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研究生： 潘學儀
Pan, Hsueh-Yi
論文名稱： 氣候變遷與亞熱帶蝶類分布位移
Range shifts of subtropical butterflies under climate change
指導教授： 陳一菁
Chen, I-Ching
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 生物科學與科技學院 - 生命科學系
Department of Life Sciences
論文出版年： 2015
畢業學年度： 103
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 62
中文關鍵詞： 蝴蝶 、氣候變遷 、遷移 、臺灣
外文關鍵詞： Butterfly, Climate Change, Range Shift, Taiwan
相關次數： 點閱：189  下載：4 
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    • 根據氣候變遷專門委員會(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)第五次評估報告，1880-2012年間全球陸地與海洋平均氣溫上升0.85 ℃，對全球生態系造成衝擊。大量研究指出物種因氣候暖化往高緯度與高海拔移動，但整體而言，低緯度地區的相關研究缺乏，尤其，平地物種是否隨氣候暖化而往高緯度移動仍未知，熱帶低地同時面臨棲地劣化、生物多樣性快速喪失，亟需了解物種對氣候暖化的反應能力。本研究於2013-2014年重複特有生物保育中心在1993-1998年進行之台灣中部地區蝶類普查，以相同的時間、調查方式，比較樣區在20年間各種蝶類物種分佈重心改變與物種數變化。調查結果顯示台灣中部蝶類分佈重心整體向北移動 10.4 km ( N = 35, t = 3.7, p < 0.001) 與暖化造成的等溫線位移(9.4-12.9 km )相比，顯示蝶類分布的移動能跟上暖化速度。分析其中39種蝶類，有92 % 顯示該物種會朝著合適的氣候棲位移動，說明分布移動主要為反應氣候變遷的結果。本研究中利用物種歷史分佈、體型大小、食性進行物種分佈相關性分析，但仍未找出與台灣中部山區蝶類分布變化相關之因子。二十年來台灣中部山區溫度略有下降，物種數沿海拔梯度分佈由峰型分布變為線性遞減。

    According to IPCC AR5, global temperature has increased 0.85°C from 1880 to 2012. Increasing temperature has forced species shifting to higher latitude or higher elevation in search of cooler climate. However, such evidence has been lacking for tropical lowlands. Here we report the first warming induced species range shifts in the subtropical area. We identified a qualified historical butterfly survey conducted by Endemic Species Research Institute (ESRI) in central Taiwan (23°N-25°N) from 1993 to 1998. We resurveyed 26 sites, using the same field protocol and with the help of the original researchers. We found that the centroids of butterfly distributions have shifted to higher latitude by 10.9 km for the past two decades, in responding to 0.18°C warming during this period. Ninety–two percent of the species have followed their climate niche. Idiosyncratic species responses were found but none of following biological traits - historical distribution, body size or larval host plant specificity explained the variation. Furthermore, species richness pattern along elevation changed from hump-shape to linear decline with elevation.

    目錄 口試委員審定書 i 中文摘要 ii 英文摘要 iii 英文延伸摘要 iv 致謝 vii 目錄 viii 表目錄 x 圖目錄 xi 第一章 前言 1 第一節 全球氣候變遷造成生物分布改變 1 第二節 物種分布改變的研究現況及資訊缺口 1 第三節 物種依循氣候棲位改變分布 3 第四節 物種分布改變與暖化速度比較 4 第六節 生物多樣性沿海拔梯度之變化 6 第七節 臺灣相關研究概況 7 第二章 材料與方法 10 第一節 資料來源 10 一、歷史資料(1993-1998 蝶類普查) 10 二、重複調查(2013-2014 蝶類複查) 10 三、氣候資料 11 第二節 分析方法 11 一、海拔及緯度分布重心位移 11 二、氣候棲位追蹤 13 三、預期物種分布範圍的改變 13 四、生物特性 14 五、稀釋曲線 15 六、在群聚層次的預期分布 15 第三章 結果 17 第一節 氣候變動 17 一、臺灣中部地區整體 17 二、臺灣中部地區依海拔1000公尺以下和1000公尺以上地區的氣候變動 17 三、臺灣中部地區依樣點 17 第二節 時間梯度下物種的變化 17 一、整體的物種多樣性變化 17 一、蝶類分布重心變化 18 二、物種的分布改變是否依循其氣候棲位 18 三、物種的分布改變是否能跟上暖化的預期 19 四、物種的分布改變是否與生物特性有關 19 五、蝶類物種數沿海拔梯度之的變化 20 六、消失物種與新紀錄到物種全台分布 20 第四章 討論 22 一、蝶類分布重心變化 22 二、物種的分布改變是否依循其氣候棲位 23 三、物種的分布改變是否能跟上暖化的預期 23 四、物種的分布改變是否與生物特性有關 24 五、蝶類物種數沿海拔梯度之的變化 26 第五章 結論 26 參考文獻 28 表目錄 表 一、26個調查樣點，包括縣市、座標和海拔高度(m)。 34 表 二、26個調查樣點，在1993-1998年蝶類調查和2013-2014年重複調查之時期中觀察的年份及月份。 35 表 三、台灣中部蝶類重複調查計算物種海拔移動的24個樣區分為6個海拔帶。 37 表 四、台灣中部蝶類重複調查計算物種緯度移動的14個樣區分為4個緯度帶，數字則是分成12個緯度帶的情況。 38 表 五、本研究調查樣區的蝴蝶名錄。 39 表 六、1993-1998年蝶類調查與2013-2014年重複調查所得的蝶種數比較。 43 表 七、物種分布重心位移。 44 表 八、Climatic niche tracking of species。 45 表 九、物種分布改變是否依循其溫度或雨量棲位。 46   圖目錄 圖 一、本研究調查樣點分布。 47 圖 二、引用重製Tingly et al.2009的圖。 48 圖 三、(a)1993-1998年的稀釋曲線。(b)2013-2014年的稀釋曲線。 49 圖 四、1993-2012年臺灣中部地區溫度變化。 50 圖 五、(a)1993-2012年臺灣中部地區1000公尺以下溫度變化。 (b) 1993-2012年臺灣中部地區1000公尺以上溫度變化。 50 圖 六、調查樣點算出的溫度與降雨變化。 51 圖 七、(a) 橫軸為緯度重心位移，(b) 橫軸為海拔重心位移。 51 圖 八、(a)物種海拔重心的分布 52 圖 九、(左)為異粉蝶(Ixias pyrene insignis)，(中) 多姿麝鳳蝶(Byasa polyeuctes termessus)，(右) 寶島波眼蝶(Ypthima formosa)。 52 圖 十、為物種組成百分比，(a)物種依循氣候棲位且豐富度增加(N=21)，(b) 物種依循氣候棲位但豐富度減少(N=12)。 53 圖 十一、物種歷史分布與海拔重心位移。 54 圖 十二、為體型大小與海拔重心位移。 54 圖 十三、幼蟲寄主植物專一性與海拔重心位移。 54 圖 十三、物種歷史分布與緯度重心位移。 55 圖 十四、為體型大小與緯度重心位移。 55 圖 十五、幼蟲寄主植物專一性與緯度重心位移。 55 圖 十六、沿海拔梯度物種數的變化。 56 圖 十七、消失物種全台分布。 57 圖 十八、新紀錄物種全台分布。 59

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