從災害管理的角度上來看，山崩潛勢分析能夠預測山崩可能發生的機率與位置等資訊，對於相關人員來說，它能夠做為規劃決策時有效的輔助。而地形變化亦為山崩分析中的重要環節。除了進行實地測量取得DTM外，經驗法估算為另外一種經常被使用的方式，主要是依靠大量的案例數量所建立的，像是利用特定的坡度推測體積、或者是歸納面積與體積的迴歸法等等，雖然計算速度較快，但是會存在使用適用性的限制，也較無法反映地形在空間與時間上的細部變化。
本論文分為兩個部份，第一部份以莫拉克颱風降雨事件而產生的324組山崩，使用事件前與後的數值高程差異量，進而區分淺層與深層山崩目錄，並且使用不安定指數法來進行山崩潛勢分析，成果表明坡度是觸發前者的主要因子，累積雨量則是後者，最後個別提出不安定指數；第二部份則是以山崩陰影推估山崩深度為概念，設計一個自動計算山崩體積法，它被規範允許部份的誤差，在短時間內完成。
本研究所設計之山崩體積估算法，最主要的特色是能提供分析地形變化的能力，利用這個方法所獲取的平均山崩深度之結果，可以彰顯本方法亦能適用於淺層山崩與深層山崩。以往，考慮資料取得之時效性問題，造成山崩分析至少需要耗費數月之久。然而，透過本研究方法能針對每次災害事件評估地形變化在空間與時間上之分析，進一步簡化山崩觸發因素，這是本研究方法的最大優勢與貢獻。

Terrain change (landslide volume) is a major indicator in analyzing the scale of landslides. Its importance lies in assisting disaster prevention personnel to understand landslide scale and magnitude, and to estimate the possible scope of subsequent impact in the future. Two main calculating methodology of terrain change are DTM and empirical method. Even though the empirical method may have faster calculating capability, but it has restriction on applied the general empirical function to all the regions and could not offer any spatial variation of terrain change. In the first part of this work, the instability index method is applied for landslide susceptibility analysis. The result shows that major landslide triggering factor of shallow landslide is slope angle, whereas for deep seated landslide is the amount of accumulated rainfall for the case at southern Taiwan. In the second part of the work, genetic algorithm is applied to perform a smart method of calculating landslide volume automatically. The result shows that the calculation error is less than 25% and the method could offer the calculating result within a short time (within a day).

中央氣象局(2015)，"中央氣象局1994至2015年地震規模統計"，"http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V7/service/notice/download/notice_20150319165128.pdf"，中央氣象局。
中央氣象局(2016)，"颱風資料庫"，"http://rdc28.cwb.gov.tw/"，中央氣象局。
王進德(2007)，"類神經網路與模糊控制理論入門與應用"，全華圖書股份有限公司，第12-23頁。
吳孟姍、陳國威與黃振全(2013)，"地面式三維雷射掃瞄於野溪地形監測之應用--以屏東縣來社溪上游段為例"，102年會，12/07。
李錫堤(2009)，"山崩及土石流災害分析的方法學回顧與展望"，臺灣公共工程學刊，第5卷第1期，第1-29頁。
李馨慈(2010)，"重大地震地表擾動衰減特性於震後高強度降雨之山崩潛勢分析"，資源工程學系博士論文，國立成功大學。
林士儼(2006)，"確定提撥制下之最適投資決策：隨機最佳化之模型建構"，風險管理與保險學系碩士論文，國立政治大學。
林老生(2003)，"GPS RTK 與全測站經緯儀在都市地區土地測量的應用". 第一屆數位地球國際研討會，11/17-11/19。
林伯勳、許振崑與冀樹勇(2011)，"集水區土壤厚度經驗式應用分析"，中興工程，第111期，第35-45頁。
