基於利害關係人理論，本研究將科技專案計畫視為多利益相關者研發聯盟。該聯盟由法人研究機構（如工研院、金屬中心等）和參與協作研發的廠商組成。法人研究機構肩負著政府產業科技政策的使命，因此，根據公私部門夥伴關係（ PPPs）的觀點，科專研發聯盟也可視為 PPPs 的一種組織形式。現有的多夥伴聯盟研究文獻主要集中在以下三個方面：（1）以焦點廠商或雙元關係（dyad）為分析單位；（2）聚焦於聯盟成員的合作意願與行為；（3）在組織間協作的研究則聚焦於合作與（或）協調兩個課題。針對上述文獻可能的缺失，本研究提出以下觀點：（1）以聯盟水準（Consortium level）為分析單位，才能掌握多夥伴聯盟運作的全貌；（2）強調聯盟成員的合作意願只是必要條件，成員間的協調能力對於聯盟的成功也是關鍵因素；（3）多夥伴聯盟之組織間協作的本質是一種集體行動（Collective action），因此成員間除了合作與協調之外，聯盟集體目標的校準（ Align goal）也將影響聯盟之價值創造。
基於此，本研究結合了利害關係人理論、組織間協作、以及 PPPs 與社會困境的 文 獻 論 點 ， 提 出 一 個 科 專 計 劃 研 發 聯 盟 的 嘗 試 性 研 究 架 構 （ A tentative framework）。本研究資料來自台灣的線上問卷調查及紙本問卷調查。研究資料使用SPSS 軟體進行層次迴歸分析。分析來自台灣的 88 份有效問卷答复，研究發現社會困境對研發聯盟的績效會產生正向影響。然而，聯盟集體利益校準、 目標校準和行動校準帶來的影響似乎更加複雜，需要進一步研究。

This study examines collaboration within R&D consortia, a multi-party setting where firms and research institutions work together. Existing research often focuses on dyadic alliances (two-party partnerships). This study delves deeper, exploring collaboration at the consortium level, including: 1) Consortium level Collaboration: Examining various aspects like knowledge sharing and conflict resolution, beyond the typical dyadic analysis; (2) Coordination Mechanisms: Exploring routines and capabilities that enable effective collaboration among multiple members; (3) Collective Action and Goals: working towards shared goals is a core aspect of R&D consortia and that aligned goals are crucial for value creation. The sample of the study was collected from both online and paper questionnaire surveys. Data was analyzed with hierarchical regression using SPSS. Via 88 usable responses to questionnaires from Taiwan, the study finds a positive influence of social dilemmas on R&D consortium outcomes. However, the impact of interest, goal, and action alignment appears to be more complex and requires further investigation.

Agarwal, R., Anand, J., Bercovitz, J., & Croson, R. (2012). Spillovers across organizational architectures: The role of prior resource allocation and communication in post‐acquisition coordination outcomes. Strategic Management Journal, 33(6), 710-733.
Agarwal, R., Croson, R., & Mahoney, J. T. (2010). The role of incentives and communication in strategic alliances: An experimental investigation. Strategic Management Journal, 31(4), 413-437.
Aggarwal, V. A., Siggelkow, N., & Singh, H. (2011). Governing collaborative activity: interdependence and the impact of coordination and exploration. Strategic Management Journal, 32(7), 705-730.
Albert, D., Kreutzer, M., & Lechner, C. (2015). Resolving the paradox of interdependency and strategic renewal in activity systems. Academy of Management Review, 40(2), 210-234.
Asher, C. C., Mahoney, J. M., & Mahoney, J. T. (2005). Towards a property rights foundation for a stakeholder theory of the firm. Journal of Management & Governance, 9(1), 5-32.
Bacq, S., & Aguilera, R. V. (2022). Stakeholder governance for responsible innovation: A theory of value creation, appropriation, and distribution. Journal of management studies, 59(1), 29-60.
Barnes, C. M., Hollenbeck, J. R., Jundt, D. K., DeRue, D. S., & Harmon, S. J. (2011). Mixing individual incentives and group incentives: Best of both worlds or social dilemma? Journal of Management, 37(6), 1611-1635.
Barney, J. B. (2018). Why resource‐based theory's model of profit appropriation must incorporate a stakeholder perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 39(13), 3305-3325.
Bejerot, E., & Hasselbladh, H. (2013). Forms of intervention in public sector organizations: Generic traits in public sector reforms. Organization studies, 34(9), 1357-1380.
