| 研究生: |
余礎安 Yu, Chu-An |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
皮膚表層摩擦特性研究 The Study on Frictional Properties of Skin Surface |
| 指導教授: |
李旺龍
Li, Wang-Long |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
工學院 - 材料科學及工程學系 Department of Materials Science and Engineering |
| 論文出版年: | 2013 |
| 畢業學年度: | 101 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 89 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 皮膚摩擦 、角質 、膠帶撕貼法 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Skin friction, stratum corneum, tape stripping |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:121 下載:0 |
| 分享至: |
| 查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
皮膚磨潤學的研究可以有效的模擬現實生活中人體皮膚與各種材料表面的接觸,與皮膚的健康、穿戴、抓握舒適性息息相關。以工程材料角度來看,皮膚可視為一種功能梯度材料,具備多層結構、非均質性、非線性彈性、非等向性、黏彈性等機械性能。
本研究主要使用專為軟材料開發的多功能軟組織摩擦磨損試驗機(UMT-2)進行摩擦實驗。一般皮膚摩擦研究多以探討完整正常的皮膚為主,在本文中針對人體手臂皮膚進行摩擦實驗,並且經由膠帶逐層撕除皮膚表層角質細胞層後,探討負載與摩擦速度改變後,對皮膚摩擦係數的影響。由於人體體表皮膚容易因為劇烈刮傷、深層去角質或是貼布等而使上層角質脫落,經由膠布定量移除的方式能夠有效定量角質層移除量,進而提供探討不同角質移除造成皮膚摩擦行為的變化。
由於上層角質為片狀無核死細胞,藉由膠布針對同一部位進行逐次的撕除,經量測吸光值計算移除角質層重量及移除厚度,可以得知隨移除次數增加,皮膚內層角質鍵結能力漸強,使得移除的數目會逐次減少,並量測經皮水分散失也可得知當皮膚角質移除後,經皮水分散失會逐漸升高,使用簡單的壓痕實驗觀察可得,隨逐次移除角質,皮膚剛性逐漸變小,皮膚處於較軟的狀態下容易使探頭與皮膚間接觸面積增加,進一步探討與分析在不同程度的破壞下,對皮膚表層的磨潤性質所造成的影響,可以作為未來研究受創傷或脫皮狀態下皮膚摩擦係數以及舒適性的重要參考依據。
Recently, more and more people study skin tribology because this topic is related to our daily life and it can simulate the friction property between skin and other materials. Once we move, the skin friction will connect with the heath of our skin, the clothes we wear or even the tools we hold. From the point of view of Engineering Materials, the skin can be regarded as a functionally graded material which different to other hard materials, it has multi-layers and can be considered as non-homogeneous, nonlinear elastic, anisotropic, viscoelastic material properties.
In this study, the Universal Nano + Micro + Macro Materials Tester-2 (UMT-2) which is designed for soft material is used to realize the friction experiments. Until now, researchers focus on the friction property of normal and healthy skin. Here we use our forearm skin to realize the friction experiments both before and after tape stripping and discuss the difference under different condition including different load and velocity. It takes a series of tapes to remove the stratum corneum on the skin surface. Because the human skin is easily damage by severe scratches or deep exfoliating, they will cause the stratum corneum being removed from our intact skin. Here we use tape stripping to quantitative the amount of stratum corneum we removed and analysis how the friction coefficient change when stratum corneum was removed.
Since the upper stratum corneum is dead cell, the spectrum was measured and their absorbance and pseudo-absorbance was calculated into the mass of stratum corneum we removed. The more tape-stripping we do, the less stratum corneum being removed because that the bonding between deeper stratum corneum is stronger than the upper part and will cause the value of trans-epidermal water loss grow higher. We also found out that our skin stiffness will decline with more and more stratum corneum being removed. In this condition we can let the skin getting softer and the contact area will increase, thus cause the friction increase. Here we analyze the tribological properties of the skin surface under different degrees of damage, and we hope that this research can be seen as important reference for those who study skin friction that have trauma or get injuries.
[1] Jin, Z. M., and Dowson, D., 2005, "Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication in Biological Systems," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part J-Journal of Engineering Tribology, 219(J5), pp. 367-380.
[2] Dowson, D., 2012, "Bio-Tribology," Faraday Discuss., 156, pp. 9-30.
[3] Menon, G. K., 2002, "New Insights into Skin Structure: Scratching the Surface," Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 54, pp. S3-S17.
