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研究生： 劉智育
Liu, Chih-Yu
論文名稱： 真空退火及銻摻雜對氧化鋅奈米柱陣列摩擦奈米發電機輸出之影響
Effect of Vacuum Annealing and Sb doping on the Output Performance of ZnO Nanorods-based Triboelectric Nanogenerators
指導教授： 劉全璞
Liu, Chuan-Pu
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工學院 - 材料科學及工程學系
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
論文出版年： 2021
畢業學年度： 109
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 92
中文關鍵詞： 氧化鋅 、摩擦奈米發電機 、電荷儲存 、p-n結構
外文關鍵詞： ZnO, triboelectric nanogenerators, p-n junction, n-p junction, charge storage
相關次數： 點閱：127  下載：0 
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    • 近年來能源短缺的議題日漸嚴重，因此眾多研究都在尋找合適、具潛力的綠色能源，而摩擦奈米發電機(Triboelectric Nanogenerators, TENGs) 作為一個新興的綠色能源即是一個優良的選擇，摩擦奈米發電機可以用來捕獲環境中的許多微小機械能，透過摩擦起電、電荷誘導，能將機械能有效地轉換為電能，因此如何有效地提升擦電輸出勢必會是一個很重要的課題。
    有許多的研究都是注重在材料表面的改質，像是透過材料表面形貌的改善來提升有效地接觸面積，或是改變材料的功函數來提升材料捕獲或是失去電子的能力來加大兩材料之間的得失電子傾向，以提升轉移的電荷量。除了透過提升電荷的轉移量來提升輸出之外，還有一部分的研究是在探討如何提升材料的電荷儲存能力，因為在真實狀況下，會有一大部分的轉移電荷無法有效地儲存於材料當中或是電荷只能儲存於材料表面，這會導致轉移電荷並無法充分地運用於誘導外部電荷，為了解決這一項問題，因而有了多層次的材料結構設計的想法誕生，透過電荷傳遞層、電荷儲存層的設計，能夠有效地儲存所有的擦電電荷。
    本研究以PN接面的元件結構來提升未摻雜氧化鋅作為電子捕獲材料時的電荷儲存量，PN接面所存在的內建電場會幫助轉移的電子往材料內部所移動，能避免電子累積於材料表面、阻礙下個循環的電荷轉移。因為真空退火而生成於氧化鋅內部的孔洞結構有著較小的電子遷移率，能使傳遞至此的電子有效地儲存於氧化鋅當中，降低電子逸散至電極的現象產生，因此有著較佳的電子儲存能力。
    經過真空退火所製備的銻摻雜氧化鋅則是有著NPN的結構，N型的表面態使它當作正電荷摩擦材料時能提供較多的電子，由N型表面態提供電子，且NP接面的內建電場會幫助電子外部流動、提供電荷轉移所需的電子，而正電荷則是會往材料內部儲存，提升兩摩擦材料間的電位差。NPN結構的銻摻雜氧化鋅作為電子捕獲材料時，則會因為有著N型的表面態，而有著較弱的電子捕獲傾向，但是因為提供電子的材料，其費米能階依然是高於退火後的銻摻雜氧化鋅的表面態，因此仍是能將電子轉移至銻摻雜的氧化鋅表面，並且電子累積所產生的排斥力會迫使電子克服NP接面的內建電場，讓轉移電子能順利地往材料內部傳遞，再透過PN接面的作用來加大電子所能儲存的深度，提升整體的電子儲存量。透過真空退火的製程，能使氧化鋅奈米柱有著更佳的電子儲存能力，能更有效地誘導外部電荷，以提升摩擦奈米發電機的輸出。

    Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs) are promising candidates for harvesting mechanical energy from environment. To boost the output performance of TENGs, one typical strategy is to modify the work function of the friction materials to enhance the tendency of receiving or losing electrons. However, in real cases, the transferred tribo-charges upon triboelectrification may not be stored inside the friction layer efficiently and leak to the bottom electrode. The vanishing part of the tribo-charge reduce the output voltage and hence the current. Therefore, the capability of charge storage plays an important role for the output performance of TENGs.
    Herein, we demonstrate a facile method to fabricate p-n junction based on un-doped ZnO (UZOa) and NPN junction based on Sb-doped ZnO (SZOa) nanorods (NRs) via vacuum annealing following chemical bath deposition. The output performance of UZOa shows 1.92 times enhancement to store negative charges compared to positive charges. On the other hand, SZOa not only performs well on trapping electrons but also losing electrons. The built-in potential of the p-n junction can facilitate the transferred electrons moving deeply toward the core of the NRs until being trapped by the interior pores of the porous NRs, which has a low electron mobility to prevent the tribo-charges from escaping to the bottom electrode. The n-p junction on the surface of SZOa can enhance the talent of losing electrons from the surface states and also increase the storage depth of positive charges. The resulting p-n and n-p junction structures in UZOa and SZOa, respectively, can successfully boost the output performance of TENGs.

    摘要 I Extended Abstract III 致謝 XVI 目錄 XVII 圖目錄 XX 表目錄 XXIV 第一章 序論 1 1.1 前言 1 1.2 研究動機與目的 2 第二章 文獻回顧 3 2.1 摩擦奈米發電機介紹 3 2.1.1 摩擦起電、接觸起電 3 2.1.2 摩擦奈米發電機 5 2.2 影響TENGs輸出的因素 10 2.2.1 摩擦材料的選擇 10 2.2.2 摩擦材料厚度的影響 16 2.2.3 多層材料結構之優化 18 2.3 氧化鋅介紹 26 2.3.1 物理性質 26 2.3.2 晶體結構 27 2.3.3 合成P型氧化鋅的方法 27 2.3.3.1 本質缺陷P型氧化鋅 27 2.3.3.2 外質缺陷P型氧化鋅 30 2.4 氧化鋅摩擦奈米發電機 34 第三章 實驗步驟及分析方法 37 3.1 實驗設計與流程 37 3.2 氧化鋅製備、合成 38 3.3 元件製備 40 3.3.1 摩擦奈米發電機 40 3.3.2 氣體感測元件 40 3.3.3 Mott-Schottky元件 41 3.3.4 霍爾效應元件 41 3.4 材料分析儀器 42 3.4.1 表面形貌分析 - 高解析掃描式電子顯微鏡 (SEM) 42 3.4.2 晶體結構分析 - X光繞射儀 (XRD) 43 3.4.3 微結構分析 - 高解析穿透電子顯微鏡 (TEM) 43 3.4.4 鍵結分析 - 化學分析電子光譜儀 (ESCA - XPS) 44 3.4.5 功函數分析 - 原子力顯微鏡 (AFM) 45 3.4.6 擦電元件輸出量測 46 第四章 實驗結果與討論 47 4.1 表面形貌與成分分析 47 4.2 晶體結構分析 50 4.3 微結構分析 52 4.4 表面元素、鍵結分析 53 4.5 擦電輸出量測 63 4.5.1 PDMS與氧化鋅材料摩擦 64 4.5.2 304SS與氧化鋅材料摩擦 66 4.5.3 玻璃與氧化鋅材料摩擦 68 4.6 材料表面之功函數 70 4.7 紫外光與可見光之吸收能力 73 4.8 氣體感測 74 4.9 氧化鋅內部之電性質 76 4.10 PN接面和NPN接面對於擦電輸出之影響 80 第五章 結論 84 第六章 參考文獻 85

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