本研究分析咖啡豆中的礦物元素含量及鍶硼同位素比值變化，探討作為判別產地來源之可能性。植物中的各種礦物元素，如鉀、鎂、鈣、鋅、磷、鍶、鋇及硼等，因生長環境的不同而有所差異（如地質、氣候、栽培方式、及品種等的不同），形成不同產地有其獨特之礦物元素含量與同位素比值。
鍶、硼在自然界中廣泛分佈，而硼為植物生長所需營養鹽，其穩定同位素因質量差異，使植物在生長過程中易產生同位素分化作用；因各種天然與人為影響，造成不同地區所顯示的鍶、硼同位素比值截然不同，可做為農作物產地溯源的重要線索。本研究採用國外及台灣生產的咖啡豆進行礦物元素組成及鍶、硼同位素比值之分析，比較不同產地的差異性。
本研究選取國外及台灣台東、雲林等產地之咖啡豆，進行礦物元素組成及鍶硼同位素比值之比較。以高解析感應耦合電漿質譜儀(HR-ICP-MS)，量測主要與微量元素含量，搭配多接收器感應耦合電漿質譜儀(MC-ICP-MS)進行鍶、硼同位素比值分析，使用國際標準品NIST SRM 1515進行校正比對。
生長環境、地質背景、施肥灌溉等因素均可能影響咖啡豆之元素含量與同位素組成，合併比對δ11B與87Sr/86Sr，明顯將台灣、非洲、中南美洲產地區隔開，而南亞因取樣數太少，無法顯示其趨勢，顯示硼同位素比值(δ11B)與鍶同位素比值(87Sr/86Sr)，可非常有效的區隔出咖啡豆產地，實具有潛力做為產地來源示蹤工具。

Previous studies have shown that variations of elemental concentrations in plants can be attributed to the influences of local sources, such as soil, water and fertilizer, and can be used to track plant growing regions. More recently, Sr and B in plants (i.e., tea leaves, vegetables and ginsengs) have been successfully used to further discuss transport processes and water-soil-plant-atmosphere interactions in various ecosystems and environments. In this study we measure major and minor elements, as well as the isotope ratios of Strontium (Sr) and Boron (B) in coffee beans to systematically evaluate the potential use of these elemental and isotopic tracers for distinguishing their origins around the world. Sr and B are chosen because their isotopic compositions can faithfully reflect the origins of rocks and waters.
Elemental concentrations, and B-Sr isotope ratios in coffee samples were determined by HR-ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS, respectively. The validity of the method was carefully assessed through a series of sample preparation and column purification using a certified plant reference material (NIST SRM 1515, Apple leaves). The results show >91% recoveries for major, minor and trace elements, e.g., Ca, K, Mg, P, S, Al, Na, Fe, Ba, Mn, Zn, Rb, and Cu. Nearly 100% of chemical yields for B and Sr are also achieved in the presented techniques. Through these evaluations, we successfully established a revised method for determining elemental abundances, B and Sr isotopes in plant and coffee samples.
The obtained δ11B data of 18 coffee samples from different regions revealed a large variability of δ11B values, ranged from -10.9‰ to +36.9‰, which covers a half of the natural variations in δ11B and highly correlates with the local δ11B signals. In contrast, 87Sr/86Sr in coffee beans can only be used to distinguish the difference between Taiwan and America. By combining the B and Sr isotope data, we successfully identify the coffee origins from Taiwan, Asia, America, and Africa. This study suggests that B and Sr isotopes in coffee beans can have a great potential to be an indicator for their source regions.

壹、中文文獻
田口護著 黃薇嬪譯(2004) 咖啡大全。積木文化。
李珠(2002) 感應耦合電漿質譜儀技術及其在材料分析上的應用。工業材料雜誌，第181期，87-93頁.
鍾全雄、黃國芳、王博賢、游鎮烽(2007) 高精密無機質譜儀在地球科學及海洋科學上的應用。化學季刊, 第六十五卷第二期, 113-124頁。

貳、英文文獻
Aberg, G., Jacks, G., Wickman, T., & Hamilton, P. J. (1990) Strontium isotopes in trees as an indicator for calcium availability. Catena 17: 1–11.
Aberg G.(1995) The use of natural strontium isotopes as tracers in environmental studies. Water, Air Soil Pollut 79:309–22.
Aberg G, Charalampides G.(1998) Evolution of the mineral deposits from Langban,Sweden, as recorded from strontium isotope data. Geol Foren Stockh Forh 110:329–34.
Agyei,E.K.(1968) Isotopic and Elemental Composition of Boron in Meteorites, Tektites, and Terrestrial Minerals. PhD Thesis, McMaster Univ, Canada.