[4] Agache, P., and Humbert, P., 2004, Measuring the Skin, Springer.
[5] SchÄtzlein, and Cevc, 1998, "Non-Uniform Cellular Packing of the Stratum Corneum and Permeability Barrier Function of Intact Skin: A High-Resolution Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Study Using Highly Deformable Vesicles (Transfersomes)," British Journal of Dermatology, 138(4), pp. 583-592.
[6] Geerligs, M., 2010, "Skin Layer Mechanics," PhD Thesis, TU Eindhoven.
[7] Oomens, C., Van Campen, D., and Grootenboer, H., 1987, "A Mixture Approach to the Mechanics of Skin," Journal of biomechanics, 20(9), pp. 877-885.
[8] Elsner, P., 2003, "What Textile Engineers Should Know About the Human Skin," Current problems in dermatology, 31, pp. 24-34.
[9] Beele, H., 2002, "Artificial Skin: Past, Present and Future," International journal of artificial organs, 25(3), pp. 163-173.
[10] Dowson, D., 2009, "A Tribological Day," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part J-Journal of Engineering Tribology, 223(J3), pp. 261-273.
[11] Sivamani, R. K., and Maibach, H. I., 2006, "Tribology of Skin," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part J-Journal of Engineering Tribology, 220(J8), pp. 729-737.
[12] El-Shimi, A. F., 1977, "In-Vivo Skin Friction Measurements," Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, 28(2), pp. 37-51.
[13] Naylor, P. F. D., 1955, "The Skin Surface and Friction," British Journal of Dermatology, 67(7), pp. 239-248.
[14] Asserin, J., Zahouani, H., Humbert, P., Couturaud, V., and Mougin, D., 2000, "Measurement of the Friction Coefficient of the Human Skin in Vivo - Quantification of the Cutaneous Smoothness," Colloids and Surfaces B-Biointerfaces, 19(1), pp. 1-12.
[15] Pailler-Mattei, C., Pavan, S., Vargiolu, R., Pirot, F., Falson, F., and Zahouani, H., 2007, "Contribution of Stratum Corneum in Determining Bio-Tribological Properties of the Human Skin," Wear, 263(7), pp. 1038-1043.
[16] Pailler-Mattei, C., Guerret-Piécourt, C., Zahouani, H., and Nicoli, S., 2011, "Interpretation of the Human Skin Biotribological Behaviour after Tape Stripping," Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 8(60), pp. 934-941.
[17] Sivamani, R. K., Wu, G. C., Gitis, N. V., and Maibach, H. I., 2003, "Tribological Testing of Skin Products: Gender, Age, and Ethnicity on the Volar Forearm," Skin Research and Technology, 9(4), pp. 299-305.
[18] Cua, A. B., Wilhelm, K. P., and Maibach, H. I., 1995, "Skin Surface Lipid and Skin Friction - Relation to Age, Sex and Anatomical Region," Skin Pharmacology, 8(5), pp. 246-251.
[19] Loden, M., Olsson, H., Axell, T., and Linde, Y. W., 1992, "Friction, Capacitance and Transepidermal Water-Loss (Tewl) in Dry Atopic and Normal Skin," British Journal of Dermatology, 126(2), pp. 137-141.
[20] Wolfram, L. J., 1983, "Friction of Skin," Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, 34(8), pp. 465-476.
[21] Kwiatkowska, M., Franklin, S., Hendriks, C., and Kwiatkowski, K., 2009, "Friction and Deformation Behaviour of Human Skin," Wear, 267(5), pp. 1264-1273.
[22] Cua, A. B., Wilhelm, K. P., and Maibach, H. I., 1990, "Frictional-Properties of Human Skin - Relation to Age, Sex and Anatomical Region, Stratum-Corneum Hydration and Transepidermal Water-Loss," British Journal of Dermatology, 123(4), pp. 473-479.
[23] Manuskiatti, W., Schwindt, D. A., and Maibach, H. I., 1998, "Influence of Age, Anatomic Site and Race on Skin Roughness and Scaliness," Dermatology, 196(4), pp. 401-407.
[24] Zhang, M., and Mak, A. F. T., 1999, "In Vivo Friction Properties of Human Skin," Prosthetics and Orthotics International, 23(2), pp. 135-141.
[25] Adams, M. J., Briscoe, B. J., and Johnson, S. A., 2007, "Friction and Lubrication of Human Skin," Tribology Letters, 26(3), pp. 239-253.
