簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 沈麗英
Shen, Li-Ying
論文名稱: 整合網路電話語音作業及角色扮演教學增進國中學生英語朗讀流暢度之研究
A Study of Enhancing EFL Junior High School Students’ Oral Reading Fluency through the VoIP Voice Assignments and Role Play (VVA-RP) Instruction
指導教授: 陳璧清
Chen, Pi-Ching
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 文學院 - 外國語文學系碩士在職專班
Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (on the job class)
論文出版年: 2011
畢業學年度: 99
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 176
中文關鍵詞: 角色扮演網路電話語音作業合作學習英語朗讀流暢度
外文關鍵詞: Role play, VoIP voice assignments, Oral reading fluency, Cooperative learning
相關次數: 點閱:125下載:3
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究旨在探討整合網路電話語音作業及角色扮演教學對以英語為外語之國中生英語朗讀流暢度的學習效益。除此之外,文中亦探討不同英語能力學生英語朗讀流暢度表現進步幅度之差異。
    此研究包括為期一學期的角色扮演教學及網路電話語音作業、口說測驗和兩份問卷調查。本研究以台南市某公立國中兩班共66位七年級學生為研究對象,其中一班為實驗組,另一班為控制組。教材為翰林版國中英語第貳冊。為了使學生能積極參與學習及做角色扮演,教師根據學生前一學期之英語成績將他們分組。學生在每課的課文及對話授課完後即在家做電話語音作業,然後教師再挑選優秀的語音作業於課堂上播放並加以討論,最後再在課堂上分組做角色扮演。量化資料的分析來自口試之前、後測,及李克特(Likert)問卷。質化資料的分析來自問卷之開放問題。本研究之主要發現如下:
    1.角色扮演教學及網路電話語音作業能顯著提升學生的朗讀與流暢度。實驗組的英語朗讀流暢度表現進步幅度明顯優於控制組。
    2.依Rasinski (2003)的多元面向流暢度量表(Multidimensional Fluency Scale,簡稱為MFS) 的四個子項分數之分析顯示,實驗組學生在朗讀精確度的進步幅度未明顯優 於控制組之外,其餘在斷句、流暢度、速度各項之進步幅度均明顯優於控制組。
    3.不同英語能力的學生之英語朗讀流暢度表現進步幅度無顯著差異。
    4.實驗及控制兩組學生之英語朗讀流暢度之測驗分數無論是依多元面向流暢度量表(MFS)或依每分鐘正確閱讀字數(WCPM)評分,實驗組的進步幅度均明顯優於控制組。每分鐘正確閱讀字數(WCPM) 不失為一簡便又經濟之評量方式。
    5.實驗組學生的英語學習態度實驗前後無顯著差異,但對角色扮演教學之喜好有顯著的增加。
    6.學生自覺角色扮演教學使他們上課更專心,也更積極參與課堂活動。
    7.學生自覺網路電話語音作業使他們更注意發音與語調,在這兩方面也更步。

    總結而論,本研究結果顯示整合網路電話語音作業及角色扮演教學可視為一種有助於增進以英語為外語之國中學生的英語朗讀流暢度的教學活動,此外學生對角色扮演結合網路電話語音作業教學也能持正面態度。因此,本研究最後對以英語為外語的課堂教學中使用整合網路電話語音作業及角色扮演教學之教師,以及未來研究方向提出建議。

    The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the VoIP voice assignments and role play instruction (VVA-RP) on EFL junior high school students’ oral reading fluency. It also attempts to compare the performance and the growth among students of different English proficiency levels on oral reading fluency.
