CD200是一個穿膜的醣蛋白，其細胞外區域包含兩個類免疫球蛋白功能單位，屬於免疫球蛋白亞目 (immunoglobulin superfamily, IgSF) 分類中的細胞黏著分子。CD200缺乏細胞間訊息傳遞單元，主要是透過其受體CD200R與CD200產生交互作用，抑制微小膠細胞的活性，進而達到免疫抑制及抗發炎的功能。CD200R主要表現在骨髓樣細胞像是單核球，巨噬細胞及微小膠細胞，而CD200則是廣泛的分布在許多組織當中，例如神經系統，內皮細胞，活化的T淋巴球，B淋巴球，腎絲球，扁桃腺濾泡，滋養葉融合層細胞等等，另外，在視網膜及毛囊的上皮細胞，也有CD200的分佈，因此，CD200在呼吸道上皮細胞中的表現是可預期的。在我們先前研究發現，在成鼠的呼吸系統中，CD200主要分佈在細支氣管中的克拉氏細胞 (Clara cell) 及纖毛上皮細胞，第二型肺泡細胞，和肺泡微血管管腔中內皮細胞上的血-空氣障壁區域。另外，在呼吸系統中，糖皮質激素在肺臟發育及成熟過程中扮演重要角色，而老化則是與肺功能下降及易受感染相關。然而，CD200在大鼠肺臟發育及老化階段中的表現情形，以及其在發育中肺臟的表現是否進而受到糖皮質激素調控，目前研究仍是未知的。本研究顯示肺臟CD200表現量隨著胚胎發育而逐漸增加，出生後已有大量表現，在出生五天後表現量明顯下降，出生七天後再度回升，出生後21天CD200已達成鼠的表現量，老年時表現則顯著減少。雙重螢光免疫染色顯示，在胎兒發育中的肺臟，大量CD200表現在雙層的肺泡微血管中，呈現明顯的血管外觀，其分佈隨著發育時間而擴散。有別於CD200在成鼠肺臟的分佈，電子顯微鏡結果發現，在胚胎及剛出生的肺臟中，CD200主要分佈在肺泡微血管管腔中內皮細胞的整個細胞膜和細胞質中。此外，出生後給予有效劑量的皮質類固醇Dexamethasone (5g/g)，會顯著增加肺臟CD200的表現，同時表現量隨著發育時間而增加。實驗結果證實，CD200在肺臟的表現會受到發育時期及荷爾蒙調控。

CD200 is a transmembrane glycoprotein containing two extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and belonging to the cell adhesion molecule of immunoglobulin superfamily. CD200 lacking intracellular signaling motifs exerts immunosuppression and anti-inflammation by inhibiting microglia activity through its receptor, CD200R, whose expression is restricted to myeloid cells like monocytes, macrophages and microglia. CD200 is widely distributed in various tissues including nervous system, endothelium, activated T cells, B lymphocytes, kidney glomeruli, follicles in the tonsil, syncytiotrophoblast, and also in epithelium-derived tissues like retina and hair follicles. Thus the expression of CD200 in the epithelia of airway is conceivably predicted. Indeed, we have evidenced that CD200 exists in adult airway especially on Clara cells and ciliated epithelia in bronchioles, type II pneumocytes and alveolar endothelial cells that expressed CD200 only on their luminal cell membrane facing the blood-air barrier. In the respiratory tract, glucocorticoids play important roles in lung developing and maturation, whereas aging has been associated with diminished lung function and susceptibility to lung infection. However, whether CD200 is regulated in rat developing and aged lungs and how it is modulated by glucocorticoid during lung growth remain unknown. Our present data showed lung CD200 protein was increased gradually with the maximal expression at the early postnatal day (P), declined at P5 following by a further increase after P7, reached the adult level at P21, and dramatically decreased in the aged. In the fetal stages of developing lungs, double immunofluorescence staining confirmed intense CD200 immunoreactivity at clear vascular profiles in the double layers of alveolar capillaries whose staining became diffuse with time. Unlike to those in the adult lungs abovementioned, our immunoEM examination revealed that CD200 in the fetal and early postnatal lungs was mainly localized on the entire luminal cell membrane and in the cytoplasm of the endothelia. Moreover, neonatal treatment with 5 g/g dexamethasone significantly augmented the amount of lung CD200 that was also raised with time. These results indicated that lung CD200 was developmentally regulated and also controlled by hormone.

