現今英國的「鑑識科學」即「法律上的科學」(Forensic Science)之發展始於18世紀，它與16世紀歐陸的「醫學司法學」(Medical Jurisprudence)及「法律上的醫學」(Forensic Medicine)有密切關聯。歐陸的「醫學司法學」與「法律上的醫學」的理論及相關著作，於18世紀後傳入愛爾蘭與英格蘭，使得英國社會大眾知曉「醫學司法學」的理論，但在19世紀晚期前並未得到英國法學界與醫學界的重視。
隨著經濟的繁盛，導致都市快速擴展，使得都市人口增長，同時也拉距社會貧富的差距，進而使社會上的騷亂不斷。為了有效遏止社會騷亂，及整頓傳統維護社會治安系統，英國政府在1829年重新整備警備系統，讓英國的維護社會治安的組織組織化。與此同時，英國的科學文化也變得多元且運用在各個方面，更是讓社會犯罪受到科學與醫學的影響而產生變化，特別是1888年「開膛手傑克謀殺案」(Jack the Ripper)。蘇格蘭警場為了破案，便將當時可運用犯罪案件偵查的科學與醫學知識、技術全部應用在這連續殺人案上，進而促進「鑑識科學」的發展。
本研究論文便是從英國社會犯罪案件、科學與醫學技術及蘇格蘭警場，這三方面交互討論，進步的科學與醫學影響社會犯罪的變化，社會犯罪的改變也影響英國警備系統之變革，在此發展過程中說明英國現代「鑑識科學」形成的緣由。

The development of modern "Forensic Science" in United Kingdom started in the Eighteenth Century, it was closely related to the "Medical Jurisprudence" and "Forensic Medicine" which had developed in the 16th-century Continental Europe. Specific theories, treatises and monographs of "Medical Jurisprudence" and "Forensic Medicine" were introduced from Europe into Ireland and England during the Eighteenth Century. However, these new ideas and theories were not generally accepted among English medical and jurisprudent people before the late Nineteenth Century.
Economic prosperity led to rapid urban expansion and population growth. At the same time, the gap between the rich and the poor widened, causing continuous social unrest. To stop this unrest and fix the traditional policing system, the British government reorganized its police force in 1829, making law enforcement more structured. Meanwhile, Britain's scientific culture diversified and spread into many fields. This brought science and medicine into the world of crime, especially during the famous "Jack the Ripper" murders in 1888. To crack the case, Scotland Yard used every bit of scientific and medical knowledge available for crime investigation at the time, which heavily pushed forensic science forward.
This Ph. D thesis is pursuing the growing process of the British Forensic Science from three aspects of British social crimes, the scientific and medical progress, and the authority of the Scotland Yard to understand how it turned out and became a new field of modern science.

一、報紙：
“‘Jack the Ripper’s Joke.” The Star, October 1, 1888.
“‘Leather Apron’ Scare in Ireland.” The Lloyd’s Weekly News, September 30, 1888.
“‘Leather-Apron.’ More About His Career-His Latest Movements-in the Borough.” The Star, September 6, 1888.
“A Ballad of Bloodhounds.” Pall Mall Gazette, October 9, 1888.
“A Murder Scare at Shepherd’s Bush.” The Daily News, September 17, 1888.
“A New Suggestion.” The Star, September 10, 1888.
“A Sickening and Unparalleled Scene.” Pall Mall Gazette, November 10, 1888.
“A West-End Outrage. A Woman Seriously Assaulted in Piccadilly-Wild Rumors of Murder.” The Star, September 19, 1888.
“Adolf Beck’s Case.” Otago Witness, Issue 2650, December 28, 1904.
“Another Brutal Murder of a Woman in East London Excitement in Whitechapel.” The Manchester Guardian, September 10, 1888.
“Another Murder at The East-End.” The Times, September 10, 1888.
“Another Murder in Whitechapel,” The Times, September 3, 1888.
“Another Murder in Whitechapel.” The Times, September 1, 1888.
“Another Whitechapel Horror. Murder of a Woman in Her Own Room.” Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, November 11, 1888.
“Another Whitechapel Horror: Murder and Mutilation of a Woman.” East London Advertiser, September 14, 1889.
“Another Whitechapel Murder.” The Times, November 10, 1888.