Aggarwal, J.K., Palmer, M.R.(1995) Boron isotope analysis. A review. Analyst 120: 1301-1307.
Almeida, C. M., and Vasconcelos, M. T.(2004) Does the wine making process influence the wine 87Sr/86Sr? A case study. Food Chemistry 85: 7–12.
Barth, S.(1993) Boron isotope variations in nature: a synthesis. Geol. Rundsh. 82: 640-651.
Bassett, R.L.(1990) A critical evaluation of the available measurements for the stable isotopes of boron. Appl. Geochem. 5:541-554.
Catanzaro, E.J., Champion, C.E., Garner, E.L., Malinenko, G., Sappenfield, K.M., Shields, W.R.(1970) Boric Acid; Isotopic and Assay Standard Reference Materials. US Natl. Bur. Stand. Publ. No. 260-17, US Gov. Print Off., Washington, DC.
Capo, R. C., Stewart, B. W., & Chadwick, O. A.(1998) Strontium isotopes as tracers of ecosystem processes: Theory and methods. Geoderma 82: 197–225.
Chaussidon M., Albarede F.(1992) Secular boron isotope variations in the continental crust: An ion microprobe study. Earth and Planetary Science Letter 108: 229-241.
Chetelat , B., J. Gaillardet(2005) Boron isotopes in the Seine River, France. A probe of anthropogenic contamination, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39: 2486–2493.
Choi, S.-M., Lee, H.-S., Lee, G.-H., & Han, J.-K.(2008) Determination of the strontium isotope ratio by ICP-MS ginseng as a tracer of regional origin. Food Chemistry 108:1149–1154.
Drouet, T., Herbauts, J., Gruber, W., & Demaiffe, D.(2005) Strontium isotope composition as a tracer of calcium sources in two forest ecosystems in Belgium. Geoderma 126: 203–223.
Evans, M.C., Sparks, D.L., (1983) On the chemistry and mineralogy of boron in pure and mixed systems: a review. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 14: 827-846.
Evans, S., KraÈhenbuÈ hl, U.(1994) Boron analysis in biological material: microwave digestion procedure and determi nation by di€erent methods. Fresnius J. Anal. Chem. 349: 454-459.
Faure, G.(1986) Principles of Isotope Geology, 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
Faure, G., and Powell, T.(1972)Strontium isotope geology, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Fullagar, P. D., Lemmon, R. C., and Ragland, P. C.(1971) Petrochemical and geochronological studies of plutonicrocks in the southern Appalachians: part I. The Salisbury Pluton, Geological Society of America Bulletin 82: 409–16.
Furman T., Graham D.(1999) Erosion of lithospheric mantle beneath the East African Rift system: evidence from the Kivu volcanic province. Lithos 48: 237–262.
Graustein, W. C. (1988) 87Sr/86Sr ratios measure the sources and flow of strontium in terrestrial ecosystems. In J. R. Ehleringer, K. A. Nagy, & P. W. Rundel (Eds.),Stable Isotopes in Ecological Research (pp. 491–512). Springer-Verlag.
Gupta, U.C. (1968) Relationship of total and hotwater soluble boron, and fixation of added boron to properties of podzol soils. Soil Sci. Am. Proc. 32:45-48.
Herbert, C. G. and Johnstone, R. A. W. (2003) Mass Spectrometry Basics. CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, FL.
Hoefs, J.(2004) Stable Isotope Geochemistry, 5th ed. Springer: Berlin.
Harvey W. Wiley. (1919) Beverages And Their Adulteration Origin, Composition, Manufacture, Natural, Artificial, Fermented, Distilled, Alkaloidal And Fruit Juices. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co.
Illy, A., Viani, R. (1995) Espresso Coffee. The Chemistry of Quality. Academic Press: London, U.K.
IUPAC (1998) Isotopic compositions of the elements. Pure Appl.Chem. 70:217-235.
James, D.J. and Murcia, L.A.(1984) Crustal contamination in northern Andean volcanic. J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 141: 823–830.
Janzen, S. Oestreich (2010) COMPREHENSIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS II Chemistry and Biology Chemistry of Coffee. Elsevier Applied Science.
Kabata-Pendias, A. (2001) Trace elements in soils and plants, 3rd ed. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.
Kakihana, H., M. Kotaka, S. Shohei, M. Nomura and M.Okamoto (1977) Fundamental studies on the ion-exchange separation of boron isotopes. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap. 50: 158-163.
Kennedy, A.K., Hart, S.R. and Frey, F.A. (1990) Composition and isotopic constraints on the Petrogenesis of alkaline arc lavas: Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea. Journal of Geophysical Research 95(B5): doi: 10.1029/89JB03506. issn: 0148-0227.