    This study is composed of one-semester’s VoIP voice assignments and role play instruction, oral reading fluency (ORF) assessments, and two questionnaire surveys. The subjects are 66 7th graders from two intact classes in a junior high school in Tainan City. One of the classes with 34 students is the experimental group. The other class with 32 students is the control group. The teaching material is their textbook. The materials for role play are from the dialogues and comics in the textbook. The materials for VoIP voice assignments are from the dialogues and readings in the textbook. In order to enhance their learning, cooperative learning is incorporated too. Students are heterogeneously grouped. First, the students do VoIP voice assignments individually at home, and then the teacher plays their recordings in class and discusses their performance. Then they do role play in pairs or in small groups in class. For data collection, the students are administered to do an oral reading fluency pretest and posttest using a one-minute probe. Their readings are recorded using the software Praat, and are to be rated by two junior high school English teachers and one native speaker of English with a Master’s degree in foreign language and literature. The recordings are scored in terms of Raniski’s (2003) MFS (Multidimensional Fluency Scale) and WCPM (words read correctly per minute). As for the data collected from the students’ responses to the questionnaires, they are analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The major findings of this study are summarized as follows:
    1.Under the proposed instruction, the experimental group made significantly more gains in ORF than did the control group.
    2.In an analysis of students’ performance on the four dimensions of MFS, the experimental group outperformed in phrasing, smoothness, and pace, but not in accuracy.
    3.The overall ORF gains among the three different EPL groups were not significantly different.
    4.The ORF scores assessed either by MFS or WCPM are the same. The experimental group outperformed the control group significantly. In addition, in terms of either way of the assessments, the performances among the three different EPL groups were not significantly different. Therefore WCPM can be seen as an easy and effective way to assess ORF.
    5.The findings suggest that the students’ learning attitudes toward English had not improved significantly but nearly so after the proposed instruction (t = -2.49, p=.06 >.05). Besides, their attitudes toward role play have significantly improved.
    6.The students reported that they had become more concentrative in class and more active in participating in the classroom learning owing to role play.
    7.Most students reported that they had paid more attention on pronunciation and intonation on account of VoIP voice assignments, and their pronunciation and intonation had become better accordingly.
    To sum up, this study suggests that the VVA-RP instruction is effective to improve junior high school students’ oral reading fluency. Furthermore, the students held positive attitudes towards the proposed instruction. Hence, pedagogical implications and suggestions for future research are provided in the end.

    TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract (Chinese) i Abstract (English) iii Acknowledgements v Table of Contents vi List of Tables xiii List of Figures xix CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 Motivation and Background 1 Purposes of the Study 6 Research Questions 7 Significance of the Study 10 Definition of Terms 12 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 16 Word Recognition and Reading Comprehension 16 Implication for Enhancing Word Recognition 18 Oral Reading Fluency 20 Benefits of Oral Reading 21 Oral Reading Fluency and Reading Competence 23 Instructional Methods to Improve Oral Reading Fluency 25 Repeated Reading in L1 Settings 26 Repeated Reading in L2 Settings 28 Assessment of Oral Reading Fluency 29 Role Play and Oral Reading Fluency 33 Oral Language and Reading Fluency 33 Advantages of Role Play in Oral Fluency 34 Disadvantage of Role Play 36 Advantages of Role Play in a Mixed-ability ESL Classroom 38 Cooperative Learning 39 Theoretical Background of Cooperative Learning 39 Implications for Cooperative Learning Practice 42 Empirical Studies of Cooperative Learning 43 Computer-mediated Communication 45 Voice Assignments in Language Learning 47 VoIP in Language Instruction 48 EBTC VoIP versus MSN and Skype 52 Summary 54 CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 