“Blood Money to Whitechapel.” The Star, September 24, 1888.
“Bloodhounds as Detectives.” Evening Telegraph, October 8, 1888.
“Bloodhounds Suggested to Track the Murderer.” Pall Mall Gazette, October 1, 1888.
“Charge of Stabbing a Woman.” The Times, January 1, 1889.
“Criminal Folly and Its Deserts.” The Daily News, October 25, 1888.
“Culpable Negligence of a Father.” Newcastle Chronicle, December 6, 1862.
“Custody and Sale of Poisons.” Huddersfield Chronicle, February 12, 1859.
“East End London.” The Times, January 21, 1889.
“Equalisation of the Poor Rate.” The East London Observer, February 19, 1888.
“Germany, Berlin.” The Times, October 26, 1891.
“Hickey Confesses to Three Brutal Murders.” The Cornell Daily, November 30, 1912.
“Horrible Murder in East London. Another Whitechapel Mystery.” Pall Mall Gazette, August 31, 1888.
“Law and Order in Whitechapel: To the Editor of the Times.” The Times, November 16, 1888.
“London’s Record of Crime: ‘Another Mysterious Murder Brought to Light’.” New York Times, October 3, 1888.
“Mitre-Square Tragedy.” The Daily Telegraph, October 20, 1888.
“Mr. Bright’s Visit.” Bradford Observer, December 23, 1858.
“Murder at Havant.” The Times, November 27, 1888.
“Murder.” The Croydon Advertiser, January 5, 1889.
“Murders in America.” The Times, February 18, 1889.
“Newcastle Infirmary Exposure.” Newcastle Guardian and Tyne Mercury, October 8, 1870.
“Newcastle Town Council - To the Mayor and Corporation of Newcastle.” Newcastle Journal, May 5, 1864.
“No Government Reward Will Be Offered.” The Star, September 19, 1888.
“Police.” The Times, November 17, 1888.
“Report of the Commissioner of Metropolitan Police.” The Times, July 18, 1889.
“Shocking Murder in Whitechapel.” The Times, February 14, 1891.
“Special Edition. The Latest Horror.” The Globe, November 10, 1888.
“Special Edition. Whitechapel. Facts about the Victim.” The Star, September 8, 1888.
“Statistics of Violent Deaths.” Wolverhampton Chronicle and Staffordshire Advertiser, May 4, 1842.
“The Adolph Beck Case.” The Sydney Morning Herald, November 29, 1904.
“The Blackburn Murder.” Westport Times, June 23, 1876.
“The Bloodhound: Is He Any Use as a Detective?” Baily’s Monthly Magazine of Sports and Pastimes, November 1, 1888.
“The Bradford Murder.” Daily News, December 31, 1888.
“The Daft Business.” Northern Advertiser, November 23, 1858.
“The Development of the Detective Camera.” The Star, September 20, 1888.
“The East End Horrors. The Inquest on Mrs. Nicholls.” People, September 23, 1888.
“The East-End Murders.” The Times, October 4, 1888.
“The East-End Tragedies. A Seventh Murder. Another Case of Horrible Mutilation.” The Daily Telegraph, November 10, 1888.
“The Editor’s Drawer. The Whitechapel Murder.” The Evening News, September 6, 1888.
“The Homes of The Criminal Class. To the Editor of The Times.” The Times, October 6, 1888.
“The Horrors of The East End. Another Fiendish Crime To-Day. A Woman Murdered and Mutilated.” Pall Mall Gazette, September 8, 1888.
“The Medical Profession and the Coroner.” Newcastle Chronicle, May 6, 1864.
“The Murder at Westminster.” The Times, October 18, 1888.
“The Murder at Westminster.” The Times, October 23, 1888.
“The Murder in Whitechapel,” The Times, August 10, 1888.
“The Murders at The East-End.” The Times, October 2, 1888.
“The Murders in the East-End to the Editor of the Daily Telegraph.” The Daily Telegraph, October 1, 1888.
“The Old English Bloodhound or Sleuthhound and His Capabilities as a Man-Hunter. To the Editor of The Times.” The Times, October 8, 1888.
“The People’s Post Box.” The Star, September 17, 1888.
“The Poisonings by Arsenic at Bradford.” Salisbury and Winchester Journal, November 6, 1858.