Bosse, D. A., & Coughlan, R. (2016). Stakeholder relationship bonds. Journal of management studies, 53(7), 1197-1222.
Bosse, D. A., Phillips, R. A., & Harrison, J. S. (2009). Stakeholders, reciprocity, and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 30(4), 447-456.
Bridoux, F., Coeurderoy, R., & Durand, R. (2011). Heterogeneous motives and the collective creation of value. Academy of Management Review, 36(4), 711-730.
Bridoux, F., & Stoelhorst, J. (2020). Stakeholder governance: Solving the collective action problems in joint value creation. Academy of Management Review(ja).
Bridoux, F., & Stoelhorst, J. W. (2014). Microfoundations for stakeholder theory: Managing stakeholders with heterogeneous motives. Strategic Management Journal, 35(1), 107-125.
Bridoux, F., & Stoelhorst, J. W. (2016). Stakeholder relationships and social welfare: A behavioral theory of contributions to joint value creation. Academy of Management Review, 41(2), 229-251.
Brinkerhoff, D. W., & Brinkerhoff, J. M. (2011). Public–private partnerships: Perspectives on purposes, publicness, and good governance. Public administration and development, 31(1), 2-14.
Bundy, J., Vogel, R. M., & Zachary, M. A. (2018). Organization–stakeholder fit: A dynamic theory of cooperation, compromise, and conflict between an organization and its stakeholders. Strategic Management Journal, 39(2), 476-501.
Cabral, S., Mahoney, J. T., McGahan, A. M., & Potoski, M. (2019). Value creation and value appropriation in public and nonprofit organizations. Strategic Management Journal, 40(4), 465-475.
Cuccurullo, C., & Lega, F. (2013). Effective strategizing practices in pluralistic settings: the case of Academic Medical Centers. Journal of Management & Governance, 17(3), 609-629.
Das, T. K., & Teng, B.-S. (2002). Alliance constellations: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Review, 27(3), 445-456.
Davis, J. P. (2016). The group dynamics of interorganizational relationships: Collaborating with multiple partners in innovation ecosystems. Administrative science quarterly, 61(4), 621-661.
Davis, J. P., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (2011). Rotating leadership and collaborative innovation: Recombination processes in symbiotic relationships. Administrative science quarterly, 56(2), 159-201.
Dawes, R. M. (1980). Social dilemmas. Annual review of psychology, 31(1), 169-193.
Dawes, R. M., McTavish, J., & Shaklee, H. (1977). Behavior, communication, and assumptions about other people's behavior in a commons dilemma situation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 35(1), 1.
Dawes, R. M., & Messick, D. M. (2000). Social dilemmas. International journal of psychology, 35(2), 111-116.
Doz, Y. L. (1996). The evolution of cooperation in strategic alliances: initial conditions or learning processes? Strategic Management Journal, 17(S1), 55-83.
Eldor, L. (2020). How collective engagement creates competitive advantage for organizations: A business‐level model of shared vision, competitive intensity, and service performance. Journal of management studies, 57(2), 177-209.
Estrada, I., Faems, D., Cruz, N. M., & Santana, P. P. (2016). The role of interpartner dissimilarities in Industry-University alliances: Insights from a comparative case study. Research Policy, 45(10), 2008-2022.
Fang, S.-C. (2001). 組織間學習機制與合作研發之組織學習績效的實証研究—組織間互動之觀點. 管理學報.
Fjeldstad, Ø. D., Snow, C. C., Miles, R. E., & Lettl, C. (2012). The architecture of collaboration. Strategic Management Journal, 33(6), 734-750.
Fonti, F., Maoret, M., & Whitbred, R. (2017). Free‐riding in multi‐party alliances: The role of perceived alliance effectiveness and peers' collaboration in a research consortium. Strategic Management Journal, 38(2), 363-383.
Foss, N. J., & Weber, L. (2016). Moving opportunism to the back seat: Bounded rationality, costly conflict, and hierarchical forms. Academy of Management Review, 41(1), 61-79.
Garcia‐Castro, R., & Aguilera, R. V. (2015). Incremental value creation and appropriation in a world with multiple stakeholders. Strategic Management Journal, 36(1), 137-147.
Guilford, J. P. (1965). The minimal phi coefficient and the maximal phi. Educational and psychological measurement, 25(1), 3-8.
Gulati, R. (1998). Alliances and networks. Strategic Management Journal, 19(4), 293-317.
Gulati, R., & Singh, H. (1998). The architecture of cooperation: Managing coordination costs and appropriation concerns in strategic alliances. Administrative science quarterly, 781-814.