林雪美(2004)，"臺灣地區近三十年自然災害的時空特性"，國立臺灣師範大學地理研究報告，第41期，第99-128頁。
林瑋翎(2012)，"利用單幅遙測影像估算崩塌體積"，資源工程學系碩士論文，國立成功大學。
邱禎龍(2012)，"研究環境科學的重要工具-空載光達"，地質，第31卷第2期，第20-25頁。
財團法人台灣水利環境科技研究發展教育基金會(2011)，"石門水庫集水區保育治理研究綜整計畫委託專業服務"，經濟部水利署北區水資源局。
國立屏東科技大學(2012)，"高屏溪第二次河川情勢調查"，經濟部水利署第七河川局。
梁惠儀、林伯勳、許振崑與冀樹勇(2012)，"集水區暴雨引致新增崩塌產量簡易估算方法"，水保技術，第7卷第2期，第82-95頁。
郭朗哲(2004)，"地面光達於崩塌地地形製圖之應用"，土木工程學系碩士論文，國立交通大學。
郭婉茹(2013)，"降雨觸發崩塌最適時空尺度之分析研究"，地球科學系碩士論文，國立成功大學。
陳良健(2012)，"商用光學衛星影像測製 DEM 的現況"，國土測繪及空間資訊政策現況與展望論壇，10/19。
陳鈺翔(2011)，"數位影像相關法於應變量測之應用"，機械工程學系碩士論文，國立中興大學。
陳樹群、吳俊鋐與王雁平(2010a)，"地震或降雨誘發崩塌之崩塌特性探討"，中華水土保持學報，第41卷第2期，第94-112頁。
陳樹群、蔡義誌與吳俊鋐(2010b)，"小林村崩塌地形自動判讀與土方量估算"，工程環境會刊，第25期，第45-56頁。
陳樹群、諸予涵與吳俊鋐(2012)，"旗山溪集水區長期降雨特性改變與崩塌分佈關係"，中華水土保持學報，第43卷第4期，第293-301頁。
溫振宇(2005)，"結合地震與颱風因子之山崩模式分析"，地球科學系碩士論文，國立成功大學。
劉哲欣、吳亭燁、陳聯光、林聖琪、林又青、陳樹群與周憲德(2011)，"臺灣地區重大岩體滑動案例之土方量分析"，中華水土保持學報，第42卷第2期，第150-159頁。
劉進金、林慶偉、曾志民與黃敏郎(2010)，"事件前後空載光達數值地形用於估計崩塌量之(空缺與缺陷)兩大問題之省思"，2010亞洲地理資訊系統國際研討會暨台灣地理資訊學會年會、兩岸四地GIS與應用遙感研討會，11/04-11/06。
歐陽元淳(2003)，"水庫集水區土壤沖蝕之研究-以石門、翡翠水庫為例"，地理環境資源學系碩士論文，國立臺灣大學。
賴進貴(2003)，"遙測技術在崩塌地、土石流及坡地管理應用計畫成果報告書：DTM品質檢核與提昇之研究"，行政院農業委員會水土保持局，第1-23頁。
邊佳炫(2014)，"以GIS綜合評估降雨引發之山崩體積與面積對應關係 - 以莫拉克風災為例"，資源工程學系碩士論文，國立成功大學。
蘇苗彬、蔡顯修與簡李濱(1998)，"集水區坡地安定評估之計量分析方法"，中華水土保持學報，第29卷第2期，第105-114頁。
Achiche, S., Baron, L., Balazinski, M. (2004). "Real/binary-like coded versus binary coded genetic algorithms to automatically generate fuzzy knowledge bases: a comparative study". Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 17. 313-325.
Aleotti, P., Chowdhury, R. (1999). "Landslide hazard assessment: summary review and new perspectives". Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 58. 21-44.
Ardizzone, F., Rossi, M., Cardinali, M., Marchesini, I., Santangelo, M., Mondini, A.C., Fiorucci, F., Mateos, R.M., García, I., Ciampalini, A. (2014). "D5.1. Report on Standard for landslide inventory maps and quality assessment".
Avtar, R., Singh, C.K., Singh, G., Verma, R.L., Mukherjee, S., Sawada, H. (2011). "Landslide susceptibility zonation study using remote sensing and GIS technology in the Ken-Betwa River Link area, India". Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 70. 595-606.
Bandara, K.M.S., Ohtsuka, S. (2014). "Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the 2004 Mid Niigata prefecture earthquake in Japan". Computer Methods and Recent Advances in Geomechanics. CRC Press, pp. 1903-1906.
