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研究生：	劉昱秀 Liu, Yu-Hsiu
論文名稱：	優秀女排選手高手發球及跳躍發球之運動學分析 Kinematic Analysis of Overhand and Jump Serves in Elite Female Volleyball Players
指導教授：	徐阿田 Hsu, Ar-Tyan
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	醫學院 - 物理治療學系 Department of Physical Therapy
論文出版年：	2009
畢業學年度：	97
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	116
中文關鍵詞：	動力學、排球、發球
外文關鍵詞：	serve, volleyball, kinematic
相關次數：	點閱：68 下載：8
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背景與實驗目的:
為了要預防排球選手的肩關節傷害，我們勢必去了解排球選手的物理性的適應情形(physical adaptation)，除此之外，分析動作的生物力學特性是了解傷害產生的一種方法，但近期的研究中缺少對於排球高手發球的動力學及能量轉換的描述性資料，且根據過去文獻回顧，當上下肢的動作是會有一個相互影響的情形，因此，本實驗的主要目的有三：1) 檢測排球選手的物理性適應情形 (physical adaptation) 2)釐清排球發球動作的分期定義 3) 探討高手發球及跳發這兩種發球的動力學變異
實驗方法:
此研究收取了八位在國家中頂尖的大學排球選手，參加者的慣用手都為右手且平均年齡為21.9±2.1歲，當選手們在標準的排球場中進行高手發球及跳發的過程中，將會使用10台3D的動作分析系統來收取選手們發球動作中的動力學參數。最後，我們將會比較在高手發球及跳發之間四個不同時期(early cocking, late cocking, fast acceleration and ball impact)的動力學及時間參數是否有所不同。
結果:
排球選手慣用手的肩關節被動內轉及總旋轉角度較非慣用側來得小(p = 0.012)，而被動外轉角度則是慣用側較大(p = 0.05)。在高手發球及跳發中，分期定義的ICC2,1數值分別為0.800 ~ 0.999及0.500 ~ 0.999，選手們在跳發中可表現出較高的球速(66.8±4.0 kph vs. 57.1±3.8 kph, p = 0.012)，而跳發(3.213±0.327秒)所花費的總時間也遠比高手發球來得長(2.683±0.324秒, p= 0.012)，但有兩個時期(early cocking, late cocking)的時間在跳發中是比較短的(p = 0.012及p = 0.05)，此外，選手們會使用軀幹的後仰、側彎及肩膀台舉的角度範圍來調整他們跳發時的動作。
在高手發球的過程中，軀幹、肩膀、手肘、手腕及手掌的最大速度值會依序增加(p = 0.012)，而在跳發中也有類似的情形(p = 0.012)，而跳發所產生的各個肢段的最大速度是比高手發球來得大的(p: 0.012 ~ 0.036)，除此之外，不管在跳發或是高手發球中，近端的肢段(如：軀幹)會先到達最大加速度，最後產生最大速度的為較遠端的肢段(如：手掌) (p = 0.012)，手腕及手掌在跳發到達最大速度的時間百分比比在高手發球中來的晚(p = 0.012)。
結論:
排球選手具有一個獨特的肩關節旋轉特性，且一個適合於排球發球的分期定義是必需的。在跳發及高手發球的動作中，下肢的情形不會影響到上肢的動作順序，但跳發時，選手們會使用軀幹的後仰及側彎來代償缺少地面支撐的身體已完成在空中的發球動作。

Background and Purpose:
It is necessary to understand the physical adaptation characteristics in volleyball players for preventing the shoulder injury. Furthermore, there were lack of descriptive kinematic data and energy transformation analysis in volleyball overhead movement such as overhand serve. In accordance of the previous researches, the performance of the upper extremity is seemed to be related to the lower extremities coordination. So, the purposes of this study are as follow: 1) to investigate the physical adaptation in volleyball players 2) to clarify the volleyball phase definition and 3) to describe the kinematic variations in volleyball by investigating two similar techniques of volleyball overhead serve – overhand serve and jump serve.
Methods:
Eight female volleyball players belonging to one of the top university team in the nation were recruited in this study. All participations aged 21.9±2.1 years were right hand-dominant. Ten 3D motion cameras were used for collecting the kinematic data while the player was performing the overhand and jump serve in a volleyball court. The kinematic and temporal parameters were compared in early cocking, late cocking, fast acceleration and ball impact phase among overhand and jump serve.