Adamson IY, Bowden DH (1975) Derivation of type 1 epithelium from type 2 cells in the developing rat lung. Lab Invest 32, 736-745
Adamson IY, King GM (1988) Postnatal development of rat lung following retarded fetal lung growth. Pediatr Pulmonol 4, 230-236
Alkalay AL, Klein AH, Nagel RA, Pomerance JJ (1996) Evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in premature infants treated with dexamethasone. Am J Perinatol 13, 473-477
Attar MA, Bailie BM, Christensen PJ, Brock TG, Wilcoxen SE, Paine R (1999) Induction of ICAM-1 expression on alveolar epithelial cells during lung development in rats and humans. Exp Lung Res 25, 245-259
Bakker JM, Kavelaars A, Kamphuis PJ, Cobelens PM, van Vugt HH, van Bel F, Heijnen CJ (2000) Neonatal dexamethasone treatment increases susceptibility to experimental autoimmune disease in adult rats. J Immunol 165, 5932-5937
Bakker JM, Kavelaars A, Kamphuis PJ, Zijlstra J, van Bel F, Heijnen CJ (2001) Neonatal dexamethasone treatment induces long-lasting changes in T-cell receptor vbeta repertoire in rats. J Neuroimmunol 112, 47-54
Baldwin HS, Shen HM, Yan HC, DeLisser HM, Chung A, Mickanin C, Trask T, Kirschbaum NE, Newman PJ, Albelda SM, Buck CA (1994) Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31): alternatively spliced, functionally distinct isoforms expressed during mammalian cardiovascular development. Development 120, 2539-2553
Ballard PL (1987) Glucocorticoid regulation of lung maturation. Mead Johnson Symp Perinat Dev Med 30, 22-27
Barclay AN (1981) Different reticular elements in rat lymphoid tissue identified by localization of Ia, Thy-1 and MRC OX 2 antigens. Immunology, 44, 727-736
Barclay AN, Ward HA (1982) Purification and chemical characterisation of membrane glycoproteins from rat thymocytes and brain, recognised by monoclonal antibody MRC OX 2. Eur J Biochem 129, 447-458
Barclay AN (2003) Membrane proteins with immunoglobulin-like domains--a master superfamily of interaction molecules. Semin Immunol 4, 215-223
Barlier-Mur AM, Chailley-Heu B, Pinteur C, Henrion-Caude A, Delacourt C, Bourbon JR (2003) Maturational factors modulate transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins alpha, beta, delta, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in fetal rat lung epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 29, 620-626
Barnes PJ (2006) Corticosteroids: the drugs to beat. Eur J Pharmacol 533, 2-14
Bartling B, Hofmann HS, Weigle B, Silber RE, Simm A (2005) Down-regulation of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) supports non-small cell lung carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 26, 293-301
Bartolome MV, Ibáñez-Olías MA, Gil-Loyzaga P (2002) Transitional expression of OX-2 and GAP-43 glycoproteins in developing rat cochlear nerve fibers. Histol Histopathol 17, 83-95
Beck-Schimmer B, Madjdpour C, Kneller S, Ziegler U, Pasch T, Wuthrich RP, Ward PA, Schimmer RC (2002) Role of alveolar epithelial ICAM-1 in lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation. Eur Respir J 19, 1142-1150
Bender BS, Johnson MP, Small PA (1991) Influenza in senescent mice: impaired cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity is correlated with prolonged infection. Immunology 72, 514-519
Bender BS, Taylor SF, Zander DS, Cottey R (1995) Pulmonary immune response of young and aged mice after influenza challenge. J Lab Clin Med 126, 169-177
Berg T, Cassel TN, Schwarze PE, Nord M (2002) Glucocorticoids regulate the CCSP and CYP2B1 promoters via C/EBPbeta and delta in lung cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 293, 907-912
Berg T, Didon L, Barton J, Andersson O, Nord M (2005) Glucocorticoids increase C/EBPbeta activity in the lung epithelium via phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 334, 638-645
Bertorelli G, Bocchino V, Zhuo X, Chetta A, Del Donno M, Foresi A, Testi R, Olivieri D (1998) Heat shock protein 70 upregulation is related to HLA-DR expression in bronchial asthma. Effects of inhaled glucocorticoids. Clin Exp Allergy 28, 551-560
