過去研究已證實大氣花粉種類和人體健康與氣象條件的改變息息相關，因此精確評估大氣花粉種類有其必要性。目前傳統的花粉採樣與鑑屬方法需耗費較多的人力與時間，連續性電子監測系統準確性不佳。回顧近年文獻發現花粉含有穩定碳同位素 (δ13C)，且不同花粉種類的δ13C含量均不同；因此，本研究嘗試評估花粉中的δ13C含量是否適合用來定性大氣花粉種類。本研究以2006年1月-12月期間由Burkard Spore Traps (BST) 採集的台南市大氣花粉樣本為分析目標，並透過人工鑑屬方式鑑定花粉種類與濃度；Burkard Cyclone Sampler (BCS) 採樣器則被用於採集大氣微粒樣本，再以元素分析儀串聯同位素質譜儀分析微粒的δ13C含量。最後，以線性迴歸模式分析大氣花粉濃度和微粒中δ13C含量的關係，及分析環保署空氣品質監測站的氣象與污染物監測資料和δ13C含量的關係，以評估δ13C含量是否適合用於定性大氣花粉種類。
研究顯示台南市2006年優勢花粉為構樹花粉，花粉季發生在3-4月和8-10月，同一時間測得的微粒樣本δ13C含量分別為-26.37‰至-25.81‰和-27.32‰至-25.77‰，自植物採下的構樹花粉δ13C含量為-31.26‰，其值有明顯差異，且微粒中的δ13C含量和構樹花粉濃度相關性差；此外，高濃度PM2.5期間及各氣象因子條件下的構樹花粉濃度與微粒中δ13C含量相關偏低。然而，將樣本區分為花粉季和非花粉季後，研究發現花粉季期間的低PM2.5濃度、低濕度、低降雨量和高溫度期間之微粒中的δ13C含量和構樹花粉濃度之相關性統計顯著值 (p値) 趨近0.05，顯示花粉量、空氣污染和氣象因子均會影響δ13C的含量。由於過去研究指出氣象因子會影響植物生長特性，進而改變花粉δ13C含量，而空氣污染物 (VOCs、PAHs、生質燃燒等有機化學物) 亦含有δ13C，可能也影響δ13C在花粉定性的應用。因此，本研究建議若能區別δ13C的來源及影響，仍有助於應用在大氣花粉種類的定性。

The study aim to identify pollen species in the atmosphere by stable carbon isotope (δ13C). Broussonetia papyrifera pollens and particulate matters were collected by Burkard Spore Trap and Burkard Cyclone sampler. EA-IrMS was used to analyze δ13C compositions of Broussonetia papyrifera pollens and particulate matters, and the difference of δ13C values in pollens and particulate matters was through by T-test. The associations among air pollution levels, meteorological factors, and δ13C compositions of Broussonetia papyrifera pollens and particulate matters were investigated. However, there were poor relationships between of levels of Broussonetia papyrifera pollen and δ13C compositions of particulate matters.

參考文獻
Ariano R, Canonica GW, Passalacqua G. 2010. Possible role of climate changes in variations in pollen seasons and allergic sensitizations during 27 years. Ann Allerg Asthma Im 104:215-222.
Beggs PJ. 2004. Impacts of climate change on aeroallergens: Past and future. Clin Exp Allergy 34:1507-1513.
Beggs PJ, Bambrick HJ. 2005. Is the global rise of asthma an early impact of anthropogenic climate change? Environmental health perspectives 113:915-919.
Bendle JA, Kawamura K, Yamazaki K. 2006. Seasonal changes in stable carbon isotopic composition of n-alkanes in the marine aerosols from the western north pacific: Implications for the source and atmospheric transport. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 70:13-26.
Brunekreef B, Hoek G, Fischer P, Spieksma FTM. 2000. Relation between airborne pollen concentrations and daily cardiovascular and respiratory-disease mortality. Lancet 355:1517-1518.
Bundke U, Reimann B, Nillius B, Jaenicke R, Bingemer H. 2010. Development of a bioaerosol single particle detector (bio in) for the fast ice nucleus chamber finch. Atmos Meas Tech 3:263-271.