Result:
The passive internal rotation and total rotational range of the dominant side is significantly smaller (p = 0.012) and its passive external rotation was significantly greater than those of the non-dominant side (p = 0.05). The ICC2,1 value of the phase definition of overhand and jump serve range from 0.800 to 0.999 and 0.500 to 0.999, respectively (p ranged from 0.001 ~ 0.05). The ball velocity in jump serve is faster compared with overhand serve (p = 0.012). The time spent during the preparation phase in jump serve is longer than those of the overhand serve (p = 0.012). The total time spent in jump serve (2.683±0.324 sec) is greater than overhand serve (3.213±0.327 sec, p= 0.012). The time spent in early cocking and late cocking phase in jump serve is less than those of the overhand serve (p = 0.012 and p = 0.05). The trunk extension, lateral flexion and shoulder elevation range is adjusted in the jump serve.
In overhand serve, the value of the maximum anterior linear velocity was increased from the trunk, shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand (p = 0.012). In jump serve, the maximum anterior linear velocity is also increased from the shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand (p = 0.012). The maximum anterior linear velocity of the trunk and the joint of the upper extremity in jump serve is greater than that in overhand serve (p ranged 0.012 ~ 0.036). The moment that the peak anterior linear velocity occurred also exhibits a proximal to distal sequence both in overhand and jump serve (p = 0.012). The instant of the maximum velocities of wrist and hand in percentage is lager in jump serve than overhand serve (p = 0.012).
Conclusions:
The volleyball player exhibited a unique characteristic of the rotational range of motion of the shoulder. Suitable phase definition for the volleyball serve is needed. Under the different lower extremity condition, the movement sequence of the segment is the same which is from proximal to distal. However, the player used the trunk extension and lateral flexion to compensate the lack of ground support when she performed the serve in the air.

CONTENT
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 	1
1-1 Volleyball	1
1-2 Physical Adaptation 	3
1-3 Overhand Serve & Jump Serve 	7
1-4 Kinetic Chain 	10
1-5 Motivation & Purpose 	15
CHAPTER II METHOD 	16
2-1 Subjects	16
2-2 The Volleyball Court 	17
2-3 Instrumentations 	19
2-4 Experimental Procedures 	20
2-5 Data Processing 	22
2-6 Phase Definition 	22
2-7 Temporal & Kinematic Data 	29
2-8 Statistical Analysis 	31
CHAPTER III RESULT 	33
3-1 Passive Range of Motion	33
3-2 Test-Retest Reliability 	34
3-3 Temporal Data 	36
3-3-1 Phase Time        36
3-3-2 Phase Time in Percentage  38
3-4 Kinematics of Volleyball Serve 	40
3-4-1 Angular Pattern in the Overhand and the Jump Serve 40
3-4-2 Maximum, Minimum and Total range Angle in Overhand and Jump Serve during Four Phases 64
3-4-3 Angular Range in the Overhand & Jump Serve During Four Phases 76
3-4-4 Linear Velocity of Joint Centers 	78
3-4-5 Multiple Regression Analysis in Hand Velocity of the Overhand and Jump Serve 87
CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION 	89
4-1 Passive Range of Motion	89
4-2 Phase Definition 	91
4-3 Volleyball Serve and Baseball Pitch 	95
4-4 Overhand and Jump Serve in Volleyball 	97
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 	100
REFERENCE 	101
APPENDIX 	110
自述 	116

TABLE LIST
Table 2-1. Descriptive data of participants 	17
Table 3-1. Passive Range of Motion of the Dominant and Non-dominant side 	33
Table 3-2. The reliability of the phase definition and the serve hand maximum velocity of serves	34
Table 3-3. The reliability of the absolute time value in each phase of serves 	35
Table 3-4. The descriptive statistics of phase time (sec) data of the overhand and the jump serves 	37
Table 3-5. The descriptive statistics of total phase time (sec) from early cocking to ball impact (EC ~ BI) and total time of the serves (Total time) 	37
Table 3-6. The descriptive statistics of each phase time in percentage of serves 	39
Table 3-7. Descriptive statistics of trunk extension, lateral flexion and rotation angle at early cocking phase in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	65
Table 3-8. Descriptive statistics of serve shoulder elevation and external rotation angle at early cocking phase in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	66