[26] Tang, W., Ge, S.-r., Zhu, H., Cao, X.-c., and Li, N., 2008, "The Influence of Normal Load and Sliding Speed on Frictional Properties of Skin," Journal of Bionic Engineering, 5(1), pp. 33-38.
[27] Cua, A., Wilhelm, K. P., and Maibach, H., 1995, "Skin Surface Lipid and Skin Friction: Relation to Age, Sex and Anatomical Region," Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 8(5), pp. 246-251.
[28] Nakajima, K., and Narasaka, H., 1993, "Evaluation of Skin Surface Associated with Morphology and Coefficient of Friction," International journal of cosmetic science, 15(4), pp. 135-151.
[29] Agache, P., and Humbert, P., 2003, Measuring the Skin : Non-Invasive Investigations, Physiology, Normal Constants, Springer, Berlin; London.
[30] Pailler-Mattei, C., Nicoli, S., Pirot, F., Vargiolu, R., and Zahouani, H., 2009, "A New Approach to Describe the Skin Surface Physical Properties in Vivo," Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 68(2), pp. 200-206.
[31] Elias, P. M., Cooper, E. R., Korc, A., and Brown, B. E., 1981, "Percutaneous Transport in Relation to Stratum-Corneum Structure and Lipid-Composition," Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 76(4), pp. 297-301.
[32] Proksch, E., Brandner, J. M., and Jensen, J. M., 2008, "The Skin: An Indispensable Barrier," Exp. Dermatol., 17(12), pp. 1063-1072.
[33] Blank, I. H., Moloney, J., Emslie, A. G., Simon, I., and Apt, C., 1984, "The Diffusion of Water across the Stratum Corneum as a Function of Its Water Content," J. Invest. Dermatol., 82(2), pp. 188-194.
[34] Chilcott, R. P., Dalton, C. H., Emmanuel, A. J., Allen, C. E., and Bradley, S. T., 2002, "Transepidermal Water Loss Does Not Correlate with Skin Barrier Function in Vitro," J. Invest. Dermatol., 118(5), pp. 871-875.
[35] Goh, C. L., and Chia, S. E., 1988, "Skin Irritability to Sodium Lauryl Sulphate—as Measured by Skin Water Vapour Loss—by Sex and Race," Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 13(1), pp. 16-19.
[36] K, L., HI, M., and D, W., 1987, "Irritant Reactivity in Males and Females," Contact Dermatitis, 17.
[37] Pirot, F., Berardesca, E., Kalia, Y., Singh, M., Maibach, H., and Guy, R., 1998, "Stratum Corneum Thickness and Apparent Water Diffusivity: Facile and Noninvasive Quantitation in Vivo," Pharmaceutical Research, 15(3), pp. 492-494.
[38] Schwarb, F. P., Gabard, B., Rufli, T., and Surber, C., 1999, "Percutaneous Absorption of Salicylic Acid in Man after Topical Administration of Three Different Formulations," Dermatology, 198(1), pp. 44-51.
[39] Cambon, M., Issachar, N., Castelli, D., and Robert, C., 2001, "An in Vivo Method to Assess the Photostability of Uv Filters in a Sunscreen," Journal of Cosmetic Science, 52(1), pp. 1-11.
[40] Surber, C., Wilhelm, K. P., Bermann, D., and Maibach, H. I., 1993, "In-Vivo Skin Penetration of Acitretin in Volunteers Using 3 Sampling Techniques," Pharmaceutical Research, 10(9), pp. 1291-1294.
[41] Benech-Kieffer, F., Wegrich, P., Schwarzenbach, R., Klecak, G., Weber, T., Leclaire, J., and Schaefer, H., 2000, "Percutaneous Absorption of Sunscreens in Vitro: Interspecies Comparison, Skin Models and Reproducibility Aspects," Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology, 13(6), pp. 324-335.
[42] Potard, G., Laugel, C., Schaefer, H., and Marty, J. P., 2000, "The Stripping Technique: In Vitro Absorption and Penetration of Five Uv Filters on Excised Fresh Human Skin," Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology, 13(6), pp. 336-344.
[43] de Jalon, E. G., Blanco-Prieto, M. J., Ygartua, P., and Santoyo, S., 2001, "Topical Application of Acyclovir-Loaded Microparticles: Quantification of the Drug in Porcine Skin Layers," Journal of Controlled Release, 75(1-2), pp. 191-197.