58 Overview of the Present Study 58 Participants 59 Materials 60 Instruments 61 Oral Reading Test 61 Questionnaires 62 Procedures 63 Data Analysis 66 A Quantitative Analysis 66 A Qualitative Analysis 67 The Summary of the Study Design 68 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 72 Overview 72 1. The Effectiveness of the VoIP Voice Assignments and Role Play Instruction on Students’ Oral Reading Fluency Assessed by Multidimensional Fluency Scale 78 Question 1-A 78 Question 1-B 82 Question 1-C 84 Question 1-D 87 Question 1-E 90 Discussion 92 2. The Results of Students’ Oral Reading Fluency in the VoIP Voice Assignments and Role Play Instruction among Students of Different English Proficiency Levels 93 Question 2-A 93 Question 2-B 95 Question 2-C 97 Question 2-D 99 Question 2-E 101 Discussion 102 3. The Effectiveness of the VoIP Voice Assignments and Role Play Instruction on Students’ Oral Reading Fluency Assessed by WCPM 103 Question 3-A 103 4. The Improvement of Students’ WCPM Score in the VoIP Voice Assignments and Role Play Instruction among Students of Different English Proficiency Levels 106 Question 4-A 106 5. Students’ Attitudes toward English Learning and Perceptions on Their Own English Competence 108 Question 5-A 109 Question 5-B 111 Discussion 113 6. Students’ Responses toward the VoIP Voice Assignments and Role Play Instruction 115 Question 6-A 115 Question 6-B 117 Question 6-C 119 Question 6-D 120 Question 6-E 122 Discussion 125 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 127 Summary of the Major Findings 127 Pedagogical Implications and Suggestions 133 For Teachers 134 For Administrators 135 For Authorities 136 For Future Research 138 Limitations of the Study 139 REFERENCES 141 APPENDIXES 157 APPENDIX A: The Consent for the Subjects 157 APPENDIX B: VoIP Voice Assignments Manual 158 APPENDIX C: The Teacher Interface of the VoIP Voicemail Box 159 APPENDIX D: A Letter to the Parents for VoIP Voice Assignments 162 APPENDIX E: The Class Schedule 163 APPENDIX F: The Questionnaire “Junior High School Students’ Attitudes toward English Learning and Perspectives on English Competence (Q-AP)” 165 APPENDIX G: The Questionnaire “Junior High School Students’ Attitudes toward the VoIP Voice Assignments and Role Play Instruction (Q-VR)” 167 APPENDIX H: Text for the Oral Reading Test 170 APPENDIX I: Multidimensional Fluency Scale 171 APPENDIX J: Details for Students’ Responses toward the Open-ended Questions 172

    Abrams, Z. (2003). The effect of synchronous and asynchronous CMC on oral performance in German. The Modern Language Journal, 87(2), 157-167.
    Adams, M. J. (1994). Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    Al-Arishi, A. Y. (1994). Role-play, real-play, and surreal-play in the ESOL classroom. ELT Journal, 48(4), 337-346.
    Almasi, J. (2003). Teaching strategic processes in reading. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
    Archer, A., Gleason, M., & Vachon, V. (2003). Decoding and fluency: Foundation skills for struggling older readers. Learning Disability Quarterly, 26(2), 89-102.
    Baker, S., Smolkowski, K., Katz, R., Fien, H., Seeley, J., & Beck, C. (2008). Reading Fluency as a Predictor of Reading Proficiency in Low-Performing, High-Poverty Schools. School Psychology Review, 37(1), 20.
    Beauvois, M. (1992). Computer assisted classroom discussion in the foreign language classroom: Conversation in slow motion. Foreign Language Annals, 25(5), 455-464.
    Beck, I., & Juel, C. (1995). The role of decoding in learning to read. American Educator, 19(2), 8.
    Calvo, M. (1997). Computer assisted language learning: Revision of some of theoretical principles from a practical case. Encuentro, 9, 127-134.
    Caravolas, M., Volin, J., & Hulme, C. (2005). Phoneme awareness is a key component of alphabetic literacy skills in consistent and inconsistent orthographies: Evidence from Czech and English children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 92(2), 107-139.
    Carnine, D. W., Silbert, J., Kameenui, E. J., & Tarver, S. G. (2010). Direct instruction reading (5th ed.). Boston : Merrill Prentice Hall.
    Chambers, A., & Bax, S. (2006). Making CALL work: Towards normalisation. System, 34(4), 465-479.
    Chan, A., Frydenberg, M., & Lee, M. (2007). Facilitating cross-cultural learning through collaborative skypecasting. Paper presented at the Conference on Information Technology Education (formerly CITC). Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGITE conference on Information technology education Destin, Florida, USA.