Table 3-9. Descriptive statistics of serve elbow flexion and wrist extension angle at early cocking phase in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	66
Table 3-10. Descriptive statistics of trunk extension, lateral flexion and rotation angle at late cocking phase in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	68
Table 3-11. Descriptive statistics of serve shoulder elevation and external rotation angle at late cocking phase in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	69
Table 3-12. Descriptive statistics of serve elbow flexion and wrist extension angle at late cocking phase in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	69
Table 3-13. Descriptive statistics of trunk extension, lateral flexion and rotation angle at fast acceleration phase in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	71
Table 3-14. Descriptive statistics of serve shoulder elevation and external rotation angle at fast acceleration phase in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	72
Table 3-15. Descriptive statistics of serve elbow flexion and wrist extension angle at fast acceleration phase in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	72
Table 3-16. Descriptive statistics of trunk extension, lateral flexion and rotation angle at ball impact phase in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	74
Table 3-17. Descriptive statistics of serve shoulder elevation and external rotation angle at ball impact phase in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	75
Table 3-18. Descriptive statistics of serve elbow flexion and wrist extension angle at ball impact phase in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	75
Table 3-19. Descriptive statistics of the maximum center velocity of trunk, shoulder elbow, wrist and hand in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	81
Table 3-20. Descriptive statistics of the time instant of the maximum velocity in percentage of the trunk, shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	86
Table 3-21. Multiple Regression Analysis in Hand Maximum Anterior Linear Velocity of Overhand Serve 	87
Table 3-22. Multiple Regression Analysis in Hand Maximum Anterior Linear Velocity of Jump Serve 	88

 
FIGURE LIST
Figure 2-1. A diagram of the volleyball court (18 m × 9 m) used in the study	18
Figure 2-2. Vicon Mx plus system 	19
Figure 2-3. Stalker Radar Gun 	19
Figure 2-4. Volleyball with reflective markers 	19
Figure 2-5. The marker system employed in the present study 	21
Figure 2-6. The phase definitions of the overhand serve 	23
Figure 2-7. Non-serve hand up/down trajectory of the overhand serve 	24
Figure 2-8. Serve elbow medial/lateral trajectory of the overhand serve 	24
Figure 2-9. Serve hand anterior acceleration of the overhand serve 	25
Figure 2-10. Serve shoulder internal/external rotation of the overhand serve 	25
Figure 2-11. The phase definitions of the jump serve 	26
Figure 2-12. Non-serve hand up/down trajectory of the jump serve 	27
Figure 2-13. Serve elbow medial/lateral trajectory of the jump serve 	27
Figure 2-14. Serve hand anterior acceleration of the jump serve 	28
Figure 2-15. Serve shoulder internal/external rotation of the jump serve 	28
Figure 2-16. Phase time as a percentage from early cocking to ball impact phase 	29
Figure 3-1. Phase time of four phases in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	38
Figure 3-2. Phase time in percentage of four phases in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	39
Figure 3-3. Trunk flexion/extension angle of the overhand serve 	41
Figure 3-4. Trunk flexion/extension angle of the overhand serve from the early cocking to the ball impact phase 	42
Figure 3-5. Trunk lateral flexion angle of the overhand serve 	43
Figure 3-6. Trunk lateral flexion angle of the overhand serve from the early cocking to the ball impact phase 	43
Figure 3-7. Trunk rotation angle of the overhand serve 	44
Figure 3-8. Trunk rotation angle of the overhand serve from the early cocking to the ball impact phase 	44
Figure 3-9. Serve shoulder elevation angle of the overhand serve 	46
Figure 3-10. Serve shoulder elevation angle of the overhand serve from the early cocking to the ball impact phase 	47
Figure 3-11. Serve shoulder rotation angle of the overhand serve 	48
Figure 3-12. Serve shoulder rotation angle of the overhand serve from the early cocking to the ball impact phase	48
Figure 3-13. The elevation plane of the serve shoulder of the overhand serve 	49