Bolt RJ, Weissenbruch MM, Lafeber HN, Delemarre-van de Waal HA (2001) Glucocorticoids and Lung Development in the Fetus and Preterm Infant. Pediatr Pulmonol 32, 76-91
Bonfield TL, Konstan MW, Burfeind P, Panuska JR, Hilliard JB, Berger M (1995) Normal bronchial epithelial cells constitutively produce the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, which is downregulated in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 13, 257-261
Bukovsky A, Presl J, Zidovsky J, Mancal P (1983) The localization of Thy-1.1, MRC OX 2 and Ia antigens in the rat ovary and fallopian tube. Immunology 48, 587-596
Bukovsky A, Presl J, Zidovsky J (1984) Association of some cell surface antigens of lymphoid cells and cell surface differentiation antigens with early rat pregnancy. Immunology 52, 631-640
Bunton TE, Plopper CG (1984) Triamcinolone-induced structural alterations in the development of the lung of the fetal rhesus macaque. Am J Obstet Gynecol 148, 203-215
Burns AR, Smith CW, Walker DC (2003) Unique structural features that influence neutrophil emigration into the lung. Physiol Rev 83, 309-336
Burri PH (1974) The Postnatl Growth of the Rat Lung III. Morphology. Anat Rec 180, 77-98
Burri PH (1984) Fetal and postnatal development of the lung. Ann Rev Physiol 46, 617-628
Burri PH, Moschopulos M (1992) Structural analysis of fetal rat lung development. Anat Rec 234, 399-418
Calabrese G, Fernandez de Recondo M, Recondo E, Wainstok de Calmanovici R (1998) Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 expression during mouse postimplantation development. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 44, 537-541
Cao G, O'Brien CD, Zhou Z, Sanders SM, Greenbaum JN, Makrigiannakis A, DeLisser HM (2002) Involvement of human PECAM-1 in angiogenesis and in vitro endothelial cell migration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 282, C1181-1190
Cao L, Wang J, Tseu I, Luo D, Post M (2009) Maternal exposure to endotoxin delays alveolarization during postnatal rat lung development. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 296, L726-L737
Chen Z, Marsden PA, Gorczynski RM (2006) Cloning and characterization of the human CD200 promoter region. Mol Immunol 43, 579-587
Chen Z, Marsden PA, Gorczynski RM (2009) Role of a distal enhancer in the transcriptional responsiveness of the human CD200 gene to interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Mol Immunol 46, 1951-1963
Chitnis T, Imitola J, Wang Y, Elyaman W, Chawla P, Sharuk M, Raddassi K, Bronson RT, Khoury SJ (2007) Elevated Neuronal Expression of CD200 Protects Wlds Mice from Inflammation-Mediated Neurodegeneration. Neurobiology 170, 1695-1712
Clark MJ, Gagnon J, Williams AF, Barclay AN (1985) MRC OX-2 antigen: a lymphoid/neuronal membrane glycoprotein with a structure like a single immunoglobulin light chain. EMBO J 4, 113-118
Corberand J, Ngyen F, Laharrague P, Fontanilles AM, Gleyzes B, Gyrard E, Senegas C (1981) Polymorphonuclear functions and aging in humans. J Am Geriatr Soc 29, 391-397
Corsini E, Di Paola R, Viviani B, Genovese T, Mazzon E, Lucchi L, Marinovich M, Galli CL, Cuzzocrea S (2005) Increased carrageenan-induced acute lung inflammation in old rats. Immunology 115, 253-261
Cunningham BA (1995) Cell adhesion molecules as morphoregulators. Curr Opin Cell Biol 7, 628-633
DeLisser HM, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Strieter RM, Burdick MD, Robinson CS, Wexler RS, Kerr JS, Garlanda C, Merwin JR, Madri JA, Albelda SM (1997) Involvement of endothelial PECAM-1/CD31 in angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 151, 671-677
Demling N, Ehrhardt C, Kasper M, Laue M, Knels L, Rieber EP (2006) Promotion of cell adherence and spreading: a novel function of RAGE, the highly selective differentiation marker of human alveolar epithelial type I cells. Cell Tissue Res 323, 475-488
Dhar S, Shastri SR, Lenora RA (1976) Aging and the respiratory system. Med Clin North Am 60, 1121-1139
Dick AD, Broderick C, Forrester JV, Wright GJ (2001) Distribution of OX2 Antigen and OX2 Receptor within Retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42, 170-176
