黑碳(BC)對於環境污染有嚴重的影響，特別是在市區交通污染源方面，汽機車所排放出的廢氣已經被證實含有大量的黑碳成分。有研究指出交通排放出的黑碳與整體死亡率與罹患肺癌的風險也呈現增加的趨勢。暴露於超細懸浮微粒(UFP)已被認為是人類健康可能的致病因素。UFP由於體積小，表面積大，容易滲入肺部深處沉積於肺泡，導致肺部發炎甚至是肺癌。目前我國之空氣品質資訊大多為定點空氣品質監測站所提供，但定點測站不能準確地監測大氣中懸浮微粒時空濃度，為解決定點測站可能產生的問題，本研究建構一移動式噪音量測平台(Mobile noise measurements)探討大氣中懸浮微粒之時空分布組成特徵。
本研究利用移動式噪音量測平台，搭載高時間解析度儀器於台中市區進行噪音、BC、UFP、PM2.5、奈米微粒及多環芳香烴等空氣污染物濃度量測。採樣期程共分為四季(春、夏、秋、冬)，各季節採樣約二星期，採樣時間為每天早上(7:00-10:00)與晚上(18:00-21:00)。在檢定懸浮微粒濃度晝夜差異前先以柯-史(Kolmogorov–Smirnov)樣本檢定對欲比較之資料進行常態分佈檢定，在以無母數方法中之Wilcoxon rank sum test進行晝夜檢定，以及克-瓦檢定法(Kruskal-Wallis test)對四季與不同類型路段進行檢定。此外，我們使用廣義相加模型結合噪音參數、氣候條件與街道參數來建立一黑碳與超細懸浮微粒之預測模型。
研究結果顯示懸浮微粒濃度受到時間與空間變異的影響，且達統計學上顯著差異(p<0.001)，說明本研究之移動式噪音量測平台能夠表徵時空變化之懸浮微粒濃度，並在短時間辨別特定區域的熱點。此外，本研究所建立之黑碳與超細懸浮微粒預測模型其解釋力分別為82.6%與84.2%，且決定係數(R2)為0.75和0.84。本研究所建立之預測模型可以提供一個簡便的方法並降低實際測量BC和UFP濃度的成本。最後，希望本研究所建立的模型可以提供流行病學研究及健康風險評估研究，並協助相關機關制定暴露危害防制策略或改善污染。

SUMMARY
This study has two major purposes: (1) utilized mobile noise measurements to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of air pollutants at Taichung city (2) use the generalized additive models (GAMs) to develop a surrogate model with noise parameters, meteorology and Street Canyon index to predict black carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles (UFPs) concentrations. This thesis was conducted from July 2016 to April 2017 at Taichung city. The data in this thesis were obtained from real-time monitoring instruments. The results show that air pollutants in different areas, diurnal pattern and seasons were significantly different (p<0.001). On the basis of the results of BC and UFP prediction model, it can be concluded that can reduce the cost of actually measuring and accurately estimate traffic-related concentrations of BC and UFP. Finally, we hope that the models established in this study can provide people to understand air quality around their environment and assist the government to formulate exposure protection strategies or improve pollution.

Key words：Mobile noise measurements, Generalized additive models (GAMs), Black carbon (BC), Ultrafine particles (UFPs),

Achilleos S, Evans JS, Yiallouros PK, Kleanthous S, Schwartz J, Koutrakis P. 2014. Pm10 concentration levels at an urban and background site in cyprus: The impact of urban sources and dust storms. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 64:1352-1360.
Adams K, Greenbaum DS, Shaikh R, van Erp AM, Russell AG. 2015. Particulate matter components, sources, and health: Systematic approaches to testing effects. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 65:544-558.
Anderson H, Bremner S, Atkinson R, Harrison R, Walters S. 2001. Particulate matter and daily mortality and hospital admissions in the west midlands conurbation of the united kingdom: Associations with fine and coarse particles, black smoke and sulphate. Occupational and environmental medicine 58:504-510.
Barrett JR. 2013. Particulate matter and cardiovascular disease: Researchers turn an eye toward microvascular changes. Environmental health perspectives 121:a282.