Barbosa, H.J.C., Lemonge, A.C.C., Fonseca, L.C., Bernardino, H.S. (2010). "Comparing Two Constraint Handling Techniques in a Binary-Coded Genetic Algorithm for Optimization Problems". In: Deb, K., Bhattacharya, A., Chakraborti, N., Chakroborty, P., Das, S., Dutta, J., Gupta, S.K., Jain, A., Aggarwal, V., Branke, J., Louis, S.J., Tan, K.C. (Eds.), Simulated Evolution and Learning, pp. 125-134.
Bell, R., Petschko, H., Rohrs, M., Dix, A. (2012). "ASSESSMENT OF LANDSLIDE AGE, LANDSLIDE PERSISTENCE AND HUMAN IMPACT USING AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS". Geografiska Annaler Series a-Physical Geography. 94A. 135-156.
Berthier, E., Bjornsson, H., Palsson, F., Feigl, K.L., Llubes, M., Remy, F. (2006). "The level of the Grimsvotn subglacial lake, Vatnajokull, Iceland, monitored with SPOT5 images". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 243. 293-302.
Berthier, E., Vadon, H., Baratoux, D., Arnaud, Y., Vincent, C., Feigl, K.L., Remy, F., Legresy, B. (2005). "Surface motion of mountain glaciers derived from satellite optical imagery". Remote Sensing of Environment. 95. 14-28.
Cardinali, M., Guzzetti, F., Brabb, E.E. (1990). "Preliminary maps showing landslide deposits and related features in New Mexico". Survey, U.S.G.
Chan, Y.-C., Chen, Y.-G., Shih, T.-Y., Huang, C. (2007). "Characterizing the Hsincheng active fault in northern Taiwan using airborne LiDAR data: Detailed geomorphic features and their structural implications". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 31. 303-316.
Chau, K.T., Sze, Y.L., Fung, M.K., Wong, W.Y., Fong, E.L., Chan, L.C.P. (2004). "Landslide hazard analysis for Hong Kong using landslide inventory and GIS". Computers & Geosciences. 30. 429-443.
Chen, Y.C., Chang, K.T., Lee, H.Y., Chiang, S.H. (2015). "Average landslide erosion rate at the watershed scale in southern Taiwan estimated from magnitude and frequency of rainfall". Geomorphology. 228. 756-764.
Cheng, J.D., Lin, L.L., Lu, H.S. (2002). "Influences of forests on water flows from headwater watersheds in Taiwan". Forest Ecology and Management. 165. 11-28.
Chiang, S.H., Chang, K.T. (2011). "The potential impact of climate change on typhoon-triggered landslides in Taiwan, 2010-2099". Geomorphology. 133. 143-151.
Conforti, M., Robustelli, G., Muto, F., Critelli, S. (2012). "Application and validation of bivariate GIS-based landslide susceptibility assessment for the Vitravo river catchment (Calabria, south Italy)". Natural Hazards. 61. 127-141.
Crosta, G.B. (2004). "Introduction to the special issue on rainfall-triggered landslides and debris flows". Engineering Geology. 73. 191-192.
Dai, F.C., Lee, C.F. (2001). "Frequency-volume relation and prediction of rainfall-induced landslides". Engineering Geology. 59. 253-266.
Dai, F.C., Lee, C.F., Ngai, Y.Y. (2002). "Landslide risk assessment and management: an overview". Engineering Geology. 64. 65-87.
Dilley, M.C., Robert S.; Deichmann, Uwe; Lerner-Lam, Arthur L.; Arnold, Margaret; Agwe, Jonathan; Buys, Piet; Kjevstad, Oddvar; Lyon, Bradfield; Yetman, Gregory; (2005). "Natural disaster hotspots : a global risk analysis". The World Bank.
Duman, T.Y., Can, T., Emre, O., Kecer, M., Dogan, A., Ates, S., Durmaz, S. (2005). "Landslide inventory of northwestern Anatolia, turkey". Engineering Geology. 77. 99-114.
Grefenstette, J.J. (1986). "OPTIMIZATION OF CONTROL PARAMETERS FOR GENETIC ALGORITHMS". Ieee Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics. 16. 122-128.