[44] Kobayashi, H., Aiba, S., Yoshino, Y., and Tagami, H., 2003, "Acute Cutaneous Barrier Disruption Activates Epidermal P44/42 and P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Human and Hairless Guinea Pig Skin," Experimental Dermatology, 12(6), pp. 734-746.
[45] Sheth, N. V., McKeough, M. B., and Spruance, S. L., 1987, "Measurement of the Stratum-Corneum Drug Reservoir to Predict the Therapeutic Efficacy of Topical Iododeoxyuridine for Herpes-Simplex Virus-Infection," Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 89(6), pp. 598-602.
[46] Benfeldt, E., 1999, "In Vivo Microdialysis for the Investigation of Drug Levels in the Dermis and the Effect of Barrier Perturbation on Cutaneous Drug Penetration - Studies in Hairless Rats and Human Subjects - Preface," Acta Dermato-Venereologica, pp. 3-59.
[47] Darmstadt, G. L., Mao-Qiang, M., Chi, E., Saha, S. K., Ziboh, V. A., Black, R. E., Santosham, M., and Elias, P. M., 2002, "Impact of Topical Oils on the Skin Barrier: Possible Implications for Neonatal Health in Developing Countries," Acta Paediatrica, 91(5), pp. 546-554.
[48] Moser, K., Kriwet, K., Naik, A., Kalia, Y. N., and Guy, R. H., 2001, "Passive Skin Penetration Enhancement and Its Quantification in Vitro," European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 52(2), pp. 103-112.
[49] Rougier, A., Lotte, C., and Maibach, H. I., 1987, "Invivo Percutaneous Penetration of Some Organic-Compounds Related to Anatomic Site in Humans - Predictive Assessment by the Stripping Method," Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 76(6), pp. 451-454.
[50] van der Molen, R. G., Spies, F., van ‘t Noordende, J. M., Boelsma, E., Mommaas, A. M., and Koerten, H. K., 1997, "Tape Stripping of Human Stratum Corneum Yields Cell Layers That Originate from Various Depths Because of Furrows in the Skin," Archives of Dermatological Research, 289(9), pp. 514-518.
[51] Marttin, E., NeelissenSubnel, M. T. A., DeHaan, F. H. N., and Bodde, H. E., 1996, "A Critical Comparison of Methods to Quantify Stratum Corneum Removed by Tape Stripping," Skin Pharmacology, 9(1), pp. 69-77.
[52] Ya-Xian, Z., Suetake, T., and Tagami, H., 1999, "Number of Cell Layers of the Stratum Corneum in Normal Skin: Relationship to the Anatomical Location on the Body, Age, Sex and Physical Parameters," Archives of Dermatological Research, 291(10), pp. 555-559.
[53] Black, D., Del Pozo, A., Lagarde, J. M., and Gall, Y., 2000, "Seasonal Variability in the Biophysical Properties of Stratum Corneum from Different Anatomical Sites," Skin Research and Technology, 6(2), pp. 70-76.
[54] Schwindt, D. A., Wilhelm, K. P., and Maibach, H. I., 1998, "Water Diffusion Characteristics of Human Stratum Corneum at Different Anatomical Sites in Vivo," Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 111(3), pp. 385-389.
[55] Greene, R. S., Pochi, P. E., and Strauss, J. S., 1970, "Anatomical Variation in Amount and Composition of Human Skin Surface Lipid," Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 54(3), pp. 240-&.
[56] O'Goshi, K., Iguchi, M., and Tagami, H., 2000, "Functional Analysis of the Stratum Corneum of Scalp Skin: Studies in Patients with Alopecia Areata and Androgenetic Alopecia," Archives of Dermatological Research, 292(12), pp. 605-611.
[57] Reed, J. T., Ghadially, R., and Elias, P. M., 1995, "Skin Type, but Neither Race nor Gender, Influence Epidermal Permeability Barrier Function," Archives of Dermatology, 131(10), pp. 1134-1138.
[58] Loffler, H., Dreher, F., and Maibach, H. I., 2004, "Stratum Corneum Adhesive Tape Stripping: Influence of Anatomical Site, Application Pressure, Duration and Removal," British Journal of Dermatology, 151(4), pp. 746-752.