Bell ML. 2012. Assessment of the health impacts of particulate matter characteristics. Research Report (Health Effects Institute):5-38.
Beychok M. 2013. Anthropogenic and natural air pollution emissions.
Bond TC, Bhardwaj E, Dong R, Jogani R, Jung S, Roden C, et al. 2007. Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy‐related combustion, 1850–2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 21.
Boogaard H, Kos GP, Weijers EP, Janssen NA, Fischer PH, van der Zee SC, et al. 2011. Contrast in air pollution components between major streets and background locations: Particulate matter mass, black carbon, elemental composition, nitrogen oxide and ultrafine particle number. Atmospheric Environment 45:650-658.
Brauer M, Hoek G, Van Vliet P, Meliefste K, Fischer PH, Wijga A, et al. 2002. Air pollution from traffic and the development of respiratory infections and asthmatic and allergic symptoms in children. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 166:1092-1098.
Bremner SA, Anderson H, Atkinson R, McMichael A, Strachan D, Bland J, et al. 1999. Short-term associations between outdoor air pollution and mortality in london 1992-4. Occupational and environmental medicine 56:237-244.
Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, et al. 2010. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 121:2331-2378.
Bukowiecki N, Dommen J, Prevot A, Richter R, Weingartner E, Baltensperger U. 2002. A mobile pollutant measurement laboratory—measuring gas phase and aerosol ambient concentrations with high spatial and temporal resolution. Atmospheric Environment 36:5569-5579.
Can A, Leclercq L, Lelong J, Botteldooren D. 2010. Traffic noise spectrum analysis: Dynamic modeling vs. Experimental observations. Applied Acoustics 71:764-770.
Can A, Botteldooren D. 2011. Towards traffic situation noise emission models. Acta Acustica United with Acustica 97:900-903.
Cao J, Xu H, Xu Q, Chen B, Kan H. 2012. Fine particulate matter constituents and cardiopulmonary mortality in a heavily polluted chinese city. Environmental health perspectives 120:373.
Carslaw DC, Beevers SD, Tate JE. 2007. Modelling and assessing trends in traffic-related emissions using a generalised additive modelling approach. Atmospheric Environment 41:5289-5299.
Cheruiyot NK, Lee W-J, Mwangi JK, Wang L-C, Lin N-H, Lin Y-C, et al. 2015. An overview: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from the stationary and mobile sources and in the ambient air. Aerosol Air Qual Res 15:2730-2762.
Chung C, Lee K, Müller D. 2012. Effect of internal mixture on black carbon radiative forcing. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 64:10925.
Dekoninck L, Botteldooren D, Int Panis L. Guidelines for participatory noise sensing based on analysis of high quality mobile noise measurements. In: Proceedings of the 41st International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering (Inter-Noise-2012), 2012, Institute of Noise Control Engineering.
Dekoninck L, Botteldooren D, Panis LI. 2013. An instantaneous spatiotemporal model to predict a bicyclist's black carbon exposure based on mobile noise measurements. Atmospheric Environment 79:623-631.
Dekoninck L, Botteldooren D, Panis LI. 2015a. Using city-wide mobile noise assessments to estimate bicycle trip annual exposure to black carbon. Environment international 83:192-201.
Dekoninck L, Botteldooren D, Panis LI, Hankey S, Jain G, Karthik S, et al. 2015b. Applicability of a noise-based model to estimate in-traffic exposure to black carbon and particle number concentrations in different cultures. Environment international 74:89-98.
Driscoll KE, Carter JM, Howard BW, Hassenbein DG, Pepelko W, Baggs RB, et al. 1996. Pulmonary inflammatory, chemokine, and mutagenic responses in rats after subchronic inhalation of carbon black. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 136:372-380.
Eglinton T, Eglinton G, Dupont L, Sholkovitz E, Montluçon D, Reddy C. 2002. Composition, age, and provenance of organic matter in nw african dust over the atlantic ocean. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 3:1-27.
Eisenman SB, Miluzzo E, Lane ND, Peterson RA, Ahn G-S, Campbell AT. 2009. Bikenet: A mobile sensing system for cyclist experience mapping. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN) 6:6.
