摘要
台灣因人口密集且大都集中於都會區，汽車在轉彎時容易撞到過馬路的行人；在車禍報告中，可以發現到65歲(含)佔全體受傷人數約33.5%。而汽車與行人意外事故中，其常見的傷害機制為下肢骨折或膝關節軟組織的損傷，此外，由於骨礦物質密度的降低（BMD）和其他因素導致身體的耐受力下降，由相同的衝擊強度引起的傷害水平在老年人中往往高於成年人，故不可忽略其嚴重性。
目前評斷汽車對行人的傷害有歐洲促進汽車安全委員會(EEVC)所制定的次系統測試方法。測試方法是用下肢衝擊器去撞擊汽車保險桿並收集相關數據以進行分析，但是下肢衝擊器的規範主要關注在膝蓋傷害，對於最易發生的骨折只能利用加速度做為評估，並且沒有考慮年齡增加對肌肉，骨骼、韌帶的影響。如果要獲得真實的人體碰撞反映，只能透過自願者或是電腦模擬。本研究使用有限元方法或稱有限元素方法，建立老年人下肢電腦模型，利用老年人下肢模型模擬與汽車發生碰撞，並針對所受到的傷害進行分析。比較EEVC下肢衝擊器與模型的結果，再提供建議。
第一階段中使用Hypermesh將下肢骨頭與肌肉模型進行切割並網格化，並參考解剖學將模型進行組合。第二階段則是蒐集老年人生物材料性質文獻並進行模型的驗證，首先對下肢的股骨、脛骨與腓骨進行靜態三點彎曲驗證，再對大腿和小腿肌肉進行側向彎曲驗證。再對整體下肢做彎曲與剪切驗證。確保模型有良好的生物擬真性，符合老年人的生物特性。第三階段使用汽車保險桿撞擊老年人下肢模型模擬事故發生，並評估老年人下肢於汽車事故中受傷的程度。最後發現老年人下肢骨頭在汽車碰撞中所承受的衝擊力會明顯大於年輕人，下肢骨頭更容易斷裂，並且發現汽車雖然通過EEVC測試，但是仍可能對老年行人造成傷害。

In today's automotive industry, there are sub-system test methods developed by the European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee for judging automobile injuries to pedestrians. The test method is to use a lower extremity impactor to impact the car bumper and collect relevant data for analysis, but the specification of the lower extremity impactor mainly focuses on knee injuries. For the most prone to fractures, only acceleration can be used as an assessment, and it is not considered about the effect of increasing age on muscles, bones and ligaments. If you want to get a real reflection of human collision, you can only use volunteers or computer simulations.
In this study, the finite element method was used to build a computer model of the lower limbs of the elderly. In the first stage, Hypermesh was used to cut and mesh the lower limb bone and muscle models. In the second stage, the model is verified. First, the three-point bending of the femur, tibia and fibula of the lower extremity is verified, and then the dynamic three-point bending of the thigh and calf muscles is verified. Then verify the bending and shearing of the whole lower limb. In the third stage, a car bumper was used to simulate the occurrence of an elderly lower extremity model, and the degree of injury of the elderly lower extremity in an automobile accident was evaluated. Finally, it was found that the bones of the lower limbs of the elderly in a car collision will be significantly greater than the younger ones, and they are more likely to break.

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