玉山阿拉伯芥(Arabidopsis kamchatica)為模式物種阿拉伯芥之近緣種，藉由比對阿拉伯芥及玉山阿拉伯芥之種間差異將有助於瞭解開花基因演化歷史，生長於高海拔之玉山阿拉伯芥屬於冰河孑遺物種，過去在冰河時期、氣候變動下，玉山阿拉伯芥進入台灣後因冰河退卻，逐漸和中國、日本族群產生地理隔離，進而演化出現今具有獨特之物種。玉山阿拉伯芥分布棲地範圍極為多樣，在台灣族群中適應各自棲地之族群更能保有其獨特之表型與基因型。在野外觀察發現台灣南橫與鳶峰玉山阿拉伯芥族群有冬天開花現象，和阿拉伯芥研究所瞭解的春季與夏季開花有所不同，此外，台灣與日本地處不同地理區域和緯度，可能在開花基因上亦有所差異。因此本研究選取春化作用、光週期影響、自發性開花與吉貝素影響四種不同開花路徑的20個開花基因，探討台灣南橫、鳶峰與石門山族群與日本富士山、靜岡族群開花基因遺傳變異和分化程度，並進一步探討玉山阿拉伯芥之冬天開花可能機制。結果顯示台灣南橫、鳶峰與石門山族群，在春化和光週期相關的開花基因有明顯的胺基酸變異，STRUCTURE分析顯示台灣各族群在春化、光週期以及吉貝素相關開花基因遺傳結構有顯著差異。進一步分析核苷酸變異度(π)與核甘酸位置平均變異(θ)發現在20個開花基因中，台灣南橫核苷酸變異較鳶峰與石門山族群高。在台灣和日本兩地理區亦發現光週期和春化作用基因上有明顯的胺基酸變異且開花基因上有分化的現象，以STRUCTURE分析顯示日本和台灣主要在春化與光週期開花基因上有遺傳組成，結果顯示，玉山阿拉伯芥的開花基因可能因為生長環境或是地理區域不同，而有不同演化結果，而開花基因的變異導致玉山阿拉伯芥不同族群之間的分化。

Arabidopsis kamchatica is a relative species of model plant, A. thaliana, and also a relic species in Taiwan. Compared with A. kamchatica and A. thaliana, it will help to understand evolution history of A. kamchatica in flowing genes. According to geographic records, Taiwan populations of A. kamchatica were not isolated from China and Japan until last glacial retreat. The wide distributions and variable habitats of A. kamchatica in Taiwan may resulted in significant differentiation of flowering genes. According to filed observation , we found thatNanhenand Yuanfeng populations of A. kamchatica in Taiwan flowered in winter, and it was different from previous study of A. thaliana, showing different flowering mechanism among them. In addition, Taiwan and Japan were location at the different longitude and latitude, and we expected significant differentiation in flowering genes. In this study, twenty flowering genes, including vernalization、autonomous、gibberellin and light-dependent pathway were chose to explore genetic variation and population structure of A. kamchatica in Taiwan and Japan populations. The variations of vernalization and light-dependent flowering genes is most nonsynonymous substitutions in Nanhen, Yuanfeng and Mountain Shimen populations of Taiwan. The STRUCTURE analysis indicated the significant differentiation of vernalization、gibberellin and light-dependent pathway flowering genes between populations in Taiwan, and the highest nucleotide variation was detected in Nanhen population of Taiwan. As similar scenario in Taiwan populations, the genetic differentiations of vernalization and light-dependent flowering genes between Taiwan and Japan populations were also suggested.

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