“The Poisonings by Arsenic at Bradford.” The Times, November 6, 1858.
“The Queen and the East-End Murders.” The Times, October 25, 1888.
“The Terrible Murder in Whitechapel. Identification of The Deceased.” Pall Mall Gazette, September 1, 1888.
“The Whitechapel Murder - A Revolting Communication.” The Manchester Guardian, October 13, 1888.
“The Whitechapel Murder.” The Daily News, September 5, 1888.
“The Whitechapel Murder.” The Times, November 15, 1888.
“The Whitechapel Murder.” The Times, September 3, 1888.
“The Whitechapel Murders Meetings of the Vigilance Committee Letter from the Home Secretary.” The Evening News, September 19, 1888.
“The Whitechapel Tragedy. The Mystery Deepens. The Inquest and Funeral. The Neighbourhood Alarmed. The Police Investigations. Full Descriptive Reports.” East London Observer, September 8, 1888.
“The Whitehall Mystery.” Illustrated Police News, October 20, 1888.
“To the Editor of The Times.” The Times, January 4, 1856.
“To the Editor of The Times.” The Times, September 11, 1888.
“Two More Murders at The East End. Shocking Mutilation of a Body. Exciting Scenes. An Arrest.” The Daily News, October 1, 1888.
“Vagrant Ward.” Newcastle Journal, January 7, 1862.
“What We Think.” The Star, November 10, 1888.
“Where Crime Stalks. Whitechapel and Its Chapter of Horrors.” Boston Daily Globe, November 9, 1888.
“Where Were the Bloodhounds?” Pall Mall Gazette, November 10, 1888.
“Whitechapel - Tradegy or Joke? Half of a Human Kidney Sent Through the Post.” The Star, October 19, 1888.
“Whitechapel Murders.” East End Advertiser, October 12, 1888.
“Whitehall Mystery Inquest.” The Daily Telegraph, October 22, 1888.
“Whitehall Mystery Inquest.” The Daily Telegraph, October 8, 1888.
“Woman Poisoned by Lead.” Newcastle Courant, September 30, 1870.
二、犯罪案件檔案：
“Adolf Beck.” London: The Central Criminal Court, 1896. Reference Number: t18960224-277.
“Alfred Stratton. Albert Ernest Stratton.” London: The Central Criminal Court, 1905. Reference Number: t19050502-415.
“Daniel Good.” London: The Central Criminal Court, 1842. Reference Number: t18420509-1705.
“Frederick George Manning, Maria Manning.” London: The Central Criminal Court, 1849. Reference Number: t18491029-1890.
“George Henry Lamson.” London: The Central Criminal Court, 1882. Reference Number: t18820227-367.
“Israel Lipski.” London: The Central Criminal Court, 1887, Reference Number: t18870725-817.
“John Meiklejohn. Nathaniel Druscovich. William Palmer. George Clarke. Edward Frogatt. Miscellaneous; Perverting Justice.” London: The Central Criminal Court, 1877. Reference Number: t18771022-805.
“John Stephens.” London: The Central Criminal Court, 1851. Reference Number: t18510818-1691.
“Mary Carpenter.” London: The Central Criminal Court, 1752. Reference Number: t17520514-30.
“Stephen Macdaniel, John Berry, James Eagan, James Salmon.” London: The Central Criminal Court, 1756. Reference Number: t17560225-48.
“William Birchmartin.” London: The Central Criminal Court, 1832. Reference Number: t18320105-165.
“William Richardson, Ann Maria Richardson.” London: The Central Criminal Court, 1846. Reference Number: t18460511-1182.
“William Thomas.” London: The Central Criminal Court, 1904. Reference Number: t19040913-673.
三、政府法案：
An Act for the Union of Great Britain and Ireland. 39 & 40 Geo. 3. c. 67 (1800).
An Act to Provide for the Attendance and Remuneration of Medical Witnesses at Coroner’s Inquests. 6 & 7 Will. IV c. 89 (1836).
Cruelty to Animals Act. 5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 59 (1835).
Justices of the Peace Act 1361, 1361 Chapter1 34 Edw 3. Revised Acts of the English Parliament.
Prevention of Crimes Act. 24 & 25 Vict. c. 96 (1871).
Prevention of Crimes Act. Chapter 112 34 & 35 Vict. (1871).