Gulati, R., Wohlgezogen, F., & Zhelyazkov, P. (2012). The two facets of collaboration: Cooperation and coordination in strategic alliances. Academy of Management Annals, 6(1), 531-583.
Hardy, C., Phillips, N., & Lawrence, T. B. (2003). Resources, knowledge and influence: The organizational effects of interorganizational collaboration. Journal of management studies, 40(2), 321-347.
Hargrave, T. J., & Van de Ven, A. H. (2006). A collective action model of institutional innovation. Academy of Management Review, 31(4), 864-888.
Harrison, J. S., Bosse, D. A., & Phillips, R. A. (2010). Managing for stakeholders, stakeholder utility functions, and competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 31(1), 58-74.
Jones, T. M., Harrison, J. S., & Felps, W. (2018). How applying instrumental stakeholder theory can provide sustainable competitive advantage. Academy of Management Review, 43(3), 371-391.
Kaiser, U., & Kuhn, J. M. (2012). Long-run effects of public–private research joint ventures: The case of the Danish Innovation Consortia support scheme. Research Policy, 41(5), 913-927.
Kale, P., Dyer, J. H., & Singh, H. (2002). Alliance capability, stock market response, and long‐term alliance success: the role of the alliance function. Strategic Management Journal, 23(8), 747-767.
Kania, J., & Kramer, M. (2013). Embracing emergence: How collective impact addresses complexity. In: Stanford Social Innovation Review Stanford.
Kelman, S. (2007). 5 Public administration and organization studies. Academy of Management Annals, 1(1), 225-267.
Khanna, T., Gulati, R., & Nohria, N. (1998). The dynamics of learning alliances: Competition, cooperation, and relative scope. Strategic Management Journal, 19(3), 193-210.
Kivleniece, I., & Quelin, B. V. (2012). Creating and capturing value in public-private ties: A private actor's perspective. Academy of Management Review, 37(2), 272-299.
Klein, P. G., Mahoney, J. T., McGahan, A. M., & Pitelis, C. N. (2013). Capabilities and strategic entrepreneurship in public organizations. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 7(1), 70-91.
Klein, P. G., Mahoney, J. T., McGahan, A. M., & Pitelis, C. N. (2019). Organizational governance adaptation: Who is in, who is out, and who gets what. Academy of Management Review, 44(1), 6-27.
Kleinaltenkamp, M., Karpen, I. O., Plewa, C., Jaakkola, E., & Conduit, J. (2019). Collective engagement in organizational settings. Industrial Marketing Management, 80, 11-23.
Kollock, P. (1998). Social dilemmas: The anatomy of cooperation. Annual review of sociology, 24(1), 183-214.
Kramer, M. R., & Pfitzer, M. W. (2016). The ecosystem of shared value. Harvard Business Review, 94(10), 80-89.
Kretschmer, T., & Vanneste, B. S. (2017). Collaboration in strategic alliances: Cooperation and coordination. In Collaborative strategy: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Luo, J., & Kaul, A. (2019). Private action in public interest: The comparative governance of social issues. Strategic Management Journal, 40(4), 476-502.
Mahoney, J. T., McGahan, A. M., & Pitelis, C. N. (2009). Perspective—The interdependence of private and public interests. Organization Science, 20(6), 1034-1052.
Majchrzak, A., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Bagherzadeh, M. (2015). A review of interorganizational collaboration dynamics. Journal of Management, 41(5), 1338-1360.
Mathews, J. A. (2002). The origins and dynamics of Taiwan’s R&D consortia. Research Policy, 31(4), 633-651.
McCarter, M. W., Budescu, D. V., & Scheffran, J. (2011). The give-or-take-some dilemma: An empirical investigation of a hybrid social dilemma. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 116(1), 83-95.
McCarter, M. W., & Fudge Kamal, D. (2013). Recognizing and resolving social dilemmas in supply chain public–private partnerships. Journal of Business Logistics, 34(4), 360-372.
McCarter, M. W., Mahoney, J. T., & Northcraft, G. B. (2011). Testing the waters: Using collective real options to manage the social dilemma of strategic alliances. Academy of Management Review, 36(4), 621-640.
McCarter, M. W., Rockmann, K. W., & Northcraft, G. B. (2010). Is it even worth it? The effect of loss prospects in the outcome distribution of a public goods dilemma. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 111(1), 1-12.
McDermott, G. A., Corredoira, R. A., & Kruse, G. (2009). Public-private institutions as catalysts of upgrading in emerging market societies. Academy of Management Journal, 52(6), 1270-1296.
