厭氣阻板反應器/上流式厭氣污泥床反應器處理養豬廢水
摘　　要
本研究使用厭氣無阻板反應器(ANBR)、厭氣阻板反應器(ABR)、厭氣阻板(出流水迴流)反應器(ABRr)及上流式厭氣污泥床反應器(UASBR)處理養豬廢水(取自台糖虎山農場經固液分離機、兼氣塘(HRT = 2 d)處理後之廢水；進流COD濃度2,050～2,820 mg /L)，在反應器體積5.15 L、體積負荷0.78～5.48 kg COD/m3-d、水力停留時間2.6～0.52 d之操作條件下，生物污泥量分別為12.4～53.4、14.4～73.5、14.3～72.0及14.5～73.3 g VSS，污泥顆粒平均粒徑(dp,avg；weighted mean)分別為0.81～1.31、0.92～1.46、1.05～1.61及1.05～1.75 mm，COD去除率分別為84～75%、91～92%、90～87%及91～93%。換言之，二種厭氣阻板反應器(ABR和ABRr)及UASBR之處理性能皆明顯優於厭氣無阻板反應器(ANBR)者；前者比後者有較多之生物量、較高之COD去除率及較大污泥顆粒粒徑。
高表面流速(us = 2 m/h)之厭氣反應器(ABRr與UASBR)的大粒徑所佔之百分比(% by volume)大致比低表面流速(us = 0.017～0.085 m/h) (ANBR與ABR)者高；四種厭氣反應器之dp,avg大致都隨著體積負荷之提高而有增大之趨勢；四種厭氣反應器之污泥顆粒粒徑以污泥床下層為最大，其次依序為污泥床中層、上層者。從厭氣反應器取出污泥顆粒混合液，並經由獨立批次實驗(30 ± 1℃)培養測得之甲烷菌分率(f)為0.27～0.70，且高體積負荷之f值有比低體積負荷低之趨勢。
根據追蹤劑試驗及延散數之計算，ANBR、ABRr及UASBR之液相流況皆趨近於完全混合，ABR之液相流況則趨近於栓塞流；ANBR、ABR、ABRr及UASBR之dead space分別為32.7～56.2%、8.5～37.4%、14.3～37.4%及9.2～(～0)%。
獨立批次實驗(30 ± 1℃)配合Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm非線性迴歸求得mixed culture降解COD之反應符合Monod型動力，其最大比基質利用速率常數(k)和半飽和常數(Ks)分別為0.41～1.29 mg COD/mg VSS-d和48～131 mg COD/L。另強化培養乙酸甲烷化反應亦符合Monod型動力，其動力常數k2和Ks2值分別為3.9 mg acetate/mg VSS-d和370 mg acetate/L。
藉由本研究提出之僅涵蓋液相之Model 1及涵蓋固相、液相之Model 2 (涵蓋有甲烷菌分率)模式計算，ANBR、ABR、ABRr及UASBR之COD (VFAs)濃度及COD (VFAs)去除率之模式模擬值皆與實驗值頗為吻合。因此，在工程應用(四種厭氣反應器之功能設計與操作管理)上，可使用模式計算步驟較為簡單之Model 1。

關鍵詞：厭氣阻板/無阻板反應器、上流式厭氣污泥床反應器、養豬廢水、處理性能評估、甲烷菌分率、動力模式、模式驗證。

Treatment of Piggery Wastewater Using Anaerobic Baffled Reactors/ Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed Reactor
ABSTRACT
Four anaerobic reactors including anaerobic non-baffled reactor (ANBR), anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR), ABR with effluent recycle (ABRr), and upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor (UASBR) were used to treat piggery wastewater (i.e., pretreated by a solids-liquid separator followed by a facultative lagoon with an HRT of 2 days; chemical oxygen demand (COD) = 2,050 – 2,820 mg/L). At the reactor volume of 5.15 L, volumetric loading rates (VLRs) of 0.78 – 5.48 kg COD/m3-d, and hydraulic retention times of 2.6 – 0.52 d, the biomass of the ANBR, ABR, ABRr, and UASBR were 12.4 – 53.4, 14.4 – 73.5, 14.3 – 72.0, and 14.5 – 73.3 g VSS, respectively; the average diameter of granules (dp,avg, weighted mean) were 0.81 – 1.31, 0.92 – 1.46, 1.05 – 1.61, and 1.05 – 1.75 mm, respectively and; the COD removal efficiencies were 84 – 75%, 91 – 92%, 90 – 87%, and 91 – 93%, respectively. In other words, the performance of anaerobic baffled reactors (ABR and ABRr) and UASBR are superior to that of ANBR; the formal can retain more biomass, maintain higher COD removal efficiencies, and grow larger granules, compared with the latter.
Percentage (by volume) of large sizes of granules in the ABRr and UASBR with a higher superficial velocity (us = 2 m/h) was higher than that of large sizes of granules in the ANBR and ABR with a lower us (= 0.017～0.085 m/h). In the four anaerobic reactors, the dp,avg increased with an increase in VLR; the granule diameter (dp) in the lower-part of the sludge bed was the biggest, the dp in the middle-up of the sludge bed was the next and, the dp in the upper-part of the sludge bed was the smallest. From independent batch experiments (30 ± 1℃) using sludge granules removed from the four anaerobic reactors (VLRs = 0.78～5.48 kg COD/m3-d), the estimated mass fractions of methanogens ranged from 0.27 to 0.70; the f value decreased with an increase in VLR.
According to tracer tests and the calculated dispersion number, the flow regimes of the ANBR, ABRr, and UASBR were close to complete-mix, while the flow regime of the ABR was close to plug flow; dead spaces of the ANBR, ABR, ABRr, and UASBR were 32.7 – 56.2%, 8.5 – 37.4%, 14.3 – 37.4%, and 9.2 – (~0)%, respectively.
From independent batch experiments (30 ± 1℃) together with Levenberg- Marquardt algorithm (i.e., nonlinear regression), the anaerobic degradation of piggery wastewater (mixed culture) followed Monod-type kinetics with the maximum specific substrate utilization rate constant (k) of 0.41 – 1.29 mg COD/mg VSS-d and the half-saturation constant (Ks) of 48 – 131 mg COD/L. Acetate methanogenesis (enrichment culture) also followed Monod-type kinetics with the k2 of 3.9 mg acetate/mg VSS-d and the Ks of 370 mg acetate/L.
By using the proposed two kinetic models (i.e., Model 1 incorporating only liquid-phase model and f; Model 2 incorporating solid-phase and liquid-phase model and f), the simulated COD (VFAs) concentrations and COD (VFAs) removal efficiencies in the ANBR, ABR, ABRr, and UASBR were in good agreement with the experimental results. Accordingly, Model 1 (i.e., rather simple calculations) should be acceptable for function design and operation and management of the four anaerobic reactors.

Keywords: Anaerobic baffled/non-baffled reactors; Upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor; Piggery wastewater; Performance evaluation; Mass fraction of methanogens; Kinetic model; Model verification.

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