本研究以腐植酸、藻酸及牛血清蛋白配製混合或單獨成份之人工原水，作為聚醯胺複合(Composite polyamide)材質之逆滲透薄膜之進流水，利用快速桌上型薄膜試驗設備，在固定操作壓力與過濾時間下，以產生阻塞之RO (Reverse osmosis)薄膜。然後比較以純水表面沖洗及氫氧化鈉(Sodium hydroxide, NaOH)、十二烷基硫酸鈉(Dodecyl sulfate sodium salt, Na-DSS)、EDTA二鈉鹽 (Ethlenediaminetraacetic acid disodium salt, Na2EDTA)及檸檬酸(Citric acid)等化學清洗後在不同濃度及浸泡時間下之清洗效果。除了以薄膜水質傳係數(Water mass transfer coefficient, MTCw)之回復率為指標外，另外亦利用掃描式電子顯微鏡(Scanning electron microscopy, SEM)及衰減式全反射之富立葉轉換紅外光譜分析儀(Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR)等表面分析技術，以觀察清洗前後薄膜表面之狀況。
實驗結果顯示NaOH及Na-DSS兩者有較佳之清洗效果，浸泡時間為1 hr時，0.1 % Na-DSS清洗後之MTCw回復率為63.7 %，當浸泡時間增加為2 hr 時，0.1 % NaOH則有較高之MTCw回復率，回復率為71 %。而Citric acid 清洗效果最差，以5 % Citric acid 清洗薄膜2 hr其MTCw回復率只有42.2 %。而Na2EDTA不適用於清洗本研究Composite polyamide材質之薄膜，高濃度Na2EDTA會損壞薄膜。
利用表面分析方法，包括SEM及ATR-FTIR以觀察阻塞及經化學清洗後之薄膜表面，發現所得結果與MTCw值之回復率有高度相關。譬如經NaOH及Na-DSS溶液清洗阻塞薄膜後，有較高之MTCw回復率，SEM及ATR-FTIR表面分析亦顯示清洗後之薄膜表面較少阻塞物。相對於經Citric acid清洗後之薄膜表面經SEM及ATR-FTIR分析，與清洗前無太大差異，顯示其MTCw回復率亦最低，再者Na2EDTA對膜之破壞，表面分析結果亦可清楚顯示。

In this research, synthetic source water, containing single or multiple organics, namely humic acid, alginic acid, and protein from BSA, were used as feed water for thin film composite RO membrane filtration by a bench scale membrane test equipment. The fouled membrane, produced under fixed operation pressure and filtration time, were subjected to surface rinsing first and then followed by chemical cleaning with different chemicals, namely NaOH, Na-DSS, Na2EDTA, and Citric acid, and under various conditions are compared based on both water mass transfer coefficient (MTCw) recovery and surface observation using SEM and ATR-FTIR before and after cleaning.

The results show that both NaOH and Na-DSS have higher cleaning efficiency. With 1 hr soaking time, the MTCw recovery of 0.1% Na-DSS was 63.7%, while the recovery value was 71% with 0.1% NaOH under 2 hrs soaking time. Citric acid has the lowest efficiency. The MTCw recovery reached only 42.2% with 5% Citric acid under 2 hrs soaking time. Na2EDTA is not suitable for cleaning the thin film composite RO membrane, as it may damage the structure of the membrane. The results form SEM and ATR-FTIR surface analysis are found to be consistent with those of MTCw recovery. For example, membrane cleaned with NaOH and Na-DSS was found to have less deposit on membrane surface after cleaning by surface analysis, consistent with the high MTCw recovery. For fouled membrane cleaned with Citric acid, there was not much difference on membrane surface morphology before and after cleaning, also consistent with the low MTCw recovery. Further, the damage to membrane by Na2EDTA was also clearly show by SEM.

Aiken, G. & Cotsaris, E. (1995). Soil and Hydrology: Their effect on natural organic matter, Journal of the American Water Works Association, 87: 36-45.

Anselme, C. & Jacobs, E.P. (1996). Water Treatment Membrane Processes. American Water Works Association Research Foundation. Water Research Commission of South Africa, McGraw-Hill.

Aptel, P. & Buckley, C.A. (1996). "Categories of Membrane Operations", Water Treatment Membrane Process.

Beckett, R.,Z. & Giddings, J. C. (1987). Determination of molecular weight distributions of fulvic acid and humic acid using flow field-flow fraction, Environmental Science & Technology, 21(2): 289-295.

Carroll, T. & Booker, N.A. (2000). Axial features in the Fouling of Hollow-fiber Membranes, Journal of Membrane Science, 168: 203-212.

Chiang, B.H. & Cheryan, M. (1987). Modeling of hollow fiber ultrafiltration of skimmilk under mass transfer limiting condition, Journal of Food Engineering, 6 : 241-255.

Cheryan, M. (1998). "Ultrafiltration and microfiltration handbook ",
Lancaster, Pennsylvania : Technomic Publishing.

Comte, S., Guibaud, G., & Baudu, M. (2006). Biosorption Properties of Extracellular Polymeric substances(EPS)Resulting from Activated Sludge According to their Type, Soluble or Bound Process Biochemistry , 41:815-823.

Costa, A. R., de Pinho, M. N., & Elimelech, M. (2006). Mechanisms of colloidal natural organic matter fouling in ultrafiltration, Journal of Membrane Science, 208: 716-725.