Mindruta, D. (2013). Value creation in university‐firm research collaborations: A matching approach. Strategic Management Journal, 34(6), 644-665.
Monge, P. R., Fulk, J., Kalman, M. E., Flanagin, A. J., Parnassa, C., & Rumsey, S. (1998). Production of collective action in alliance-based interorganizational communication and information systems. Organization Science, 9(3), 411-433.
Okhuysen, G. A., & Bechky, B. A. (2009). 10 coordination in organizations: An integrative perspective. Academy of Management Annals, 3(1), 463-502.
Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action: Cambridge university press.
Porter, M., & Kramer, M. (2011). Creating Shared Value. Harvard Business Review, 89 (1/2): 62-77.
Powell, W. W., Koput, K. W., & Smith-Doerr, L. (1996). Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: Networks of learning in biotechnology. Administrative science quarterly, 116-145.
Quelin, B. V., Cabral, S., Lazzarini, S., & Kivleniece, I. (2019). The private scope in public–private collaborations: An institutional and capability-based perspective. Organization Science, 30(4), 831-846.
Rangan, S., Samii, R., & Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2006). Constructive partnerships: When alliances between private firms and public actors can enable creative strategies. Academy of Management Review, 31(3), 738-751.
Rufin, C., & Rivera-Santos, M. (2012). Between commonweal and competition: Understanding the governance of public–private partnerships. Journal of Management, 38(5), 1634-1654.
Sakakibara, M. (1997). Heterogeneity of firm capabilities and cooperative research and development: an empirical examination of motives. Strategic Management Journal, 18(S1), 143-164.
Schiavone, F., & Simoni, M. (2016). Prior experience and co-opetition in R&D programs. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 7, 819-835.
Schoorman, F. D., Mayer, R. C., & Davis, J. H. (1996). Organizational trust: Philosophical perspectives and conceptual definitions. In (pp. 337-340): JSTOR.
Selsky, J. W., & Parker, B. (2005). Cross-sector partnerships to address social issues: Challenges to theory and practice. Journal of Management, 31(6), 849-873.
Shipilov, A., & Gawer, A. (2020). Integrating research on interorganizational networks and ecosystems. Academy of Management Annals, 14(1), 92-121.
Shuen, A. A. (1994). Technology sourcing and learning strategies in the semiconductor industry: University of California, Berkeley.
Simonin, B. L. (1997). The importance of collaborative know-how: An empirical test of the learning organization. Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1150-1174.
Srikanth, K., & Puranam, P. (2011). Integrating distributed work: comparing task design, communication, and tacit coordination mechanisms. Strategic Management Journal, 32(8), 849-875.
Stoelhorst, J. (2021). Value, rent, and profit: A stakeholder resource‐based theory. Strategic Management Journal.
Tantalo, C., & Priem, R. L. (2016). Value creation through stakeholder synergy. Strategic Management Journal, 37(2), 314-329.
Tee, R., Davies, A., & Whyte, J. (2019). Modular designs and integrating practices: Managing collaboration through coordination and cooperation. Research Policy, 48(1), 51-61.
Weber, L., & Mayer, K. (2014). Transaction cost economics and the cognitive perspective: Investigating the sources and governance of interpretive uncertainty. Academy of Management Review, 39(3), 344-363.
Xia, M., Zhao, K., & Mahoney, J. T. (2012). Enhancing value via cooperation: firms’ process benefits from participation in a standard consortium. Industrial and Corporate Change, 21(3), 699-729.
Yamagishi, T., & Yamagishi, M. (1994). Trust and commitment in the United States and Japan. Motivation and emotion, 18(2), 129-166.
Yang, Y., Hou, Y., & Wang, Y. (2013). On the development of public–private partnerships in transitional economies: An explanatory framework. Public administration review, 73(2), 301-310.
Zeng, M., & Chen, X.-P. (2003). Achieving cooperation in multiparty alliances: A social dilemma approach to partnership management. Academy of Management Review, 28(4), 587-605.
周佩萱. (2009). 邁向價值創造新時代 經濟部法人科專績效評估機制的挑戰與變革. 臺灣經濟研究月刊, 32(2), 35-42.
方世杰. (1999). 科技專案產研技術合作研發聯盟動機類型, 互動機制與績效之研究. 中山管理評論》(台灣), 7(2), 325-355.
邱秀玲. (2008). 點燃價值創造之驅動引擎 法人科專促成廠商投資動向與政策思惟. 臺灣經濟研究月刊, 31(4), 93-101.