Guthrie, R.H., Evans, S.G. (2004). "Analysis of landslide frequencies and characteristics in a natural system, Coastal British Columbia". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 29. 1321-1339.
Guzzetti, F., Ardizzone, F., Cardinali, M., Galli, M., Reichenbach, P., Rossi, M. (2008). "Distribution of landslides in the Upper Tiber River basin, central Italy". Geomorphology. 96. 105-122.
Guzzetti, F., Ardizzone, F., Cardinali, M., Rossi, M., Valigi, D. (2009). "Landslide volumes and landslide mobilization rates in Umbria, central Italy". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 279. 222-229.
Guzzetti, F., Carrara, A., Cardinali, M., Reichenbach, P. (1999). "Landslide hazard evaluation: a review of current techniques and their application in a multi-scale study, Central Italy". Geomorphology. 31. 181-216.
Guzzetti, F., Mondini, A.C., Cardinali, M., Fiorucci, F., Santangelo, M., Chang, K.-T. (2012). "Landslide inventory maps: New tools for an old problem". Earth-Science Reviews. 112. 42-66.
He, Y.H., Hui, C.W. (2010). "A binary coding genetic algorithm for multi-purpose process scheduling: A case study". Chemical Engineering Science. 65. 4816-4828.
Hebeler, F. (2007). "Hillshade". "http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/14863-hillshade". MATLAB CENTER File Exchange.
Ho, C. (1988). "An introduction to the geology of Taiwan: explanatory text of the geologic map of Taiwan". Central Geological Survey, Ministry of Economic Affairs.
Hovius, N., Stark, C.P., Allen, P.A. (1997). "Sediment flux from a mountain belt derived by landslide mapping". Geology. 25. 231-234.
Huang, A.-B., Lee, J.-T., Ho, Y.-T., Chiu, Y.-F., Cheng, S.-Y. (2012). "Stability monitoring of rainfall-induced deep landslides through pore pressure profile measurements". Soils and Foundations. 52. 737-747.
Iida, T. (1999). "A stochastic hydro-geomorphological model for shallow landsliding due to rainstorm". CATENA. 34. 293-313.
James, L.A., Hodgson, M.E., Ghoshal, S., Latiolais, M.M. (2012). "Geomorphic change detection using historic maps and DEM differencing: The temporal dimension of geospatial analysis". Geomorphology. 137. 181-198.
Johnson, K. (2014). "Search List Expands in Washington State Mudslide". "http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/us/search-continues-after-washington-state-landslide.html?_r=0".
Kasai, M., Ikeda, M., Asahina, T., Fujisawa, K. (2009). "LiDAR-derived DEM evaluation of deep-seated landslides in a steep and rocky region of Japan". Geomorphology. 113. 57-69.
Korup, O. (2005). "Distribution of landslides in southwest New Zealand". Landslides. 2. 43-51.
Koukis, G., Ziourkas, C. (1991). "Slope instability phenomena in Greece: A statistical analysis". Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology - Bulletin de l'Association Internationale de Géologie de l'Ingénieur. 43. 47-60.
Kuo, Y.S., Tsai, Y.J., Chen, Y.S., Shieh, C.L., Miyamoto, K., Itoh, T. (2013). "Movement of deep-seated rainfall-induced landslide at Hsiaolin Village during Typhoon Morakot". Landslides. 10. 191-202.
Li, H., Wang, Y. (2011). "A real-binary coded genetic algorithm for solving nonlinear bilevel programming with nonconvex objective functions". 2011 IEEE Congress of Evolutionary Computation, CEC 2011, June 5, 2011 - June 8, 2011. 2496-2500.
Lin, C.W., Chang, W.S., Liu, S.H., Tsai, T.T., Lee, S.P., Tsang, Y.C., Shieh, C.L., Tseng, C.M. (2011). "Landslides triggered by the 7 August 2009 Typhoon Morakot in southern Taiwan". Engineering Geology. 123. 3-12.
Martı́nez-Casasnovas, J.A. (2003). "A spatial information technology approach for the mapping and quantification of gully erosion". CATENA. 50. 293-308.