Farrell W, Weichenthal S, Goldberg M, Valois M-F, Shekarrizfard M, Hatzopoulou M. 2016. Near roadway air pollution across a spatially extensive road and cycling network. Environmental Pollution 212:498-507.
Fruin S, Westerdahl D, Sax T, Sioutas C, Fine P. 2008. Measurements and predictors of on-road ultrafine particle concentrations and associated pollutants in los angeles. Atmospheric Environment 42:207-219.
Fung DC, Zhang Q, Hinds WC, Zhu Y. 2013. Particle concentration on freeways: Affecting factors and a simple model development. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 13:1693-1701.
Güsten H, Heinrich G, Sprung D. 1998. Nocturnal depletion of ozone in the upper rhine valley. Atmospheric Environment 32:1195-1202.
Grahame TJ, Schlesinger RB. 2010. Cardiovascular health and particulate vehicular emissions: A critical evaluation of the evidence. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 3:3-27.
Harrison RM, Yin J. 2000. Particulate matter in the atmosphere: Which particle properties are important for its effects on health? Science of the total environment 249:85-101.
Hastie T, Tibshirani R. 1990. Generalized additive models:Wiley Online Library.
Ho K, Lee S, Cao J, Li Y, Chow JC, Watson JG, et al. 2006. Variability of organic and elemental carbon, water soluble organic carbon, and isotopes in hong kong. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6:4569-4576.
Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Verhoeff A, Wijnen Jv, Fischer P. 2000. Daily mortality and air pollution in the netherlands. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 50:1380-1389.
Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Goldbohm S, Fischer P, van den Brandt PA. 2002. Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the netherlands: A cohort study. The lancet 360:1203-1209.
Hoek G, Beelen R, Kos G, Dijkema M, Zee SCvd, Fischer PH, et al. 2010. Land use regression model for ultrafine particles in amsterdam. Environmental science & technology 45:622-628.
Hu S, Paulson SE, Fruin S, Kozawa K, Mara S, Winer AM. 2012. Observation of elevated air pollutant concentrations in a residential neighborhood of los angeles california using a mobile platform. Atmospheric environment 51:311-319.
Hussein T, Puustinen A, Aalto PP, Mäkelä JM, Hämeri K, Kulmala M. 2004. Urban aerosol number size distributions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 4:391-411.
Hussein T, Hämeri K, Aalto PP, Paatero P, Kulmala M. 2005. Modal structure and spatial–temporal variations of urban and suburban aerosols in helsinki—finland. Atmospheric Environment 39:1655-1668.
Invernizzi G, Ruprecht A, Mazza R, De Marco C, Močnik G, Sioutas C, et al. 2011. Measurement of black carbon concentration as an indicator of air quality benefits of traffic restriction policies within the ecopass zone in milan, italy. Atmospheric Environment 45:3522-3527.
Janssen NA, Hoek G, Simic-Lawson M, Fischer P, Van Bree L, Ten Brink H, et al. 2011. Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with pm10 and pm2. 5. Environmental health perspectives 119:1691.
Janssen NAH, Joint W. 2012. Health effects of black carbon:World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe Copenhagen.
John W, Wall SM, Ondo JL, Winklmayr W. 1990. Modes in the size distributions of atmospheric inorganic aerosol. Atmospheric Environment Part A General Topics 24:2349-2359.
Kittelson DB, Watts WF, Johnson JP. 2004. Nanoparticle emissions on minnesota highways. Atmospheric Environment 38:9-19.
Kozawa KH, Fruin SA, Winer AM. 2009. Near-road air pollution impacts of goods movement in communities adjacent to the ports of los angeles and long beach. Atmospheric Environment 43:2960-2970.
Kreyling W, Semmler M, Erbe F, Mayer P, Takenaka S, Schulz H, et al. 2002. Translocation of ultrafine insoluble iridium particles from lung epithelium to extrapulmonary organs is size dependent but very low. Journal of toxicology and environmental health Part A 65:1513-1530.
Kristensson A, Johansson C, Westerholm R, Swietlicki E, Gidhagen L, Wideqvist U, et al. 2004. Real-world traffic emission factors of gases and particles measured in a road tunnel in stockholm, sweden. Atmospheric Environment 38:657-673.