    Chang, L. (2007). The use of structured instant online discussion to enhance college students’ English oral proficiency. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
    Chen, Y. C. (2010). A study of enhancing EFL young learners’ sight vocabulary acquisition and oral reading fluency through pop song sing-reading instruction. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
    Chiang, W., Xiao, W., & Chou, C. (2006). A performance study of VoIP applications: MSN vs. Skype. Proc. of MULTICOMM. Retrieved from http://multicomm.polito.it/proc_multicomm06_3.pdf.
    Coburn, J. (2010). Teaching oral English online-through Skype (VOIP). Acta Didactica Norge, 4(1). Retrieved from http://www.adno.no/index.php/adno/article/viewFile/109/133.
    Collins, M., & Cheek, E. (2000). Assessing & guiding reading instruction. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.
    Cunningham, J. (2001). The national reading panel report. Reading Research Quarterly, 36(3), 326-335.
    Ding, Y. (2007). Text memorization and imitation: The practices of successful Chinese learners of English. System, 35(2), 271-280.
    Dodson, S. (2000). FAQs: Learning Languages through Drama. Texas Papers in Foreign Language Education, 5(1), 129-141.
    Dowhower, S. (1987). Effects of repeated reading on second-grade transitional readers’ fluency and comprehension. Reading Research Quarterly, 22(4), 389-406.
    Dowhower, S. (1991). Speaking of prosody: Fluency’s unattended bedfellow. Theory into Practice, 30(3), 165-175.
    Ehri, L. (2005). Learning to read words: Theory, findings, and issues. Scientific Studies of Reading, 9(2), 167-188.
    Faulkner, H. J., & Levy, B. A. (1994). How text difficulty and reader skill interact to produce differential reliance on word and content overlap in reading transfer. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 58(1), 1-24.
    Flippo, R. (2003). Assessing readers: Qualitative diagnosis and instruction. potsmouth, NH: Heinemann Educational Books.
    Fuchs, L., Fuchs, D., Kazdan, S., Karns, K., Calhoon, M., & Hamlett, C. (2000). Effects of workgroup structure and size on student productivity during collaborative work on complex tasks. The Elementary School Journal, 100(3), 183-212.
    Fuchs, L., Fuchs, D., Hosp, M., & Jenkins, J. (2001). Oral reading fluency as an indicator of reading competence: A theoretical, empirical, and historical analysis. Scientific Studies of Reading, 5(3), 239-256.
    Fuchs, L., Fuchs, D., & Maxwell, L. (1988). The validity of informal reading comprehension measures. Remedial and Special Education, 9(2), 20.
    Gill, C. (1996). Using drama techniques to encourage oral interaction. The English Teacher, 25, 72-86.
    Gillies, R., & Ashman, A. (2003). Co-operative learning: The social and intellectual outcomes of learning in groups. London: Routledge.
    Gillies, R. M. (2003). Structuring cooperative group work in classrooms. International Journal of Educational Research, 39(1-2), 35-49.
    Gillies, R. M. (2004). The effects of cooperative learning on junior high school students during small group learning. Learning and Instruction, 14(2), 197-213.
    Ghaith, G., & Yaghi, H. (1998). Effect of cooperative learning on the acquisition of second language rules and mechanics. System, 26(2), 223-234.
    Good, R., Gruba, J., & Kaminski, R. (2001). Best practices in using Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) in an outcomes-driven model. Best practices in school psychology IV, 1, 699-700.
    Gorjian, B., Moosavinia, S. R., & Jabripour, A. (2010). Dramatic Performance in Teaching Drama in EFL Contexts. TESL-EJ, 13(4), 1-13
    Gorsuch, G., & Taguchi, E. (2008). Repeated reading for developing reading fluency and reading comprehension: The case of EFL learners in Vietnam. System, 36(2), 253-278.