McKinnon, M. (2014). "Hazard, Risk, and the Steelhead Landslide in Washington". "http://space.io9.com/hazard-risk-and-the-steelhead-landslide-in-washington-1551357211".
Meunier, P., Hovius, N., Haines, J.A. (2008). "Topographic site effects and the location of earthquake induced landslides". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 275. 221-232.
Mickelson, K.A. (2011). "LiDAR-Based Landslide Inventory and Susceptibility Mapping, and Differential LiDAR Analysis for the Panther Creek Watershed, Coast Range, Oregon". Master of Science (M.S.) in Geology Thesis. Portland State University.
Mineral Resources Tasmania. Data Management, B., 2005. "Hobart [cartographic material] / produced by the Data Management Branch, Mineral Resources Tasmania", In: Latinovic, N., Calver, C.R., Forsyth, S.M., Ezzy, A., Mazengarb, C., Hobart, C., Tasmania. Dept of Primary Industries, W., Environment, I., Land, S. (Eds.). Mineral Resources Tasmania, Dept. of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources ; Hobart City Council, [Rosny Park, Tas.] : [Hobart, Tas.].
Norman, D. (2014). "SR-530 Landslide:". "http://washingtondnr.wordpress.com/2014/03/27/sr-530-landslide-questions-answers-about-landslides-and-geology/". Washington State Department of Natural Resources.
Passalacqua, P., Tarolli, P., Foufoula-Georgiou, E. (2010). "Testing space-scale methodologies for automatic geomorphic feature extraction from lidar in a complex mountainous landscape". Water Resources Research. 46.
Riley, D., Hansen, C. (2015). "Sun-Relative Pointing for Dual-Axis Solar Trackers Employing Azimuth and Elevation Rotations". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering. 137. 031008-031008.
Robertson, J. (2014). "Landslide in Washington State USGS is working with partners to provide up-to-date information". "http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/landslide-in-washington-state/?from=image". United States Geological Survey.
Sandric, I., Chitu, Z. (2009). "Landslide inventory for the administrative area of Breaza, Curvature Subcarpathians, Romania". Journal of Maps. 5. 75-86.
Shou, K., Wu, B., Hsu, H. (2008). "Analysis of control factors on landslides in the Taiwan area". Landslides and Engineered Slopes. From the Past to the Future, Two Volumes + CD-ROM. CRC Press, pp. 1621-1626.
Simonett, D.S. (1967). "Landslide distribution and earthquakes in the Bewani and Torricelli Mountains, New Guinea". Canberra : Australian National University Press, 64-84 pp.
Tarolli, P., Borga, M., Chang, K.T., Chiang, S.H. (2011). "Modeling shallow landsliding susceptibility by incorporating heavy rainfall statistical properties". Geomorphology. 133. 199-211.
Tarolli, P., Sofia, G., Dalla Fontana, G.D. (2012). "Geomorphic features extraction from high-resolution topography: landslide crowns and bank erosion". Natural Hazards. 61. 65-83.
Toutin, T. (2004). "Comparison of stereo-extracted DTM from different high-resolution sensors: SPOT-5, EROS-a, IKONOS-II, and QuickBird". Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on. 42. 2121-2129.
Tseng, C.M., Lin, C.W., Stark, C.P., Liu, J.K., Fei, L.Y., Hsieh, Y.C. (2013). "Application of a multi-temporal, LiDAR-derived, digital terrain model in a landslide-volume estimation". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 38. 1587-1601.
Tu, J.Y., Chou, C. (2013). "Changes in precipitation frequency and intensity in the vicinity of Taiwan: typhoon versus non-typhoon events". Environmental Research Letters. 8.
Tutkun, N. (2009). "Parameter estimation in mathematical models using the real coded genetic algorithms". Expert Systems with Applications. 36. 3342-3345.
Van Asch, T.W.J., Buma, J., Van Beek, L.P.H. (1999). "A view on some hydrological triggering systems in landslides". Geomorphology. 30. 25-32.
Van Den Eeckhaut, M., Poesen, J., Verstraeten, G., Vanacker, V., Moeyersons, J., Nyssen, J., van Beek, L.P.H. (2005). "The effectiveness of hillshade maps and expert knowledge in mapping old deep-seated landslides". Geomorphology. 67. 351-363.