Komor, S. C.(1997) Boron contents and isotopic compositions of hog manure, selected fertilizers, and water in Minnesota. J. Environ. Qual. 26: 1212−1222.
Kotaka, M. (1973) Chromatographic separation of boron and nitrogen isotopes using pure water as eluent. Ph.D Thesis, Tokyo Institute of Technology.
Lancelot, J., Herreiras, J., Verdoux, P., Lurton, L. (1999) The use of strontium isotopes geochemistry for a high resolution identification of wines from the Rhone Valley. Fifth European Symposium of Food Authenticity, La Baule, 9–11 June, 1999.
Miller, E. K., Blum, J. D., Friedland, A. J.(1993) Determination of soil exchangeable-cation loss and weathering rates using Sr isotopes. Nature 362:438–441.
Nakano, T., Jeon, S. R., Shindo, J., Fumoto, T., Okada, N., Shimada, J. (2001) Sr isotope signature in plant-derived Ca in rain. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 130: 769–774.
Nakano, T., Kasasaku, K., Minari, T., Satake, K., Yokoo, Y., Yamanaka, M. (2000) Geochemical characteristics of wet precipitation on the deep-forest, mountainous island of Yakushima, Southern Japan: Sr isotope signature of plant-derived Ca in rain. Global Environment Research 4:39–48.
Nakano T., Nakamura E.(1998) Static multicollection of Cs2BO2+ ions for precise boron isotopic analysis with positive thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 176: 13-21.
Oda, H., Kawasaki, A. , Hirata, T.(2001) Determination of the Geographic Origin of Brown-Rice with Isotope Ratios of 11B/10B and 87Sr/86Sr. Anal. Sci. 17(supplement): i1627-i1630.
Palmer M.R., Spivack A.J., Edmond J.M. (1987) Temperature and pH controls over isotopic fractionation during adsorption of boron on marine clay. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 51:2319-2323.
Park H., Schlesinger W. H.(2002) Globel biogeochemical cycle of boron. Global Biogeochem. Cyc. 16:1072
Rees, R., Robinson, B.H., Menon,M., Lehmann,E., Goerg-Günthardt,M.S., Schulin,R. (2011)Boron tolerance and accumulation of poplar. Submitted.
Schwarz, H.P., Ageyi, E.K., McMullen, C.C. (1969) Boron isotopic fraction during clay adsorption from sea water. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 6: 1-5.
Smith, H.J., Leeman, W.P., J. Davidson, J. and Spivack, A.J.(1997) The boron isotopic composition of arc lavas from Martinique, Lesser Antilles. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 146: 303–314.
Spivack A. J. (1986) Boron Isotope Geochemistry. Ph.D thesis, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Stewart, B. W., Capo, R. C., & Chadwick, O. A. (1998) Quantitative strontium isotopemodels for weathering, pedogenesis and biogeochemical cycling. Geoderma 82: 173–195.
Swoboda, S. , Brunner, M., Boulyga, S. F. , Galler, P. , Horacek, , Prohaska, T.(2007) Identification of Marchfeld asparagus using Sr isotope ratio measurements by MC-ICP-MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390: 487–494
Twining, J. R., Payne, T. E., Itakura, T. (2004) Soil-water distribution coefficients and plant transfer factors for 134Cs, 85Sr and 65Zn under field conditions in tropical Australia. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 71: 71–87.
Techer, I., Lancelot, J., Descroix, F., Guyot, B. (2011) About Sr isotopes in coffee ‘Bourbon Pointu’ of the Réunion Island. Food Chemistry. 126: 718-724.
Vanderpool, R.A., Johnson, P.E. (1992) Boron isotope ratios in commercial produce and boron-10 foliar and hydroponic enriched plants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40: 462-466.
Vengosh A., Starinsky A., Kolodny Y., Chivas A. R.(1991) Boron isotope geochemistry as a tracer for the evolution of brines and associated hot springs from the Dead Sea, Israel. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta. 55: 1689-1695.
Wadge, G. and Wooden, J.L. (1982) Late Cenozoic alkaline volcanism in the northwestern Caribbean: Tectonic setting and Sr isotopic characteristics. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 57: 35-46.
Wiser, M.E. (1998) Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry of Nanogram Quantities of Boron and Sulfur. PhD Thesis. Univ. Calgary.
Wiser, M.E., Iyer, S.S., Krouse, H.R., Cantagallo, M.I. (2001) Variations in the boron isotope composition of Coffea arabica beans. Applied Geochemistry 16: 317-322.
Widory, D., Kloppmann, W., Chery, L., Bonnin, J., Rochdi, H., Guinamant, J.-L.(2004) Nitrate in groundwater: an isotopic multi-tracer approach. J. Contam. Hydrol.72:165-188.