    Gough, P. (1996). How children learn to read and why they fail. Annals of Dyslexia, 46(1), 1-20.
    Grabe, W. (1991). Current developments in second language reading research. TESOL Quarterly, 25(3), 375-406.
    Hasbrouck, J., & Tindal, G. (2006). Oral reading fluency norms: A valuable assessment tool for reading teachers. The Reading Teacher, 59(7), 636-644.
    Hosp, M., & Fuchs, L. (2005). Using CBM as an indicator of decoding, word reading, and comprehension: Do the relations change with grade? School Psychology Review, 34(1), 9-27.
    Hsu, H., Wang, S., & Comac, L. (2008). Using audioblogs to assist English-language learning: an investigation into student perception. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 21(2), 181-198.

    Huang, H., & Hung, S. (2009). Implementing electronic speaking portfolios: perceptions of EFL students. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(5), E84-E88.
    Hudson, R., Lane, H., & Pullen, P. (2005). Reading fluency assessment and instruction: What, why, and how? The Reading Teacher, 58(8), 702-714.
    Johnson, D., & Johnson, R. (1999). Learning together and alone (5th ed.). Needham Heights, Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon
    Juel, C. (1988). Learning to read and write: A longitudinal study of 54 children from first through fourth grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(4), 437-447.
    Keller-Margulis, M., Shapiro, E., & Hintze, J. (2008). Long-term diagnostic accuracy of curriculum-based measures in reading and mathematics. School Psychology Review, 37(3), 374-390.
    Kelm, O. (1992). The use of synchronous computer networks in second language instruction: A preliminary report. Foreign Language Annals, 25(5), 441-454.
    Kern, R. (1995). Restructuring classroom interaction with networked computers: Effects on quantity and characteristics of language production. Modern Language Journal, 79(4), 457-476.
    Keyser, M. W. (2000). Active learning and cooperative learning: Understanding the difference and using both styles effectively. Research Strategies, 17(1), 35-44.
    Kormos, J., & Denes, M. (2004). Exploring measures and perceptions of fluency in the speech of second language learners. System, 32(2), 145-164.
    Kuhn, M., & Stahl, S. (2003). Fluency: A review of developmental and remedial practices. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(1), 3-21.
    Kukulska-Hulme, A., & Shield, L. (2007). An overview of mobile assisted language learning: Can mobile devices support collaborative practice in speaking and listening? Retrieved from
    http://scholar.google.com.tw/scholar?cluster=12789283875916175877&hl=zh-TW&as_sdt=2000.
    Kyte, C. S., & Johnson, C. J. (2006). The role of phonological recoding in orthographic learning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 93(2), 166-185.
    Ladousse, G. P. (1996). Role play. New York: Oxford University Press.
    Lee, L. (2002). Enhancing learners’ communication skills through synchronous electronic interaction and task-based instruction. Foreign Language Annals, 35(1), 16-24.
    Leppanen, U., Aunola, K., Niemi, P., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2008). Letter knowledge predicts Grade 4 reading fluency and reading comprehension. Learning and Instruction, 18(6), 548-564.
    LeVasseur, V., Macaruso, P., & Shankweiler, D. (2008). Promoting gains in reading fluency: A comparison of three approaches. Reading and Writing, 21(3), 205-230.
    Lou, Y., Abrami, P., Spence, J., Poulsen, C., Chambers, B., & d'Apollonia, S. (1996). Within-class grouping: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 423-458.
    Mastropieri, M., Leinart, A., & Scruggs, T. (1999). Strategies to increase reading fluency. Intervention in School and Clinic, 34, 278-283.
    Marston, D., Mirkin, P., & Deno, S. (1984). Curriculum-based measurement: An alternative to traditional screening, referral, and identification. The Journal of Special Education, 18(2), 109-117.
    Maxwell, C. (1997). Role play and foreign language learning. International JALT Conference, Hamamatsu, Japan.