Crozes G. F., Jacangelo J.G., Anselme C., & Laine J. M. (1997). Impact of ultrafiltration operating conditions on membrane irreversible fouling, Journal of Membrane Science, 124 : 63-76.

Gwon E. M., Yu M. J., Oh H. K., & Ylee Y. H. (2003). Fouling characteristics of NF and RO operated for removal of dissolved matter from groundwater, Water Research, 37(12) : 2989-2997.

Govindan, T.S. & Sourirajan, S. (1966). Reverse Osmosis Separation of some inorganic salts in aqueous Solution Using Porous Cellulose Acetate membrane, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research., 5(4): 422-429.

Howe, H. L. (1971). "Hazardous Chemicals Handling and Disposal ", The Insitude of Andvanced Sanitation Research, International, 58-80.

Jones, K. L. & O’Melia, C.R. (2001). Ultrafiltration of protein and humic substances: effect of solution chemistry on fouling and flux decline, Journal of Membrane Science, 193: 163-173.

Khan E., Babock R.W., Suffet I. H., & Stenstorm. M.K. (1998). Biodegradable dissolbed organic carbon for indicating Wastewater reclaimation plant performance and treated Wastewater quality, Water Environmental Research., 70:1033-1040.

Liikanen, R., Yli-Kuibila, K., & Laukkanen R. (2002). Efficiency of various chemical cleanings for nanofiltration membrane fouled by conventionally-treated surface water, Journal of Membrane Science, 195(2): 265-276.

Mallevialle, J., Odendaal, P.E., & Wiesner, M.R. (1996). "The Emergence of Membrane in Water and Wastewater Treatment" , Water Treatment Membrane Process, McGraw-Hill.

Munir, C. (1998). "Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Handbook ", Technomic Lancaster.

Nilson J.A. & Digiano F.A. (1996). Influence of NOM Composition on Nanofiltration, Journal of the American Water Works Association , 53-66.

Nicolaisen, B. (2002). Development in Membrane Technology for Water Treatment. Desalination, 153：355-360.

Chandia, N. P., Matsuhiro, B., & Vasquez, A.E. (2001). Alginic acids in Lessonia trabeculata: characterization by formic acid hydrolysis and FT-IR spectroscopy, Carbonhydrate Polymers, 46: 81-87.

Rautenbach, R. & Albrecht, R. (1989). "Membrane Process ", John Wiley.

Remminghorst & Rehm (2009). "Microbial Production of Alginate: Biosynthesis and Applications", Microbial Production of Biopolymers and Polymer Precursors, Caister Academic Press.

Skoog, D.A. & Leary, J.J. (1992). "Principles of instrumental analysis" (4th Edition), Saunders College Publishing.

Sourirajan, S. (1970). "Reverse Osmosis", Academic Press, N.Y

Song, W. (2004). Nanofiltraion of natural organic matter with H2O2/UV pretreatment: fouling mitigation and membrane surface characterization, Journal of Membrane Scienc, 241(1) : 143-160.

Tran, T. , Bolto, B., & Hoang, M. (2007). An autopsy study of a fouled reverse osmosis membrane element used in brackish water treatment plant, Water Research, 41: 3915-3923.

Thurman, E. M., & Malcolm R. L. (1981), Preparative isolation of aquatic humic substances, Environmental Science & Technology, 15(5): 463-466.

Weber , W.J. & Leboeuf, E. J. (1999). Processes for Advanced Treatment of Water , Water Science and Technology, 40: 11-19.

高山鎮(2000)，”薄膜阻塞控制之研究”，國立成功大學環境工程系碩士論文

王偉修(2003)，”MF薄膜阻塞現象之探討” ，國立成功大學環境工程系碩士論文

張永信(2008)，”薄膜程序用於工業區廢水回收之研究” ，國立成功大學環境工程系碩士論文

邱鈺婷(2007)，”藻類胞外物對UF膜阻塞之影響” ，國立成功大學環境工程系碩士論文

林子堯(1998)，”水中腐植質特性對薄膜過濾淨水之影響”，國立台灣大學環境工程系碩士論文

蔡美純(2001)，”從水中天然有機物官能基變化探討前臭氧/粒狀活性碳” ，私立東海大學環境科學系碩士論文

華致凱(2006)，”超音波去除超過濾薄膜積垢之研究 ” ，國立聯合大學環境安全衛生工程系碩士論文

林尚賢(2006)，”超音波輔助超濾膜清洗程序” ，國立台灣大學環境工程系碩士論文

廖威智(2002)，”薄膜電晶體液晶顯示器（TFT-LCD）製程有機廢水處理與回收再利用之研究” ，國立交通大學環境工程系碩士論文

黃財榮(2000)，”極微濾薄膜模廠操作與積垢控制技術之探討” ，國立交通大學環境工程系碩士論文

林文麒(2002)，”極微濾薄膜處理程序在台灣自來水淨水廠之適用性與成本分析之研究” ，國立交通大學環境工程系碩士論文

林青郁(2000) ，”人體角質層脂肪含量與藥品滲透性之關係：應用紅外光譜之分析研究 ”，國立成功大學臨床藥學系碩士論文

陳敬遠(2004) ，”水庫底泥與高山未擾動土壤腐植酸組成特性差異之意義及其吸持甲苯之反應” ，私立朝陽科技大學環境工程與管理系碩士論文