Cao JJ, Chow JC, Tao J, Lee SC, Watson JG, Ho KF, et al. 2011. Stable carbon isotopes in aerosols from chinese cities: Influence of fossil fuels. Atmos Environ 45:1359-1363.
Cecchi L, D'Amato G, Ayres JG, Galan C, Forastiere F, Forsberg B, et al. 2010. Projections of the effects of climate change on allergic asthma: The contribution of aerobiology. Allergy 65:1073-1081.
Cirera L, Garcia-Marcos L, Gimenez J, Moreno-Grau S, Tobias A, Perez-Fernandez V, et al. 2012. Daily effects of air pollutants and pollen types on asthma and copd hospital emergency visits in the industrial and mediterranean spanish city of cartagena. Allergol Immunopath 40:231-237.
Cormie AB, Schwarcz HP, Gray J. 1994. Relation between hydrogen isotopic-ratios of bone-collagen and rain. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 58:377-391.
Darrow LA, Hess J, Rogers CA, Tolbert PE, Klein M, Sarnat SE. 2012. Ambient pollen concentrations and emergency department visits for asthma and wheeze. J Allergy Clin Immun 130:630-+.
Descolas-Gros C, Scholzel C. 2007. Stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in pollen grains in order to characterize plant functional groups and photosynthetic pathway types. New Phytol 176:390-401.
Despres VR, Huffman JA, Burrows SM, Hoose C, Safatov AS, Buryak G, et al. 2012. Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: A review. Tellus B 64.
Diehl K, Quick C, Matthias-Maser S, Mitra SK, Jaenicke R. 2001. The ice nucleating ability of pollen - part i: Laboratory studies in deposition and condensation freezing modes. Atmos Res 58:75-87.
Ehleringer JR, Cerling TE, Helliker BR. 1997. C-4 photosynthesis, atmospheric co2 and climate. Oecologia 112:285-299.
Fisseha R, Spahn H, Wegener R, Hohaus T, Brasse G, Wissel H, et al. 2009. Stable carbon isotope composition of secondary organic aerosol from beta-pinene oxidation. J Geophys Res-Atmos 114.
Fu PQ, Kawamura K, Chen J, Li J, Sun YL, Liu Y, et al. 2012. Diurnal variations of organic molecular tracers and stable carbon isotopic composition in atmospheric aerosols over mt. Tai in the north china plain: An influence of biomass burning. Atmos Chem Phys 12:8359-8375.
Ghosh D, Chakraborty P, Gupta J, Biswas A, Roy I, Das S, et al. 2012. Associations between pollen counts, pollutants, and asthma-related hospital admissions in a high-density indian metropolis. J Asthma 49:792-799.
Glaser B, Dreyer A, Bock M, Fiedler S, Mehring M, Heitmann T. 2005. Source apportionment of organic pollutants of a highway-traffic-influenced urban area in bayreuth (germany) using biomarker and stable carbon isotope signatures. Environ Sci Technol 39:3911-3917.
Gorka M, Zwolinska E, Malkiewicz M, Lewicka-Szczebak D, Jedrysek MO. 2012. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses coupled with palynological data of pm10 in wroclaw city (sw poland) - assessment of anthropogenic impact. Isot Environ Healt S 48:327-344.
Grocke DR. 2002. The carbon isotope composition of ancient co2 based on higher-plant organic matter. Philos T Roy Soc A 360:633-658.
Healy DA, O'Connor DJ, Burke AM, Sodeau JR. 2012a. A laboratory assessment of the waveband integrated bioaerosol sensor (wibs-4) using individual samples of pollen and fungal spore material. Atmos Environ 60:534-543.
Healy DA, O'Connor DJ, Sodeau JR. 2012b. Measurement of the particle counting efficiency of the "waveband integrated bioaerosol sensor" model number 4 (wibs-4). J Aerosol Sci 47:94-99.