    McGlinchey, M., & Hixson, M. (2004). Using curriculum-based measurement to predict performance on state assessments in reading. School Psychology Review, 33(2), 193-204.
    McGuinness, D. (2004). Early reading instruction: What science really tells up about how to teach reading. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
    Meyer, M., & Felton, R. (1999). Repeated reading to enhance fluency: Old approaches and new directions. Annals of Dyslexia, 49(1), 283-306.
    Miccoli, L. (2003). English through drama for oral skills development. ELT Journal, 57, 122-29.
    Murphy, J. (1991). Oral communication in TESOL: Integrating speaking, listening, and pronunciation. TESOL Quarterly, 51-75.
    O'Connor, R. E. (2007). Teaching word recognition: Effective strategies for students with learning difficulties. New York: Guilford Press.
    Payne, J., & Whitney, P. (2002). Developing L2 oral proficiency through synchronous CMC: Output, working memory, and interlanguage development. CALICo Journal, 20(1), 7-32.
    Perfetti, C., & Sandak, R. (2000). Reading optimally builds on spoken language: Implications for deaf readers. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 5(1), 32-50.
    Perfetti, C. (2003). The universal grammar of reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 7(1), 3-24.
    Pikulski, J., & Chard, D. (2005). Fluency: Bridge between decoding and reading comprehension. The Reading Teacher, 58(6), 510-519.
    Prescott-Griffin, M., & Witherell, N. (2004). Fluency in focus: Comprehension strategies for all young readers. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann,
    Ramos, F. (2002). ESL students’ perceptions of role-play activities. West Virginia University.
    Raney, G. (2003). A context-dependent representation model for explaining text repetition effects. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10(1), 15-28.
    Rashotte, C., & Torgesen, J. (1985). Repeated reading and reading fluency in learning disabled children. Reading Research Quarterly, 20(2), 180-188.
    Rasinski, T. V. (2003). The fluent reader: Oral reading strategies for building word recognition, fluency, and comprehension. New York: Scholastic.
    Rasinski, T. V. (2004). Assessing reading fluency. Regional Educational Laboratory at Pacific Resources for Education and Learning. Retrieved from http://www. prel. org/products/re_/assessingfluency. html.
    Roehrig, A. D., Petscher, Y., Nettles, S. M., Hudson, R. F., & Torgesen, J. K. (2008). Accuracy of the DIBELS oral reading fluency measure for predicting third grade reading comprehension outcomes. Journal of School Psychology, 46(3), 343-366.
    Royka, J. G. (2002). Overcoming the fear of using drama in English language teaching. The Internet TESL Journal, 8(6). Retrieved from http://iteslj.org/Articles/Royka-Drama.html
    Samuels, S. (1997). The method of repeated readings. The Reading Teacher, 50(5), 376-381.
    Samuels, S., & Flor, R. (1997). The importance of automaticity for developing expertise in reading. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 13(2), 107-121.
    Schwanenflugel, P., Hamilton, A., Kuhn, M., Wisenbaker, J., & Stahl, S. (2004). Becoming a fluent reader: Reading skill and prosodic features in the oral reading of young readers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(1), 119-129.
    Shen, L. Y. (2010). Enhancing EFL learners’ oral abilities through role playing. The 19th International Symposium on English teaching, Taipei, Taiwan.
    Shinn, M. R., Good, R. H., Knutson, N., Tilly, W. D., & Collins V. L. (1992). Curriculum-based measurement of oral reading fluency: A confirmatory analysis of its relation to reading. School Psychology Review, 21(3), 459-479.
    Shinn, M. R., & Habedank, L. (1992). Curriculum-based measurement in special education problem identification and certification decisions. Preventing School Failure, 36(2), 11-15.
    Slavin, R. E. (1996). Research on cooperative learning and achievement: What we know, what we need to know. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 21(1), 43-69.
    Smith, S. (1984). The theater arts and the teaching of second languages. Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley
    Stanovich, K. (1986). Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 21(4), 360-407.
