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研究生：	阮文身 Nguyen, Van-Than
論文名稱：	廚餘與狼尾草複合基質藉不同植種源探討好氧水解及厭氧產能效能 Biodegradability Study of Kitchen Waste and Napier grass Through Aerobic and Anaerobic Bio-Processes with different Microsortia Seeding in Different Bioreactors
指導教授：	鄭幸雄 Cheng, Sheng-Shung
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 環境工程學系 Department of Environmental Engineering
論文出版年：	2013
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	133
中文關鍵詞：	固態醱酵、厭氧固態醱酵、廚餘狼尾草、木質素降
外文關鍵詞：	Solid sate fermentation (SSF), anaerobic SSF, aerobic degraded SSF, cellulose degraded, lignin degraded, heterotrophic bacteria, COD removal, Napier grass, kitchen –waste
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摘要

兩階段廚餘堆肥植種策略，能促進農作廢棄物與廚餘之生物分解能力，包括廚餘複合基質與植物纖維素。應用一系列瓶罐批分式生物分解實驗，探討不同微生物植種來源馴養分解廚餘中碳水化合物、蛋白質及木質纖維素之生物可分解率。在厭氧生物有機固體物半乾醱酵實驗中，廚餘可被有效分解酸化而產生氫氣與二氧化碳。堆肥植種源含有細菌類與真菌類之菌落數各別皆大於108~1010.3 CFU/g乾重。經30天批次生物分解97%之油脂類可被高效率分解。而後生化產氫潛能實驗，在35℃下及第二道植種後產甲烷潛能可增加70%，本研究發現固態有機物之好氧及後續厭氧反應中，水解作用為速率限制步驟。因此植種自屏科大厭氧廚餘醱酵槽之厭氧菌最為適當分解溶解性化學需氧量。前述好氧生物滴濾床分解廚餘與狼尾草成層為有效之好氧固態醱酵程序。木質纖維素逐漸水解，真菌類裂解木質素可藉過氧化氫產生自由基後，可降解木質素29%在pH5.2至8.8範圍。

另行完全攪拌式好氧生物醱酵槽，植種食品廢水廠之馴化活性污泥並行不同水力停留時間之測試，長者化學需氧量去除68%，短者去除45%，污泥沉澱指標25ml/g相當密緻。纖維素去除率也達84%，同時也有氨氮硝化功能。後續完全攪拌式厭氧生物醱酵程序分解廚餘中溶解性化學需氧量，在30天之馴化後達80%去除率，亦證實好氧後續厭氧生物程序可有效去除廚餘與狼尾草纖維素之有機基質。