Varnes, D.J. (1978). "SLOPE MOVEMENT TYPES AND PROCESSES". 11-33.
Voiland, A. (2014). "Landslide and Barrier Lake near Oso, Washington". "http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=83409". National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Earth Observatory.
Wang, C.W., Shen, C.W., Lin, L.L. (2012). "A Study on Rational Slopeland Classification and Use for Land Conservation in Taiwan". Disaster Advances. 5. 144-149.
Wang, K.L., Lin, M.L. (2010). "Development of shallow seismic landslide potential map based on Newmark's displacement: the case study of Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan". Environmental Earth Sciences. 60. 775-785.
Wang, T.S., Yu, T.T., Lee, S.T., Peng, W.F., Lin, W.L., Li, P.L. (2014). "MATLAB code to estimate landslide volume from single remote sensed image using genetic algorithm and imagery similarity measurement". Computers & Geosciences. 70. 238-247.
Wang, Y.-F., Guo, X.-J. (2009). "Real-coded genetic algorithm and application in the automatic composing the test paper". 3rd International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology Application, IITA 2009, November 21, 2009 - November 22, 2009. 399-402.
Weissel, J.K., Stark, C.P. (2001). "Landslides triggered by the 1999 Mw7.6 Chi Chi earthquake in Taiwan and their relationship to topography". 2001 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2001). 07/09-07/13. 759-761.
West, T.R. (1995). "Geology Applied to Engineering". Prentice Hall.
Wieczorek, G.F. (1983). "PREPARING A DETAILED LANDSLIDE-INVENTORY MAP FOR HAZARD EVALUATION AND REDUCTION". Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists. 21. 337-342.
Woolard, J.W., Colby, J.D. (2002). "Spatial characterization, resolution, and volumetric change of coastal dunes using airborne LIDAR: Cape Hatteras, North Carolina". Geomorphology. 48. 269-287.
Wu, C.H., Chen, S.C., Chou, H.T. (2011). "Geomorphologic characteristics of catastrophic landslides during typhoon Morakot in the Kaoping Watershed, Taiwan". Engineering Geology. 123. 13-21.
Young, R., Norby, L. (2009). "Geological Monitoring". Geological Society of America, 305 pp.
Yu, T.-T., Chen, Y.S., Ben, C.S. (2015a). "Empirical Volume Estimation of Landslide Induced by Single Heavy Rainfall Event at Southern Taiwan From Projection Area of Remote Sensed Imagery". International Journal of Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Research and Development (IJCSEIERD). 2015. 35-42.
Yu, T.-T., Wang, T.-S., Cheng, Y.-S. (2015b). "Analysis of factors triggering shallow failure and deep-seated landslides induced by single rainfall events". Journal of Disaster Research. 10. 966-972.
Zezere, J.L., Trigo, R.M., Trigo, I.F. (2005). "Shallow and deep landslides induced by rainfall in the Lisbon region (Portugal): assessment of relationships with the North Atlantic Oscillation". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 5. 331-344.
Zhang, W.J., Chen, Y.M., Zhan, L.T. (2006). "Loading/unloading response ratio theory applied in predicting deep-seated landslides triggering". Engineering Geology. 82. 234-240.
Zieher, T., Formanek, T., Bremer, M., Meissl, G., Rutzinger, M. (2012). "Digital Terrain Model Resolution and its Influence on Estimating the Extent of Rockfall Areas". Transactions in Gis. 16. 691-699.
独立行政法人土木研究所(2010)，"深層崩壊に関する全国マップについて-過去の深層崩壊事例について（～平成22年度）"，"http://www.mlit.go.jp/report/press/river03_hh_000252.html"。
独立行政法人土木研究所(2012)，"深層崩壊に関する渓流（小流域）レベルの調査について-資料3 深層崩壊跡地密度マップ"， "http://www.mlit.go.jp/report/press/mizukokudo03_hh_000552.html"。
飯田智之(1999)，"豪雨による表層崩壊の確立水文地形学的モデル"，理學博士論文，京都大学。