薄膜程序應用於水處理之優點包括產水水質穩定、佔地面積小、擴建容易、及易自動化操作等，因此薄膜於水處理程序中扮演的角色將會愈來愈重要。然而薄膜程序所面臨的挑戰為阻塞，該問題主要是由於懸浮固體物或膠體物、溶解性有機物或無機物、生物性積垢物累積於薄膜表面或吸附於薄膜孔洞內。而薄膜阻塞或積垢會導致薄膜清洗頻率上升、降低出水量及薄膜使用壽命，導致成本上升。
本研究探討前處理對薄膜程序阻塞控制之影響，包括混凝前處理對UF膜阻塞之控制及前加酸調降pH值對NF膜積垢之控制。研究範疇包括 (1) 利用含腐植酸、藻酸及蛋白質等天然有機物之人工配製原水，以多元氯化鋁(PACl)為混凝劑，探討不同鹽基度之PACl及劑量對濁度及各類有機物之去除及效率，及對後續UF膜阻塞之影響。(2) 以取自水庫之表面水為對象，利用高效能粒徑排除層析儀(HPSEC)搭配有機碳及紫外光/可見光偵測器，分析原水、混凝後上澄液(亦為UF膜之進流水)及經兩種不同材質UF膜過濾之濾液中有機物種類及含量之變化，以暸解不同種類之有機物與不同材質UF膜間之相互作用，及其對水通量下降之影響。 (3) 取兩個淨水場UF膜之出水，探討水質及前處理所加酸劑種類對NF膜積垢之影響。
在人工原水部份，當以未前處理之人工原水直接進行醋纖維材質UF膜之過濾時，結果顯示UF膜對各種類人工配製原水之濁度均有相當高之去除率。當人工原水僅含高嶺土時並不會造成過膜通量下降。同時發現藻酸較之腐質酸或蛋白質有較嚴重之通量下降情形。推測其原因可能為藻酸較其他二種有機物較為親水性，導致其與親水性之醋酸纖維薄膜有較強之親合力所致。PACl混凝劑可有效地去除各類有機物，但人工原水中之藻酸會嚴重干擾混凝對濁度的去除。經由PACl混凝前處理可有效減少UF膜之阻塞。其通量下降情形與混凝後之殘餘濁度有相當大之相關性
。但含有藻酸之人工原水則比腐質酸與蛋白質需要較高之PACl混凝劑量，才可能有效控制薄膜通量之下降。
在天然原水之混凝及UF膜過濾部份，結果顯示混凝前處理可有效去除有機物並減緩UF膜通量下降之速率。混凝對大分子之生物聚合物及腐植質較之於小分子酸有較好之去除率。再由HPSEC結果顯示，聚氯乙烯(PVC)與醋酸纖維(CA)材質的UF膜均可去除大部分之生物聚合物，但CA膜另外還會去除少部分之小分子酸物質。由於PACl混凝可較有效地去除大分子之生物聚合物，但對於低分子有機酸去除效率較低，此可用以解釋何以混凝對PVC材質UF膜之通量下降控制較佳於CA材質者。
至於前處理對NF膜積垢控制之影響部份，結果顯示，當進流水含有較高之鹼度及鈣離子濃度時，容易因碳酸鈣沉積而造成NF膜阻塞。但此類之進流水亦較容易經由加酸調降pH值而控制通量之下降。再者在酸劑之選擇方面，結果顯示，鹽酸減緩NF膜通量下降之效果優於硫酸，推測其原因在於硫酸較之鹽酸易生成溶解度較低之鹽類所致。

The merits of membrane processes for water treatment include high water quality production, small footprint, easy expansion and adaption to automatic control. Therefore, the role of the membrane processes in the water treatment will become more important in the future than ever. However, the major problem for the further development of membrane processes is fouling, which may be caused by adsorption and deposition of particulates or colloids, dissolved organic or inorganic compounds, or biological slime on the surface of the membrane or in membrane matrix. Membranes fouling cause the decrease in permeability, or increase in operating pressure, and subsequently lead to the increase in cleaning demand, decrease in membrane module lifetime, and subsequently more frequent membrane replacement, and higher costs.
The objective of the research was to study the effect of pretreatment on membrane fouling control, including pre-coagulation on UF membrane fouling control, and the acid addition pretreatment to prevent NF membrane fouling. The scopes of this research include (1) using the lab-prepared polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with various basicity to coagulate synthetic waters, which contained kaolin and/or model compounds, such as humic acid, alginic acid, and protein, and the supernatant was then used as the feed water to a flat-sheet cellulose acetate UF membrane filtration cell. (2) surface water from a reservoir in southern Taiwan was collected, and coagulated by PACl. Then the supernatant was filtered by two kinds of hollow fiber UF membrane, made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and cellulose acetate (CA), respectively. The dissolved organics were characterized by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) detectors. (3) the UF permeates from two water treatment plants in southern Taiwan was collected, and the pH value was adjusted to 5 to 6 by adding either HCl or H2SO4 solution, before filtered by a flat-sheet thin film composite NF membrane.
The results show that for the direct filtration of synthetic water by UF membrane, the turbidity removal was very high. The existence of kaolin alone in the feed water did not cause flux decline. However, including organics in the feed water would cause fouling, and alginic acid caused much severe flux decline than that of humic acid and protein. This probably is due to the higher hydrophilicity of alginic acid than that of humic acid and protein, therefore, the former has stronger adsorption on the surface of cellulose acetate membrane. PACl could effectively remove the turbidity and dissolved organic in the synthetic source waters. However, the alginic acid has stronger effect on inhibition of turbidity removal than humic acid or protein. Pre-coagulation by PACl could effectively reduce the UF membrane fouling. Further, the flux decline rate strongly depended on the residual turbidity of the supernatant from coagulation. Therefore, alginic acid contained synthetic source water needed high PACl dosage for effective fouling control than that of humic acid and protein.
For the effect of pre-coagulation on real surface water and on the following UF membrane fouling control, the results show that coagulation pretreatment could reduce flux decline of UF membrane filtration by removing parts of NOM. PACl coagulation was found to have higher removal for large molecular weight organics, such as biopolymer and humic substance, than for low molecular weight acids. The results from HPSEC revealed that PVC membrane removed mainly biopolymer fraction, while CA membrane, in addition to biopolymer, also removed portion of the more hydrophilic low molecular weight acids. As PACl coagulation preferably removed biopolymer over low molecular weight acids, the efficiency of pre-coagulation on CA membrane fouling control was inferior to that on PVC membrane.
For the effect of acid addition pretreatment on NF fouling control, the results show that water with higher alkalinity and calcium concentration is prone to foul NF membranes through the deposition of calcium carbonate. However, fouling caused by this kind of water is also more likely to be effectively controlled by dropping the pH value of the feed water using the addition of acid . Further, in this study, hydrochloric acid was found to be a better acid agent than sulfuric acid, as the former induced much lower flux decline rate as compared to the latter. This probably is due to the generally lower solubility of sulfate salts as compared to that of chloride salts.

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