ABSTRACT

Two stage strategies seeding through anaerobic solid state fermentation (SSF) for degradation of farm waste and kitchen-waste enhanced ability of biodegradation process. In different jar tests with different seeding sources affected on degraded lignocelluloses, oil and grease, biogas production through process also after biological pretreatment farm waste and kitchen-waste. However in jar contained kitchen waste, kitchen waste compost observed H2 production during anaerobic SSF process. Addition, the number of bacteria and fungi increased CFUs values after added seeding, almost achieved more than 108-1010.3 CFU/g dry weight. The oil and grease degraded by fungi and bacterial through 30 days biodegradation about more than 97%. At Biochemical Hydrogen Potential (BHP) test, we saw that seeding microbes adapted to the mesophilic condition at 35oC. The substrate after biodegraded continuous collected for Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) test, at sample content kitchen waste and kitchen waste compost got higher composition biogas production more than 70%. Addition, in different soluble COD concentration, seeding sources we got several of biogas production. In this experiment higher COD concentration got higher biogas composition, but the start phase took long time for stage hydrolysis. The seeding most suitable for anaerobic biogas fermentation of soluble COD came from anaerobic kitchen waste digester in Ping tong city.
Aerobic biological process with Napier grass and kitchen-waste on Oxic Leaching Filter (OxLF) was conducted with aerobic SSF process. In this experiment we want to design and operation of bioreactor for lignocelluloses degradation under solid state fermentation. In this case, oxygen and carbon dioxides were important for controlling activity of microorganisms during bioreactor operation. The results suggested that cycle operation was 2 hours re-aeration follow with 1 hour recirculation. Through aerobic SSF on OxLF NH3 and H2O2 were released, so far led pH values increased from 5.2 to 8.8 in substrate final. Addition the lignin was degraded from 29% into 21% with 21 days aerobic SSF process.
Aerobic degradation process was observed by continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with aerobic heterotrophic bacteria from sludge of food processing plan. In this experiment we used soluble COD of substrate from OxLF for growing up bacterial from sludge. Addition we can observe CODs removal during CSTR operation with different HRT. The results showed that at longer HRT =20days got better COD removal about 68% than lower HRT= 8 days about 45%. The SVI indicator described about highly compact and good settling of activated sludge, in my reactor SVI about 25mL/g less than so much with highly good activated sludge. However cellulose degraded 84% after finished 4 runs operation. Other hand, nitrification process was observed after finished run 3 with 547 mg/L NO3-. Addition, in the SEM morphology in activated sludge showed off type of bacterial in different runs, included: Sphere shape, Rod shape and shell chain type. However, it can combine together to create shelter chain structure. Therefore we would be asserted that aerobic heterotrophic bacteria of activated sludge from food processing WWTP could help for cellulose degradation process and follow that was nitrification process in the activated sludge reactor.
Anaerobic degradation process conducted also in CSTR used soluble COD of kitchen waste with different HRT (15, 20, 25, 30 days), feed and draw several substrate and nutrient. The results showed that longer HRT = 30days was got better biogas production, biomass sustaining and COD degradation. The MLVSS and biogas production were calculated through 30 days CSTR operation and was steady at 1,100 mg/L and 80%, respectively.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT	ii
摘要	v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT	vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS	viii
LIST OF FIGURES	xiv
LIST OF TABLES	xxi
CHAPTER I GENERAL INTRODUCTION	1
1 Background	1
2 Objectives	2
3 Research Infra-Structure	3
CHAPTER II LITEATURE REVIEWS	5
1 Introduction of Biodegradation	5
2 Solid state fermentation (SSF) processes	6
2.1 Aerobic Solid state fermentation (SSF)	10
2.2 Anaerobic Solid state fermentation	12
2.3 Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria	14
2.4 Anaerobic biogas fermentation	19
3 Pretreatment method of lignocelluloses degradation	21
4 Material characteristic of lignocelluloses (specific feedstock in this study)	24
4.1 Lignocelluloses material	24
4.2 Napier grass	27
4.3 Kitchen waste	29 
5 COD/TOC mass balances with kitchen waste degradation	30
5.1 COD represents the electron holding TOC	30
5.2 COD and VSS significance during anaerobic process	33
6 Bioreactor application	34
6.1 Bioreactor design for SSF	34
6.2 Bioreactor application of SSF	40
CHAPTER III MATERIALS AND METHODS	43
1 Materials and Methods of Subject 1	43
1.1 Kitchen waste, leaves, duckweed, fermented compost	44
1.2 Methodologies and instruments	44
1.3 Two stage strategy seeding	45
1.3.1 Phase 1: Biological pretreatment of farm wastes was conducted with farm composting seeding through Solid sate fermentation (SSF) in anaerobic batch jar tests			45
1.3.2 Phase 2: Secondary biodegradation of farm wastes was conducted with kitchen-waste composting (KWC) seeding in anaerobic batch jar tests.	 45
1.3 Experimental design Oxic and anaerobic fermentation process by SSF	46
1.4 Solid state Bio-hydrogenation	47
1.5 Microbial community by total plate count method	48
2 Materials and Methods of Subject 2	50
2.1 Napier grass, kitchen-waste, kitchen waste composting	51
2.2 Oxic Leaching Filter (OxLF) bioreactor for pretreatment	51
2.3 Experimental design	52
2.4 Solid state fermentation (SSF)	53
2.5 Measure Lignin, cellulose, total carbon hydrate	53
2.5.1 Lignin analysis	53
2.5.2 Carbohydrate analysis	55
3 Materials and Methods of Subject 3	58
3.1 Substrate from biological pretreatment process	59
3.2 Biochemical Methane Potential Test (BMP)	59
3.3 Experimental design for BMP test substrate from Biological pretreatment of farm wastes	62
3.4 Experimental design for BMP test substrate from Biological pretreatment of Napier grass mixed kitchen-waste with two seedings sources	62
4 Materials and Methods of Subject 4	63
4.1 Bioreactor CSTR	64
4.2 Experimental design	65
4.3 SV30 and SVI indicators	65
4.4 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)	66
5 Materials and Methods of Subject 5	67
5.1 Kitchen waste soluble	68
5.2 Anaerobic CSTR system	68
5.3 Experimental design	69
5.4 COD removal and mass balances	69
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS	71
1 Results and Discussion of Subject 1	71
1.1 Biodegradation in two stages seeding	71
1.1.1 Biodegradation process in phase 1	71
1.1.2 Biodegradation process in phase 2	75
1.2 Bacterial Hydrogen Potential Test	80 
1.3 Summary of subject 1	83
2 Results and Discussion of subject 2	84
2.1 Lignin degradation	84
2.2 Biological process in OxFL bioreactor	85
2.3 Microbial activated in bioreactor during solid state fermentation 	88
2.4 Summary of subject 2	90
3 Results and Discussion of subject 3	91
3.1 BMP test with substrates from Jar 5 and Jar-KWC (Jar 6) through biodegradation jar tests	91
3.2 BMP test with substrates from Jar 1 to Jar 4 through biodegradation process	92
3.3 BMP test of substrate from biological pretreatment in OxLF	94
3.3.1 BMP test with seeding 1	94
3.3.2 BMP test with seeding 2	95
3.4 Summary of subject 3	100
4 Results and Discussion of Subject 4	101
4.1 COD removal and MLSS, MLVSS through aerobic degradation process	101
4.2 SV30, SVI indicators	104 
4.3 Cellulose degradation	105
4.4 Nitrification process through CSTR operation	106
4.5 SEM		107
4.6 Summary of subject 4	111
5 Results and Discussion of Subject 5	113
5.1 Biogas productions with different HRT	113 
5.2 MLSS and MLVSS conversion during CSTR operation	115
5.3 Soluble COD removal through CSTR operation	117
5.4 Data analysis	117
5.5 Summary of subject 5	122
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS	123
1 Conclusions	123
2 Suggestion	124
REFERENCES	125
                                    

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