Kulmala M, Suni T, Lehtinen K, Maso MD, Boy M, Reissell A, et al. 2004. A new feedback mechanism linking forests, aerosols, and climate. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 4:557-562.
Kuo Y-X. 2017. 藉由移動式噪音量測平台建構一超細懸浮微粒預測模式. 成功大學環境醫學研究所學位論文:1-60.
Löbig J, Weber S. 2017. Using ambient noise measurements to model urban particle number size distributions at a traffic site. Atmospheric Pollution Research 8:366-373.
Laumbach RJ, Kipen HM. 2010. Acute effects of motor vehicle traffic‐related air pollution exposures on measures of oxidative stress in human airways. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1203:107-112.
Le Tertre A, Medina S, Samoli E, Forsberg B, Michelozzi P, Boumghar A, et al. 2002. Short-term effects of particulate air pollution on cardiovascular diseases in eight european cities. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 56:773-779.
Li T-C, Yuan C-S, Huang H-C, Lee C-L, Wu S-P, Tong C. 2016. Inter-comparison of seasonal variation, chemical characteristics, and source identification of atmospheric fine particles on both sides of the taiwan strait. Scientific reports 6:22956.
Liu Y, Paciorek CJ, Koutrakis P. 2009. Estimating regional spatial and temporal variability of pm2. 5 concentrations using satellite data, meteorology, and land use information. Environmental health perspectives 117:886.
Loomis D, Castillejos M, Gold DR, McDonnell W, Borja-Aburto VH. 1999. Air pollution and infant mortality in mexico city. Epidemiology:118-123.
Lucking AJ, Lundback M, Mills NL, Faratian D, Barath SL, Pourazar J, et al. 2008. Diesel exhaust inhalation increases thrombus formation in man. European heart journal 29:3043-3051.
Lundgren DA, Hlaing DN, Rich TA, Marple VA. 1996. Pm10/pm2. 5/pm1 data from a trichotomous sampler. Aerosol Science and Technology 25:353-357.
Lushnikov AA. 2010. Introduction to aerosols. Aerosols-Science and Technology:1-41.
Mordukhovich I, Wilker E, Suh H, Wright R, Sparrow D, Vokonas PS, et al. 2009. Black carbon exposure, oxidative stress genes, and blood pressure in a repeated-measures study. Environmental health perspectives 117:1767.
Morelli X, Foraster M, Aguilera I, Basagana X, Corradi E, Deltell A, et al. 2015. Short-term associations between traffic-related noise, particle number and traffic flow in three european cities. Atmospheric Environment 103:25-33.
Nel A, Xia T, Mädler L, Li N. 2006. Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. science 311:622-627.
Oberdürster G. 2000. Toxicology of ultrafine particles: In vivo studies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 358:2719-2740.
Oberdörster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A, Gelein R, Lunts A, et al. 2002. Extrapulmonary translocation of ultrafine carbon particles following whole-body inhalation exposure of rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 65:1531-1543.
Oberdörster G, Oberdörster E, Oberdörster J. 2005. Nanotoxicology: An emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environmental health perspectives 113:823.
Pérez N, Pey J, Cusack M, Reche C, Querol X, Alastuey A, et al. 2010. Variability of particle number, black carbon, and pm10, pm2. 5, and pm1 levels and speciation: Influence of road traffic emissions on urban air quality. Aerosol Science and Technology 44:487-499.
Park SS, Kim YJ, Fung K. 2002. Pm 2.5 carbon measurements in two urban areas: Seoul and kwangju, korea. Atmospheric Environment 36:1287-1297.
Pearce JL, Beringer J, Nicholls N, Hyndman RJ, Tapper NJ. 2011. Quantifying the influence of local meteorology on air quality using generalized additive models. Atmospheric Environment 45:1328-1336.
Peng RD, Bell ML, Geyh AS, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM, et al. 2009. Emergency admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and the chemical composition of fine particle air pollution. Environmental health perspectives 117:957.
Peters A, Veronesi B, Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Gehr P, Chen LC, Geiser M, et al. 2006. Translocation and potential neurological effects of fine and ultrafine particles a critical update. Particle and fibre toxicology 3:13.