The Anatomy Act, 1832, 1871. London: H. M. S. O., 1832-1871.
The Anatomy Act. 2 & 3 Gulielmi IV. C.73-76 (1832).
The Apothecaries Act: An Act for Better Regulating the Practice of Apothecaries Throughout England and Wales. 55 Geo. 3. c. 194 (1815)
The Births and Deaths Registration Act. 6 & 7 Will. 4 c. 86 (1836).
The Coroners Act, 1836. 6 & 7 Will. 4 C A P. LXXXIX (1836).
The Coroners Act, 1887. 50 & 51 Vict. Ch 71 (1887).
The County and Borough Police Act, 1856. 19 & 20 Vict. c. 69 (1856).
The County Coroners Act, 1860. 23 & 24 Vict, c. 116 (1860).
The Metropolitan Police Act. Chapter 44 10 Geo 4 (1829).
The Murder Act: An Act for Better Preventing the Horrid Crime of Murder. 25 Geo.2, c. 37 (1752).
The Police Act. 9 & 10 Geo. 5 c. 46 (1919).
The Wine and Beerhouse Act, 1869. London: Knight & Company, 1874.
四、政府檔案與檔案彙編：
A Review of Forensic Pathology in England and Wales. Submitted to the Minister of State for Crime Prevention. University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation, Trust Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre Birmingham. 2015.
BAAS. British Association for the Advancement of Science. Report of the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. London: John Murray, 1867.
General Medical Council. State Medicine: Resolutions and Report. London: W.J. & S. Golbourn, 1869.
General Registrar Office. Fifty-first Annual Report of the Registrar General for the Year 1888. London: H. Majesty's Stationary Office, 1889.
Great Britain Metropolitan Police Office. Report of the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, 1870-1902. London: H.M.S.O., 1870-.
Great Britain Parliament. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates: Forming A Continuation of the Work Entitled “The Parliamentary History of England, from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803,” New Series; Commencing with the Accession of George IV. VOL. XXI, March 31 to June 24, 1829. London: Paternoster Row Press, 1829.
Great Britan Metropolitan Police Office. The Report of the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis for the Year 1888, Table 15.
Identification of Habitual Criminals: Report of a Committee Appointed by the Secretary of State to Inquire into the Best Means Available for Identifying Habitual Criminals. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1894.
Metropolitan Police Office. Metropolitan Police Report, 1872. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1873.
Police History Society. A General Police and Constabulary List and Analysis of Criminal and Police Statistics for the Quarter Ending September 1844. UK: Facsimile of 1844 edition, 1990.
Report of the Thirty-seventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1868.
The Home Office. Report of the Departmental Committee on Detective Work and Procedure, Vol. 2. HMSO, 1938.
The Home Office. Report of the Departmental Committee on Detective Work and Procedure, Vol. 1. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1939.
The Home Office. Scientific Aids to Criminal Investigation: Instructional Pamphlet for the Use of Police Officers. HMSO, 1936.
The National Archives of the UK (TNA). HO 144/221/A49301C, 1888.
The National Archives of the UK (TNA). HO 45/9442/66692, 1878.
The National Archives of the UK (TNA). HO 45/A494631/2, 1879.
The National Archives of the UK (TNA). HO/62/1, 1828.
五、議會文件檔案：
Parliamentary Papers 1863, IX. 1.
The House of Commons, Parliamentary Papers 1863, Vol. 9.
The House of Commons. “Medico-Parliamentary,” British Medical Journal (1882), Vol. 1, Issue 1113.
The House of Commons. “Medico-Parliamentary.” British Medical Journal (1882), Vol. 1, Issue 1109.
The House of Commons. “Return of Number of Persons Tried in United Kingdom for Murder, and Attempts to Murder, by Administration of Poison, 1839-49.” Parliamentary Papers 1850, No. 599: XLV. 447.
The House of Commons. First Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Municipal Corporations in England and Wales. London: Charles Knight, 1835.
The House of Commons. Journals of the House of Commons: From February the 5th, 1839, to December the 12th ,1839, Vol. 94. H.M. Stationery Office, 1839.
The House of Commons. Journals of the House of Commons: From January the 31st, 1850, to December the 17th ,1850, Vol. 105. H.M. Stationery Office, 1850.
