰至關重要，此研究的結果揭示了報導危機事件背後的動機與考量。

Evaluations are attitudes to events, entities, or propositions (Thompson & Hunston, 2000), and are of particular effects to convey journalistic attitudes in reports. In light of the influence of news discourse, scholars have conducted studies on news reports, yet the major efforts are majorly attached to news produced in contrastive socio-cultural contexts (e.g., news reports from China and the United States). As the country first reported Covid-19 cases, China has attracted many concerns from western journalism. This study analyzes news reports concerning China and Covid-19 pandemic from four western media (New York Times, Wall Street Journal, The Times, Deutsche Welle) to examine the representation of China by the newswires which regard China as a member of the Other group. With Appraisal Theory (Martin & White, 2005), the first research question investigates the construction of attitudinal evaluations (of events and entities), epistemic evaluations (of propositions) and the manipulation of attitudinal evaluation’s degree in the reports. Following the approach of Discursive News Values Analysis (Bednarek & Caple, 2017), the second research question investigates the construction of news values in the news texts. The results from the four media are further compared and analyzed.
The analysis of appraisal markers shows that within the western media, journalistic attitudes are differently constructed. American media are more confronting to the Chinese government than European media. American media construct more attitudes to Chinese government, and they allow more unmediated attitudes from the journalists, indicating a stronger negative consensus to Chinese government in the US society. This attitudinal tendency from the four media is concordant to the diplomatic relation between China and the country where the medium bases. Besides, the journalistic attitudes are objectified by linguistic strategies and justified by quotations. Meanwhile, the four western media are consistently influenced by their Other perspective on China when constructing evaluations. Negative attitudes are prevailing in the collected data and their degrees are more frequently intensified than positive attitudes. Attitudes and voices from elites, who have more influence on public opinions are majorly quoted from western sources, while the Chinese sources are less quoted.
The examination of news texts reveals that the four media foreground similar news values, but the specific approaches to prioritize those values are discrepant among the media. The differences are driven by the ideological preferences of the news agencies, such as the international view of Deutsche Welle due to the outlet’s role in public diplomacy. The findings of news values construction support the results of journalistic attitudes, illustrating that the attitudes are influenced by the journalists’ evaluations of newsworthiness, which are fundamentally determined by the beliefs and values shared by the news agencies and their targeted readerships.
This study focuses on journalistic practices from the Other perspective. The results reveal that in front of a global crisis, evaluations from western media are not free from the bias brought by the Other perspective and are refrained by their respective operating contexts. The findings shed light on motivations behind the news reporting of crises, which is critically important for resolving difficulties and addressing challenges.

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