Pope III CA, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, et al. 2002. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Jama 287:1132-1141.
Power MC, Weisskopf MG, Alexeeff SE, Coull BA, Spiro III A, Schwartz J. 2011. Traffic-related air pollution and cognitive function in a cohort of older men. Environmental health perspectives 119:682.
Ramanathan V, Carmichael G. 2008. Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nature geoscience 1:221-227.
Rich DQ, Zareba W, Beckett W, Hopke PK, Oakes D, Frampton MW, et al. 2012. Are ambient ultrafine, accumulation mode, and fine particles associated with adverse cardiac responses in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation? Environmental health perspectives 120:1162.
Rosenlund M, Forastiere F, Porta D, De Sario M, Badaloni C, Perucci CA. 2009. Traffic-related air pollution in relation to respiratory symptoms, allergic sensitisation and lung function in schoolchildren. Thorax 64:573-580.
Salomons E, van Maercke D, Defrance J, de Roo F. 2011. The harmonoise sound propagation model. Acta acustica united with acustica 97:62-74.
Samet JM, Rappold A, Graff D, Cascio WE, Berntsen JH, Huang Y-CT, et al. 2009. Concentrated ambient ultrafine particle exposure induces cardiac changes in young healthy volunteers. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 179:1034-1042.
Sandberg U, Ejsmont JA. 2002. Tyre/road noise reference book.
Schmidt MW, Noack AG. 2000. Black carbon in soils and sediments: Analysis, distribution, implications, and current challenges. Global biogeochemical cycles 14:777-793.
Schwarze P, Øvrevik J, Låg M, Refsnes M, Nafstad P, Hetland R, et al. 2006. Particulate matter properties and health effects: Consistency of epidemiological and toxicological studies. Human & experimental toxicology 25:559-579.
Scungio M, Arpino F, Stabile L, Buonanno G. 2013. Numerical simulation of ultrafine particle dispersion in urban street canyons with the spalart-allmaras turbulence model. Aerosol Air Qual Res 13:1423-1437.
Sehlstedt M, Behndig AF, Boman C, Blomberg A, Sandström T, Pourazar J. 2010. Airway inflammatory response to diesel exhaust generated at urban cycle running conditions. Inhalation toxicology 22:1144-1150.
Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN. 2016. Atmospheric chemistry and physics: From air pollution to climate change:John Wiley & Sons.
Shah AP, Pietropaoli AP, Frasier LM, Speers DM, Chalupa DC, Delehanty JM, et al. 2008. Effect of inhaled carbon ultrafine particles on reactive hyperemia in healthy human subjects. Environmental health perspectives 116:375.
Smit R, Smokers R, Rabé E. 2007. A new modelling approach for road traffic emissions: Versit+. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 12:414-422.
Snyder DC, Rutter AP, Worley C, Olson M, Plourde A, Bader RC, et al. 2010. Spatial variability of carbonaceous aerosols and associated source tracers in two cites in the midwestern united states. Atmospheric Environment 44:1597-1608.
Song S, Wu Y, Xu J, Ohara T, Hasegawa S, Li J, et al. 2013. Black carbon at a roadside site in beijing: Temporal variations and relationships with carbon monoxide and particle number size distribution. Atmospheric environment 77:213-221.
Stanier CO, Khlystov AY, Pandis SN. 2004. Ambient aerosol size distributions and number concentrations measured during the pittsburgh air quality study (paqs). Atmospheric Environment 38:3275-3284.
Stewart JC, Chalupa DC, Devlin RB, Frasier LM, Huang L-S, Little EL, et al. 2010. Vascular effects of ultrafine particles in persons with type 2 diabetes. Environmental health perspectives 118:1692.
Stoeger T, Reinhard C, Takenaka S, Schroeppel A, Karg E, Ritter B, et al. 2006. Instillation of six different ultrafine carbon particles indicates a surface area threshold dose for acute lung inflammation in mice. Environmental health perspectives 114:328.
Suglia SF, Gryparis A, Wright RO, Schwartz J, Wright RJ. 2007. Association of black carbon with cognition among children in a prospective birth cohort study. American journal of epidemiology 167:280-286.