Healy DA, Huffman JA, O'Connor DJ, Pohlker C, Poschl U, Sodeau JR. 2014. Ambient measurements of biological aerosol particles near killarney, ireland: A comparison between real-time fluorescence and microscopy techniques. Atmos Chem Phys 14:8055-8069.
Hobson KA, Wassenaar LI. 2001. Isotopic delineation of north american migratory wildlife populations: Loggerhead shrikes. Ecol Appl 11:1545-1553.
Hoefs J. 2004. Stable isotope geochemistry.
Hoefs J. 2009. Stable isotope geochemistry. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Huang T-C. 1972. Pollen flora of taiwan.
Huang T-C. 1998. Aeropollen of the pingtung area, south taiwan. Taiwania 43:73-100.
Huffman JA, Treutlein B, Poschl U. 2010. Fluorescent biological aerosol particle concentrations and size distributions measured with an ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer (uv-aps) in central europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10:3215-3233.
Hussain MM, Mandal J, Bhattacharya K. 2013. Airborne load of cassia pollen in west bengal, eastern india: Its atmospheric variation and health impact. Environmental monitoring and assessment 185:2735-2744.
Jahren AH. 2004. The carbon stable isotope composition of pollen. Rev Palaeobot Palyno 132:291-313.
Jung J, Kawamura K. 2011. Springtime carbon emission episodes at the gosan background site revealed by total carbon, stable carbon isotopic composition, and thermal characteristics of carbonaceous particles. Atmos Chem Phys 11:10911-10928.
Kettle AJ, Andreae MO. 2000. Flux of dimethylsulfide from the oceans: A comparison of updated data seas and flux models. J Geophys Res-Atmos 105:26793-26808.
Kim SH, Park HS, Jang JY. 2011. Impact of meteorological variation on hospital visits of patients with tree pollen allergy. Bmc Public Health 11.
Kimitaka K, Minoru K, Nobuyuki T, Michihiro M, Tomomi W, Lee MH. 2004. Organic and inorganic compositions of marine aerosols from east asia: Seasonal variations of water-soluble dicarboxylic acids, major ions, total carbon and nitrogen, and stable c and n isotopic composition. The Geochemical Society Special Publications 9:243-265.
King DC, Schubert BA, Jahren AH. 2012. Practical considerations for the use of pollen delta c-13 value as a paleoclimate indicator. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 26:2165-2172.
Kundu S, Kawamura K. 2014. Seasonal variations of stable carbon isotopic composition of bulk aerosol carbon from gosan site, jeju island in the east china sea. Atmos Environ 94:316-322.
Latorre C, Quade J, McIntosh WC. 1997. The expansion of c-4 grasses and global change in the late miocene: Stable isotope evidence from the americas. Earth Planet Sc Lett 146:83-96.
Levetin E. 2004. Methods for aeroallergen sampling. Curr Allergy Asthm R 4:376-383.
Li MC, Liu HY, Li LX, Yi XF, Zhu XJ. 2007. Carbon isotope composition of plants along altitudinal gradient and its relationship to environmental factors on the qinghai-tibet plateau. Pol J Ecol 55:67-78.
Li YB, Chen T, Zhang YF, An LZ. 2007. The relation of seasonal pattern in stable carbon compositions to meteorological variables in the leaves of sabina przewalskii kom. And sabina chinensis (lin.) ant. Environ Geol 51:1279-1284.
Loader NJ, Hemming DL. 2000. Preparation of pollen for stable carbon isotope analyses. Chem Geol 165:339-344.
Loader NJ, Hemming DL. 2001. Spatial variation in pollen delta c-13 correlates with temperature and seasonal development timing. Holocene 11:587-592.
Lovasi GS, O'Neil-Dunne JP, Lu JW, Sheehan D, Perzanowski MS, Macfaden SW, et al. 2013. Urban tree canopy and asthma, wheeze, rhinitis, and allergic sensitization to tree pollen in a new york city birth cohort. Environmental health perspectives 121:494-500, 500e491-496.
Ma JY, Chen T, Qiang WY, Wang G. 2005. Correlations between foliar stable carbon isotope composition and environmental factors in desert plant reaumuria soongorica (pall.) maxim. J Integr Plant Biol 47:1065-1073.