Figure 3-14. The elevation plane of the serve shoulder of the overhand serve from the early cocking to the ball impact phase 	49
Figure 3-15. Serve elbow flexion/extension angle of the overhand serve 	51
Figure 3-16. Serve elbow flexion/extension angle of the overhand serve from the early cocking to the ball impact phase 	51
Figure 3-17. Serve wrist flexion/extension angle of the overhand serve 	52
Figure 3-18. Serve wrist flexion/extension angle of the overhand serve from the early cocking to the ball impact phase 	52
Figure 3-19. Trunk flexion/extension angle of the jump serve 	54
Figure 3-20. Trunk flexion/extension angle of the jump from the early cocking to the ball impact phase 	54
Figure 3-21. Trunk lateral flexion angle of the jump serve 	55
Figure 3-22. Trunk lateral flexion angle of the jump serve from the early cocking to the ball impact phase 	55
Figure 3-23. Trunk rotation angle of the jump serve 	56
Figure 3-24. Trunk rotation angle of the jump serve from the early cocking to the ball impact phase 	56
Figure 3-25. Serve shoulder elevation angle of the jump serve 	58
Figure 3-26. Serve shoulder elevation angle of the jump serve from the early cocking to the ball impact phase 	58
Figure 3-27. Serve shoulder rotation angle of the jump serve 	59
Figure 3-28. Serve shoulder rotation angle of the jump serve from the early cocking to the ball impact phase	59
Figure 3-29. The elevation plane of the serve shoulder of the jump serve 	60
Figure 3-30. The elevation plane of the serve shoulder of the jump serve from the early cocking to the ball impact phase 	60
Figure 3-31. Serve elbow flexion/extension angle of the jump serve 	61
Figure 3-32. Serve elbow flexion/extension angle of the jump serve from the early cocking to the ball impact phase 	62
Figure 3-33. Serve wrist flexion/extension angle of the jump serve 	62
Figure 3-34. Serve wrist flexion/extension angle of the jump serve from the early cocking to the ball impact phase 	63
Figure 3-35. Angular range of the trunk extension in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	76
Figure 3-36. Angular range of the trunk lateral flexion in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS)	77
Figure 3-37. Angular range of serve shoulder elevation in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS)	77
Figure 3-38. Maximum velocity of the trunk, shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand center in overhand serve (OS)	80
Figure 3-39. Maximum velocity of the trunk, shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand center in jump serve (JS)	80
Figure 3-40. Maximum velocity of the trunk, shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand center in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	81
Figure 3-41. Anterior linear velocity of the center of trunk, shoulder, elbow, wrist in overhand serve 	82
Figure 3-42. Anterior linear velocity of the center of trunk, shoulder, elbow, wrist in jump serve 	83
Figure 3-43. Time instant of the maximum velocity in percentage in overhand serve (OS) 	85
Figure 3-44. Time instant of the maximum velocity in percentage in jump serve (JS) 	85
Figure 3-45. Time instant of the maximum velocity in percentage of the trunk, shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand in overhand serve (OS) and jump serve (JS) 	86
Figure A-1-A-2. The beginning of the preparation phase of the overhand serve	110
Figure A-3. Preparation phase of the overhand serve	110
Figure A-4. The beginning of the early cocking phase of the overhand serve	110
Figure A-5. The beginning of the late cocking phase of the overhand serve	111
Figure A-6. The beginning of the fast acceleration phase of the overhand serve	112
Figure A-7. The ball impact phase of the overhand serve	112
Figure A-8- A-9. The follow through phase of the overhand serve	112
Figure A-10- A-11. The beginning of the preparation phase of the jump serve	113
Figure A-12- A-13. Preparation phase of the jump serve 	113
Figure A-14. Preparation phase of the jump serve 	113
Figure A-15. Jump in preparation phase of the jump serve 	113
Figure A-16. The beginning of the early cocking phase of the jump serve 	114
Figure A-17. The beginning of the late cocking phase of the jump serve 	114
Figure A-18. The beginning of the fast acceleration phase of the jump serve 	114
Figure A-19. The end of the ball impact phase of the jump serve 	115
Figure A-20-A-21. The follow-thorough phase of the jump serve 	115
                                    

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