[59] Breternitz, M., Flach, M., Praessler, J., Elsner, P., and Fluhr, J. W., 2007, "Acute Barrier Disruption by Adhesive Tapes Is Influenced by Pressure, Time and Anatomical Location: Integrity and Cohesion Assessed by Sequential Tape Stripping; a Randomized, Controlled Study," British Journal of Dermatology, 156(2), pp. 231-240.
[60] Weigmann, H. J., Lademann, J., Meffert, H., Schaefer, H., and Sterry, W., 1999, "Determination of the Horny Layer Profile by Tape Stripping in Combination with Optical Spectroscopy in the Visible Range as a Prerequisite to Quantify Percutaneous Absorption," Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology, 12(1-2), pp. 34-45.
[61] Ghadially, R., Brown, B. E., Sequeiramartin, S. M., Feingold, K. R., and Elias, P. M., 1995, "The Aged Epidermal Permeability Barrier - Structural, Functional, and Lipid Biochemical-Abnormalities in Humans and a Senescent Murine Model," Journal of Clinical Investigation, 95(5), pp. 2281-2290.
[62] Weigmann, H. J., Lindemann, U., Antoniou, C., Tsikrikas, G. N., Stratigos, A. I., Katsambas, A., Sterry, W., and Lademann, J., 2003, "Uv/Vis Absorbance Allows Rapid, Accurate, and Reproducible Mass Determination of Corneocytes Removed by Tape Stripping," Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology, 16(4), pp. 217-227.
[63] Lindemann, U., Wilken, K., Weigmann, H. J., Schaefer, H., Sterry, W., and Lademann, J., 2003, "Quantification of the Horny Layer Using Tape Stripping and Microscopic Techniques," Journal of Biomedical Optics, 8(4), pp. 601-607.
[64] Lindemann, U., Weigmann, H. J., Schaefer, H., Sterry, W., and Lademann, J., 2003, "Evaluation of the Pseudo-Absorption Method to Quantify Human Stratum Corneum Removed by Tape Stripping Using Protein Absorption," Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology, 16(4), pp. 228-236.
[65] Kalia, Y. N., Alberti, I., Sekkat, N., Curdy, C., Naik, A., and Guy, R. H., 2000, "Normalization of Stratum Corneum Barrier Function and Transepidermal Water Loss in Vivo," Pharmaceutical Research, 17(9), pp. 1148-1150.
[66] Beaven, G. H., and Holiday, E. R., 1952, "Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of Proteins and Amino Acids," Advances in Protein Chemistry, K. B. M.L. Anson, and T. E. John, eds., Academic Press, pp. 319-386.
[67] Benfeldt, Serup, and MennÉ, 1999, "Effect of Barrier Perturbation on Cutaneous Salicylic Acid Penetration in Human Skin: In Vivo Pharmacokinetics Using Microdialysis and Non-Invasive Quantification of Barrier Function," Br. J. Dermatol., 140(4), pp. 739-748.
[68] Weerheim, A., and Ponec, M., 2001, "Determination of Stratum Corneum Lipid Profile by Tape Stripping in Combination with High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography," Archives of Dermatological Research, 293(4), pp. 191-199.
[69] 陳宜嫻, 傅如嶽, 黃宜純, 黃淑桂, 楊佳璋, 溫慧萍, and 鄭智交, 2004, 皮膚生理學, 台灣.
[70] Häggström, M., 29 June 2010, "Layers of the Epidermis," http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(skin).
[71] Mündlein, M., Valentin, B., Chabicovsky, R., Nicolics, J., Weremczuk, J., Tarapata, G., and Jachowicz, R., "Transepidermal Water Loss (Tewl) Measurements with Two Novel Sensors Based on Different Sensing Principles," Proc. Special Issue: Eurosensors XX the 20th European conference on Solid-State Transducers-Eurosensors, pp. 67-72.
[72] Wang, A., Sun, D., Yau, S.-S., Edwards, B., Sokol, M., Essner, A., Polineni, V., Stark, C., and Dumbleton, J., 1997, "Orientation Softening in the Deformation and Wear of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene," Wear, 203, pp. 230-241.
[73] Liang, X., and Boppart, S. A., 2010, "Biomechanical Properties of in Vivo Human Skin from Dynamic Optical Coherence Elastography," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 57(4), pp. 953-959.
[74] Wilkes, G., Nguyen, A.-L., and Wildnauer, R., 1973, "Structure-Property Relations of Human and Neonatal Rat Stratum Corneum I. Thermal Stability of the Crystalline Lipid Structure as Studied by X-Ray Diffraction and Differential Thermal Analysis," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 304(2), pp. 267-275.