Makra L, Matyasovszky I, Balint B. 2012. Association of allergic asthma emergency room visits with the main biological and chemical air pollutants. The Science of the total environment 432:288-296.
Makra L, Matyasovszky I, Balint B, Csepe Z. 2014. Association of allergic rhinitis or asthma with pollen and chemical pollutants in szeged, hungary, 1999-2007. Int J Biometeorol 58:753-768.
Matson SD, Rook L, Oms O, Fox DL. 2012. Carbon isotopic record of terrestrial ecosystems spanning the late miocene extinction of oreopithecus bambolii, baccinello basin (tuscany, italy). J Hum Evol 63:127-139.
Miyazaki Y, Fu PQ, Kawamura K, Mizoguchi Y, Yamanoi K. 2012. Seasonal variations of stable carbon isotopic composition and biogenic tracer compounds of water-soluble organic aerosols in a deciduous forest. Atmos Chem Phys 12:1367-1376.
Mkoma SL, Kawamura K, Tachibana E, Fu PQ. 2014. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of tropical atmospheric aerosols: Sources and contribution from burning of c-3 and c-4 plants to organic aerosols. Tellus B 66.
Mohler O, DeMott PJ, Vali G, Levin Z. 2007. Microbiology and atmospheric processes: The role of biological particles in cloud physics. Biogeosciences 4:1059-1071.
Mullins J, Emberlin J. 1997. Sampling pollens. J Aerosol Sci 28:365-370.
Norman AL, Hopper JF, Blanchard P, Ernst D, Brice K, Alexandrou N, et al. 1999. The stable carbon isotope composition of atmospheric pahs. Atmos Environ 33:2807-2814.
O'Connor DJ, Healy DA, Hellebust S, Buters JTM, Sodeau JR. 2014. Using the wibs-4 (waveband integrated bioaerosol sensor) technique for the on-line detection of pollen grains. Aerosol Sci Tech 48:341-349.
Peng L, You Y, Bai ZP, Zhu T, Xie KC, Feng YC, et al. 2006. Stable carbon isotope evidence for origin of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in zhengzhou and urumchi, china. Geochem J 40:219-226.
Pope FD. 2010. Pollen grains are efficient cloud condensation nuclei. Environ Res Lett 5.
Punt W, Hoen PP, Blackmore S, Nilsson S, Le Thomas A. 2007. Glossary of pollen and spore terminology. Rev Palaeobot Palyno 143:1-81.
Ridolo E, Albertini R, Giordano D, Soliani L, Usberti I, Dall'Aglio PP. 2007. Airborne pollen concentrations and the incidence of allergic asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in northern italy from 1992 to 2003. International archives of allergy and immunology 142:151-157.
Rodriguez-Rajo FJ, Jato V, Gonzalez-Parrado Z, Elvira-Rendueles B, Moreno-Grau S, Vega-Maray A, et al. 2011. The combination of airborne pollen and allergen quantification to reliably assess the real pollinosis risk in different bioclimatic areas. Aerobiologia 27:1-12.
Schubert BA, Jahren AH. 2012. The effect of atmospheric co2 concentration on carbon isotope fractionation in c-3 land plants. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 96:29-43.
Sharp Z. 2007. Principles of stable isotope geochemistry. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Pearson Education:154.
Shea KM, Truckner RT, Weber RW, Peden DB. 2008. Climate change and allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immun 122:443-453.
Shripad N. Agashe EC. 2009. Pollen and spores : Applications with special emphasis on aerobiology and allergy Enfield, NH : Science Publishers.
Singer BD, Ziska LH, Frenz DA, Gebhard DE, Straka JG. 2005. Increasing amb a 1 content in common ragweed (ambrosia artemisiifolia) pollen as a function of rising atmospheric co2 concentration. Funct Plant Biol 32:667-670.
Skrzypek G, Kaluzny A, Jedrysek MO. 2007. Carbon stable isotope analyses of mosses - comparisons of bulk organic matter and extracted nitrocellulose. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 18:1453-1458.