The House of Commons. Journals of the House of Commons: From January the 31st, 1893, to March the 5th ,1894, Vol. 148. H.M. Stationery Office, 1894.
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Commons Debates, 11 April, Vol. 12. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1832.
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Commons Debates, 11 June, Vol. 75. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1844.
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Commons Debates, 12 November, Vol. 330. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1888.
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Commons Debates, 20 June, Vol. 13. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1832.
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Commons Debates, 20 May, Vol. 58. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1841.
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Commons Debates, 21 May, Vol. 54. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1840
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Commons Debates, 24 June, Vol. 289. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1884.
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Commons Debates, 28 July, Vol. 198. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1869.
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Commons Debates, 3 May, Vol. 305. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1886.
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Commons Debates, 4 August, Vol. 198. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1869.
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Lords Debates, 14 July, Vol. 35. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1836.
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Lords Debates, 19 April, Vol. 278. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1883.
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Lords Debates, 19 March, Vol. 238. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1878.
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Lords Debates, 20 March, Vol. 244. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1879.
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Lords Debates, 25 April, Vol. 62. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1842.
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Lords Debates, 25 February, Vol. 243. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1879.
United Kingdom. Hansard. House of Lords Debates, 5 April, Vol. 277. London: T. C. Hansard, Paternoster-Row, 1883.
六、法庭紀錄：
National Records of Scotland. High Court Minute Books: Series E (JC 8/42). National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK.
National Records of Scotland. High Court Minute Books: Series E (JC 8/49). National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK.
National Records of Scotland. High Court Minute Books: Series E (JC 8/50). National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK.
National Records of Scotland. High Court Minute Books: Series E (JC 8/51). National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK.
National Records of Scotland. High Court Minute Books: Series E (JC 8/53). National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK.
National Records of Scotland. High Court Minute Books: Series E (JC 8/54). National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK.
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八、中文研究專書：
James Curran & Jean Seaton著，魏玓、劉昌德譯，《有權無責：英國的報紙與廣電媒體》，台北：國立編譯館，2001。
史提夫．派克著，劉光政譯，《人體》，台北：英文漢聲出版，1996。
佛雷德里克．巴比耶(Frédéric Barbier)著，劉洋譯，《書籍的歷史》，台北：五南圖書，2007。
克爾・瓦丁頓(Keir Waddington)著，李尚仁譯，《歐洲醫療五百年：卷二醫學與分化》(An Introduction to The Social History of Medicine: Europe Since 1500)，新北市：左岸文化出版，2014。
侯厚培著，《十九世紀經濟史》，上海：世界書局出版，1929。
賀利思著，宋美瑩譯，《倫敦的崛起：知識份子打造的都市》，台北：貓頭鷹出版，2011。
讓-諾埃爾．讓納內(Jean-Noël Jeanneney)著，段慧敏譯，《西方媒介史》，台北：五南圖書，2007。
九、會議論文：
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十、專書論文：
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Wales, Tim. “Thief-Takers and Their Clients in Later Stuart London.” In Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London, edited by Paul Griffiths & Mark S. R. Jenner. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.
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Tryhorn, F. G. “The Packing of Exhibits.” The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles, Volume 8, Issue 1 (1935): 19-26.
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Woodhams, Jessica & Toye, Kirsty. “An Empirical Test of the Assumptions of Case Linkage and Offender Profiling with Serial Commercial Robberies.” Psychology, Public Policy and Law, Vol. 13, Issue 1 (2007): 58-85.
十二、 學位論文：
Ambage, Norman. “The Origins and Development of the Home Office Forensic Science Service 1931-1967.” PhD diss., Lancaster University, 1987.
Fisher, Yvonne King. “Coroners in London and Middlesex, c. 1820-1888: A Study of Medicalization and Professionalization.” PhD diss., The Open University, 2020.
Ward, Jennifer. “Origins and Development of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Science in England, 1823-1946.” PhD diss., The Open University, 1993.
十三、 中文期刊論文：
李鑑慧，〈天生盟友？英國維多利亞與愛德華時期之動物捍衛運動與政治激進傳統〉，《歐美研究》，第42卷第1期(2012)，頁1-43。
賴慧潔，〈「真相」的拼圖：論英國維多利亞時代鑑識科學的興起〉，《臺灣師大歷史學報》，70期(2023)，頁153-216。
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