Tuch T, Brand P, Wichmann HE, Heyder J. 1997. Variation of particle number and mass concentration in various size ranges of ambient aerosols in eastern germany. Atmospheric Environment 31:4193-4197.
Tuch TM, Wehner B, Pitz M, Cyrys J, Heinrich J, Kreyling W, et al. 2003. Long-term measurements of size-segregated ambient aerosol in two german cities located 100km apart. Atmospheric Environment 37:4687-4700.
Twohy C, Poellot M. 2005. Chemical characteristics of ice residual nuclei in anvil cirrus clouds: Evidence for homogeneous and heterogeneous ice formation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5:2289-2297.
U.S. EPA M. 2012. Report to congress on black carbon. United States Environmental Protection Agency:388.
Viana M, Querol X, Alastuey A, Cuevas E, Rodrıguez S. 2002. Influence of african dust on the levels of atmospheric particulates in the canary islands air quality network. Atmospheric Environment 36:5861-5875.
Wang H, Tian M, Li X, Chang Q, Cao J, Yang F, et al. 2015. Chemical composition and light extinction contribution of pm2. 5 in urban beijing for a 1-year period. Aerosol Air Qual Res 15:2200-2211.
Wang P, Cao J, Tie X, Wang G, Li G, Hu T, et al. 2015. Impact of meteorological parameters and gaseous pollutants on pm 2.5 and pm 10 mass concentrations during 2010 in xi’an, china. Aerosol and air quality research 15:1844-1854.
Wang Y, Hopke PK, Chalupa DC, Utell MJ. 2011. Long-term study of urban ultrafine particles and other pollutants. Atmospheric Environment 45:7672-7680.
Weber S, Kordowski K, Kuttler W. 2013. Variability of particle number concentration and particle size dynamics in an urban street canyon under different meteorological conditions. Science of the Total Environment 449:102-114.
Wehner B, Wiedensohler A. 2003. Long term measurements of submicrometer urban aerosols: Statistical analysis for correlations with meteorological conditions and trace gases. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3:867-879.
Westerdahl D, Fruin S, Sax T, Fine PM, Sioutas C. 2005. Mobile platform measurements of ultrafine particles and associated pollutant concentrations on freeways and residential streets in los angeles. Atmospheric Environment 39:3597-3610.
WHO WHO. 2012. Health effects of black carbon:WHO.
Willeke K, Baron PA. 1993. Aerosol measurement. Principles, techniques and applications Van.
Wood SN. 2008. Fast stable direct fitting and smoothness selection for generalized additive models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology) 70:495-518.
Wood SN. 2017. Generalized additive models: An introduction with r:CRC press.
Wu Z, Hu M, Lin P, Liu S, Wehner B, Wiedensohler A. 2008. Particle number size distribution in the urban atmosphere of beijing, china. Atmospheric Environment 42:7967-7980.
Xu J, Wang A, Hatzopoulou M. 2016. Investigating near-road particle number concentrations along a busy urban corridor with varying built environment characteristics. Atmospheric Environment 142:171-180.
Xu L, Chen X, Chen J, Zhang F, He C, Zhao J, et al. 2012. Seasonal variations and chemical compositions of pm 2.5 aerosol in the urban area of fuzhou, china. Atmospheric Research 104:264-272.
Zanobetti A, Schwartz J, Franklin M, Koutrakis P. 2009. Fine particulate air pollution and its components in association with cause-specific emergency admissions. Environmental Health 8:58.
Zareba W, Couderc JP, Oberdörster G, Chalupa D, Cox C, Huang L-S, et al. 2009. Ecg parameters and exposure to carbon ultrafine particles in young healthy subjects. Inhalation toxicology 21:223-233.
Zhao L, Wang X, He Q, Wang H, Sheng G, Chan L, et al. 2004. Exposure to hazardous volatile organic compounds, pm 10 and co while walking along streets in urban guangzhou, china. Atmospheric Environment 38:6177-6184.
Ziehn T, Tomlin AS. 2009. Gui–hdmr–a software tool for global sensitivity analysis of complex models. Environmental Modelling & Software 24:775-785.
陳葦庭. 2015. 細懸浮微粒組成特徵之時空間分布量測技術開發與應用:National Cheng Kung University Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health.