光子晶體是一種新穎的奈米光電材料，主要由兩種具有不同介電常數或折射率的材料，以週期性的規則排列方式所建構而成。藉由控制材料的折射率或組成結構的週期距離，即可操控晶體對特定波長之光吸收效應，此即為光子晶體最主要的光學特性。近年來由於奈米技術的蓬勃發展，衍生出許多製作光子晶體的方法，而本研究是利用膠體的製程以製備出多種不同型態的光子晶體，並量測其光學性質。
首先以均一粒徑分佈的膠體球利用自我組裝的方式，堆疊出具週期性規則排列的膠體晶體結構，而在膠體球自我組裝的機制中，則以界面毛細力作為膠體球在聚集時的驅動力，將膠體溶液的蒸發溫度控制在45℃，以增加系統的製程速率，而提高系統的溼度，將使界面毛細力具有一級與二級毛細力的雙重效應，因此在24h內，即可製備出高品質的膠體晶體，為一有效率的製程，而將此方法命名為強化毛細力法。對表面化學現象作更進一步的探討，發現在高溼度的狀態下，將導致二級毛細力的效應增加，進而也提升了膠體晶體的品質。
利用強化毛細力法，分別獲得由180、210與300 nm均一粒徑分佈的 P(St-co-MAA)膠體球所堆積形成的三種膠體晶體，而經由光譜儀的量測得知，其波長分別在441、510與660 nm處產生了強的吸收峰，由此可證明所得者為高品質之膠體晶體，因為膠體球具有週期性規則堆積的特性，可以當作光子晶體使用。再以膠體晶體當作模板，結合奈米孔隙的填充技術，可製備不同型態的光子晶體。實驗先以浸鍍法填充奈米孔隙，將膠體晶體浸置於含有不同濃度的二氧化矽奈米顆粒懸浮液中，使二氧化矽奈米顆粒填充於膠體晶體的孔隙中，乾燥之後即可將二氧化矽顆粒被覆於膠體球表面，最後形成以二氧化矽為球殼的核殼式光子晶體，而二氧化矽濃度分別由0.017 wt%與0.122 wt%增加至0.244 wt%，其吸收峰的位置也由456 nm和460 nm增加至466 nm。
此外利用電泳法沉積法填充奈米孔隙，先將氧化鋅之奈米顆粒填充於膠體晶體的孔隙中，再利用高溫移除膠體晶體的模板，最後即可獲得以氧化鋅為骨架，每個球形孔洞均被周圍六個相似的孔洞所包圍，而呈現六方密排陣列的孔洞結構。此為氧化鋅之反蛋白石結構，在波長560 nm處有吸收峰值。
若以電化學聚合法填充奈米孔隙，則可以獲得大面積之導電高分子聚苯胺的反蛋白石結構，在波長465 nm處有強的吸收峰，而原始之膠體晶體模板的吸收峰係出現在660 nm，亦即在反蛋白石結構化之後，光子晶體的吸收光譜發生藍移的現象。

Photonic crystal consisted of periodic well-ordered arrangement of two materials with different dielectric constant or refractive index is a novel optoelectronic material. This special nanostructure can have an electromagnetic band gap. Recently, due to the development of nanotechnology, many methods for fabricating photonic crystals had been reported. Hence, our research will focus on fabrication and characterization of photonic crystals by using colloidal process.
The self-assembly of monodisperse colloidal particles results in the well-ordered colloidal crystals. During the self-assembly process, the capillary force acts as the driving force for gathering colloidal particles. Because of higher evaporative temperature (45℃), the process rate will increase. Further, through increasing system humidity, the capillary force will be separated as the primary and secondary ones. Finally, the high-quality colloidal crystals will be formed in 24h. This method, named capillary-enhanced process, is an efficient process. Moreover, according to the discussion of surface chemistry, the secondary capillary effect will be increased with increasing humidity level. This results in elevating the quality of colloidal crystals.
Three kinds of colloidal crystals with 180, 210 and 300 nm diameter fabricated by using capillary-enhanced process will possess the absorptive peaks at the wavelengths of 441, 510 and 660 nm. Hence, colloidal crystals also act as the photonic crystals. Three types of photonic crystals derived from templating colloidal crystals can be formed by infiltrating the interstitial volumes with different materials. Firstly, colloidal crystals are dipped into the suspension with the silica nanoparticles. Subsequently, silica nanopartilces will fill into the interstitial spaces of colloidal crystals. After drying process, silica nanoparticles will coat onto the colloidal surface. Hence, photonic crystal with core-shell nanostructure will be fabricated. These core-shell photonic crystals will possess the absorptive peaks at the wavelengths of 456, 460, 466 nm as dipped into the silica suspensions with different nanoparticle concentrations of 0.017, 0.122 and 0.244 wt%, respectively.
By employing electrophoretic deposition process, ZnO nanoparticles can fill the interstitial spaces of colloidal crystals. After removing colloidal template, well-ordered macoporous structure based on ZnO can be obtained. Through SEM observation, each sphere hole is surrounded by six neighboring holes in macroporous structure. Because of the presence of cracks in the inverse opal film, only a weak absorptive peak at the wavelength of 465 nm can be observed. In the final experimental part, the high-quality polyaniline inverse opal film in large area can be fabricated by utilizing electrochemical polymerization, and they also possess an intensive absorptive peak at the wavelength of 465 nm. As compared with the absorptive peak (660 nm) of the original colloidal crystal template with 300 nm diameter, the blue-shift effect of photonic crystal based on polyaniline inverse opal will occur.

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