Skrzypek G, Baranowska-Kacka A, Keller-Sikora A, Jedrysek MO. 2009. Analogous trends in pollen percentages and carbon stable isotope composition of holocene peat - possible interpretation for palaeoclimate studies. Rev Palaeobot Palyno 156:507-518.
Sun JM, Ariya PA. 2006. Atmospheric organic and bio-aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei (ccn): A review. Atmos Environ 40:795-820.
Teller A, Levin Z. 2006. The effects of aerosols on precipitation and dimensions of subtropical clouds: A sensitivity study using a numerical cloud model. Atmos Chem Phys 6:67-80.
Toprak E, Schnaiter M. 2013. Fluorescent biological aerosol particles measured with the waveband integrated bioaerosol sensor wibs-4: Laboratory tests combined with a one year field study. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13:225-243.
Tosi A, Wuthrich B, Bonini M, Pietragalla-Kohler B. 2011. Time lag between ambrosia sensitisation and ambrosia allergy. Swiss Med Wkly 141.
Turner N, Jones M, Grice K, Dawson D, Ioppolo-Armanios M, Fisher SJ. 2006. Delta c-13 of volatile organic compounds (vocs) in airborne samples by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-isotope ratio-mass spectrometry (td-gc-ir-ms). Atmos Environ 40:3381-3388.
Ulevicius V, Bycenkiene S, Remeikis V, Garbaras A, Kecorius S, Andriejauskiene J, et al. 2010. Characterization of pollution events in the east baltic region affected by regional biomass fire emissions. Atmos Res 98:190-200.
Wassenaar LI, Hobson KA. 1998. Natal origins of migratory monarch butterflies at wintering colonies in mexico: New isotopic evidence. P Natl Acad Sci USA 95:15436-15439.
Widory D, Roy S, Le Moullec Y, Goupil G, Cocherie A, Guerrot C. 2004. The origin of atmospheric particles in paris: A view through carbon and lead isotopes. Atmos Environ 38:953-961.
Williams CG. 2013. Forest tree pollen dispersal via the water cycle. Am J Bot 100:1184-1190.
Yin Y, Levin Z, Reisin TG, Tzivion S. 2000. The effects of giant cloud condensation nuclei on the development of precipitation in convective clouds - a numerical study. Atmos Res 53:91-116.
Zanforlin M, Incorvaia C. 2004. A case of pollinosis to broussonetia papyrifera. Allergy 59:1136-1137.
Zhou B, Zheng HB, Yang WG, Taylor D, Lu YH, Wei GJ, et al. 2012. Climate and vegetation variations since the lgm recorded by biomarkers from a sediment core in the northern south china sea. J Quaternary Sci 27:948-955.
易希道, 許志超, 李春序, 謝萬權, 宋世謹, 周惠慈. 1980. 普通植物學. 國立編譯館出版.
林維屏. 2008. 台灣南部地區大氣中構樹花粉濃度對呼吸道及過敏性疾病的影響. 國立成功大學 環境醫學研究所.
柯勇. 2002. 植物生理學. 藝軒圖書出版社 第八章 光合作用.
黃增泉. 1982. 孢粉學大觀. 國立編譯館出版.
黃增泉. 1998. 臺灣空中孢粉誌. 臺北市 : 臺灣大學植物學研究所.
葉育材. 1982. 光合作用-植物生產力的生理基礎. 國立編譯館出版社 第三篇 光合作用的生物化學
行政院環境保護署中國大陸沙塵監測網. 2006. 沙塵資料庫. Available: http://taqm.epa.gov.tw/dust/tw/Database.aspx
行政院環境保護署空氣品質監測網. 2006. 歷年監測資料下載. Available: http://taqm.epa.gov.tw/taqm/tw/YearlyDataDownload.aspx
行政院環境保護署. 2012. 空氣汙染防制法規. Available: http://ivy5.epa.gov.tw/epalaw/
認識植物. 麵包樹介紹. Available: http://kplant.biodiv.tw/