    Stern, S. (1980). Drama in second language learning from a psycholinguistic perspective. Language Learning, 30(1), 77-100.
    Sun, Y. (2009). Voice blog: an exploratory study of language learning. Language Learning & Technology, 13(2), 88–103.
    Sweet, A., & Snow, C. (2003). Rethinking reading comprehension: Solving problems in the teaching of literacy. New York, NY: Guilford Publications, Inc.
    Taguchi, E., & Gorsuch, G. (2002). Transfer effects of repeated EFL reading on reading new passages: A preliminary investigation. Reading in a Foreign Language, 14(1), 43-65.
    Taguchi, E., Takayasu-Maass, M., & Gorsuch, G. (2004). Developing reading fluency in EFL: How assisted repeated reading and extensive reading affect fluency development. Reading in a Foreign Language, 16(2), 70-96.
    Therrien, W. (2004). Fluency and comprehension gains as a result of repeated reading: A meta-analysis. Remedial and Special Education, 25(4), 252-262.
    Therrien, W., & Kubina, R. (2006). Developing reading fluency with repeated reading. Intervention in School and Clinic, 41(3), 156-160.
    Topping, K. J., Samuels, J., & Paul, T. (2007). Does practice make perfect? Independent reading quantity, quality and student achievement. Learning and Instruction, 17(3), 253-264.
    Torgesen, J., Alexander, A., Wagner, R., Rashotte, C., Voeller, K., & Conway, T. (2001). Intensive remedial instruction for children with severe reading disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 34(1), 33-58.
    Tseng, C. -C. (2004). The effects of extension and switching of dramatic activities on EFL learning. Selected Papers from the Thirteenth International Symposium and Book Fair on English Teaching.
    Tsukamoto, M., Nuspliger, B., & Senzaki, Y. (2009). Using Skype to connect a classroom to the world: Providing students an authentic language experience within the classroom. Paper presented at the CamTESOL Conference on English Language Teaching, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
    Vacca, J., Vacca, R., & Gove, M. (2000). Reading and learning to read (4th ed.). New York: Longman.
    Valleley, R., & Shriver, M. (2003). An examination of the effects of repeated readings with secondary students. Journal of Behavioral Education, 12(1), 55-76.
    Volle, L. (2005). Analyzing oral skills in voice e-mail and online interviews. Language Learning & Technology, 9(3), 146-163.
    Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in Society (Edited by M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    Walczyk, J. (2000). The interplay between automatic and control processes in reading. Reading Research Quarterly, 35(4), 554-566.
    Wan, Y. S. (1990). Drama in teaching English as a second language: A communicative approach. The English Teacher, 9, 13-17.
    Webb, N. (1984). Sex differences in interaction and achievement in cooperative small groups. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(1), 33-44.
    Wittrock, M. (1990). Generative processes of comprehension. Educational Psychologist, 24(4), 345-376.
    Wright, D., & Ehri, L. (2007). Beginners remember orthography when they learn to read words: The case of doubled letters. Applied Psycholinguistics, 28(01), 115-133.
    Xiao, M. (2007). An empirical study of using Internet-based desktop videoconferencing in an EFL setting. Ohio University.
    Xie, B. (2008). Multimodal computer mediated communication and social support among older Chinese Internet users. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 13(3), 728-750.
    Yang, Y., & Chang, L. (2008). No improvement—Reflections and suggestions on the use of Skype to enhance college students’ oral English proficiency. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(4), 721-725.
    Young, S. (2003). Integrating ICT into second language education in a vocational high school. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19(4), 447-461.
    Ziegler, J., & Goswami, U. (2005). Reading acquisition, developmental dyslexia, and skilled reading across languages: A psycholinguistic grain size theory. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 3-29.
    Zutell, J., & Rasinski, T. (1991). Training teachers to attend to their students’ oral reading fluency. Theory into Practice, 30(3), 211-217.

    下載圖示 校內:2013-01-26公開
    校外:2013-01-26公開
    QR CODE