[75] Silver, F. H., Seehra, G. P., Freeman, J. W., and DeVore, D., 2002, "Viscoelastic Properties of Young and Old Human Dermis: A Proposed Molecular Mechanism for Elastic Energy Storage in Collagen and Elastin," Journal of applied polymer science, 86(8), pp. 1978-1985.
[76] Geerligs, M., Van Breemen, L., Peters, G., Ackermans, P., Baaijens, F., and Oomens, C., 2011, "< I> in Vitro</I> Indentation to Determine the Mechanical Properties of Epidermis," J. Biomech., 44(6), pp. 1176-1181.
[77] Hendriks, F., Brokken, D., Van Eemeren, J., Oomens, C., Baaijens, F., and Horsten, J., 2003, "A Numerical‐Experimental Method to Characterize the Non‐Linear Mechanical Behaviour of Human Skin," Skin research and technology, 9(3), pp. 274-283.
[78] Johnson, K. L., 1987, Contact Mechanics, Cambridge university press.
[79] Adams, M., Briscoe, B., and Johnson, S., 2007, "Friction and Lubrication of Human Skin," Tribology letters, 26(3), pp. 239-253.
[80] Greenwood, J., and Tabor, D., 1958, "The Friction of Hard Sliders on Lubricated Rubber: The Importance of Deformation Losses," Proceedings of the Physical Society, 71(6), p. 989.
[81] Johnson, S. A., Gorman, D. M., Adams, M. J., and Briscoe, B. J., 1993, "The Friction and Lubrication of Human Stratum Corneum," Tribology Series, C. M. T. T. H. C. C. M. G. D. Dowson, and G. Dalmaz, eds., Elsevier, pp. 663-672.
[82] Oliver, W. C., and Pharr, G. M., 1992, "Improved Technique for Determining Hardness and Elastic Modulus Using Load and Displacement Sensing Indentation Experiments," Journal of materials research, 7(6), pp. 1564-1583.
[83] Gerhardt, L.-C., Strässle, V., Lenz, A., Spencer, N., and Derler, S., 2008, "Influence of Epidermal Hydration on the Friction of Human Skin against Textiles," Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 5(28), pp. 1317-1328.
[84] Pinnagoda, J., Tupkek, R., Agner, T., and Serup, J., 2006, "Guidelines for Transepidermal Water Loss (Tewl) Measurement," Contact Dermatitis, 22(3), pp. 164-178.
[85] Yosipovitch, G., Xiong, G. L., Haus, E., Sackett-Lundeen, L., Ashkenazi, I., and Maibach, H. I., 1998, "Time-Dependent Variations of the Skin Barrier Function in Humans: Transepidermal Water Loss, Stratum Corneum Hydration, Skin Surface Ph, and Skin Temperature," 110(1), pp. 20-24.
[86] Lindemann, U., Weigmann, H.-J., Schaefer, H., Sterry, W., and Lademann, J., 2003, "Evaluation of the Pseudo-Absorption Method to Quantify Human Stratum Corneum Removed by Tape Stripping Using Protein Absorption," Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 16(4), pp. 228-236.
[87] Blank, I. H., Moloney, J., Emslie, A. G., Simon, I., and Apt, C., 1984, "The Diffusion of Water across the Stratum-Corneum as a Function of Its Water-Content," Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 82(2), pp. 188-194.
[88] Anderson, R. L., and Cassidy, J. M., 1973, "Variations in Physical Dimensions and Chemical Composition of Human Stratum Corneum," Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 61(1), pp. 30-32.
[89] Au, W. L., Skinner, M. F., and Kanfer, I., 2010, "Comparison of Tape Stripping with the Human Skin Blanching Assay for the Bioequivalence Assessment of Topical Clobetasol Propionate Formulations," Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(1), pp. 11-20.
[90] Veijgen, N. K., Masen, M. A., and van der Heide, E., 2012, "A Novel Approach to Measuring the Frictional Behaviour of Human Skin in Vivo," Tribology International, 54(0), pp. 38-41.
[91] Koudine, A., Barquins, M., Anthoine, P., Aubert, L., and Leveque, J., 2000, "Frictional Properties of Skin: Proposal of a New Approach," International journal of cosmetic science, 22(1), pp. 11-20.
校內:2018-08-15公開