Esposito AL, Pennington JE (1983) Effects of aging on antibacterial mechanisms in experimental pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 128, 662-667
Feuerhake F, Füchsl G, Bals R, Welsch U (1998) Expression of inducible cell adhesion molecules in the normal human lung: immunohistochemical study of their distribution in pulmonary blood vessels. Histochem Cell Biol 110, 387-394
Ford LR, Willi SM, Hollis BW, Wright NM (1997) Suppression and recovery of the neonatal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis after prolonged dexamethasone therapy. J Pediatr 131, 722-726
Frank L, Lewis PL, Sosenko IR (1985) Dexamethasone stimulation of fetal rat lung antioxidant enzyme activity in parallel with surfactant stimulation. Pediatrics 75, 569-574
Frank MG, Barrientos RM, Biedenkapp JC, Rudy JW, Watkins LR, Maier SF (2006) mRNA up-regulation of MHC II and pivotal pro-inflammatory genes in normal brain aging. Neurobiology of Aging 27, 717-722
Fujita E, Soyama A, Momoi T (2003) RA175, which is the mouse ortholog of TSLC1, a tumor suppressor gene in human lung cancer, is a cell adhesion molecule. Exp Cell Res 287, 57-66
Gao S, Ito H, Murakami M, Yoshida K, Tagawa Y, Hagiwara K, Takagi A, Kojima T, Suzuki M, Banno Y, Ohguchi K, Nozawa Y, Murate T (2010) Mechanism of increased PLD1 gene expression during early adipocyte differentiation process of mouse cell line 3T3-L1. J Cell Biochem 109, 375-382
Gomez CR, Hirano S, Cutro BT, Birjandi S, Baila H, Nomellini V, Kovacs EJ (2007) Advanced age exacerbates the pulmonary inflammatory response after lipopolysaccharide exposure. Crit Care Med 35, 246-251
Gorczynski RM, Chen Z, Hu J, Kai Y, Lei J, Ramakrishna V, Gorczynski RM (1999) Evidence That an OX-2-Positive Cell Can Inhibit the Stimulation of Type 1 Cytokine Production by Bone Marrow-Derived B7-1 (and B7-2)-Positive Dendritic Cells. J Immunol 162, 774-781
Gorczynski RM, Hadidi S, Yu G, Clark DA (2002) The Same Immunoregulatory Molecules Contribute to Successful Pregnancy and Transplantation. Am J Reprod Immunol 48, 18-26
Gratzinger D, Canosa S, Engelhardt B, Madri JA (2003) Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 modulates endothelial cell motility through the small G-protein Rho. FASEB J 17, 1458-1469
Groneck P, Reuss D, Götze-Speer B, Speer CP (1993) Effects of dexamethasone on chemotactic activity and inflammatory mediators in tracheobronchial aspirates of preterm infants at risk for chronic lung disease. J Pediatr 122, 938-944
Hallgren HM, Buckley CE 3rd, Gilbertsen VA, Yunis EJ (1973) Lymphocyte phytohemagglutinin responsiveness, immunoglobulins and autoantibodies in aging humans. J Immunol 111, 1101-1107
Hallgren HM, Jackola DR, O'Leary JJ (1983) Unusual pattern of surface marker expression on peripheral lymphocytes from aged humans suggestive of a population of less differentiated cells. J Immunol 131, 191-194
Hoek RM, Ruuls SR, Murphy CA, Wright GJ, Goddard R, Zurawski SM, Blom B, Homola ME, Streit WJ, Brown MH, Barclay AN, Sedgwick JD (2000) Down-regulation of the macrophage lineage through interaction with OX2 (CD200). Science 290, 1768-1771
Inamizu T, Chang MP, Makinodan T (1985) Influence of age on the production and regulation of interleukin-1 in mice. Immunology 55, 447-455
Ito A, Okada M, Uchino K, Wakayama T, Koma YI, Iseki S, Tsubota N, Okita Y, Kitamura Y (2003) Expression of the TSLC1 adhesion molecule in pulmonary epithelium and its down-regulation in pulmonary adenocarcinoma other than bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Lab Invest 83, 1175-1183
Ito Y, Betsuyaku T, Nasuhara Y, Nishimura M (2007) Lipopolysaccharide-induced neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs differs with age. Exp Lung Res 33, 375-384
Jaques G, Auerbach B, Pritsch M, Wolf M, Madry N, Havemann K (1993) Evaluation of Serum Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule as a New Tumor Marker in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer 72, 418-425
Jiang-Shieh YF, Chien HF, Chang CY, Wei TS, Chiu MM, Chen HM, Wu CH (2010) Distribution and expression of CD200 in the rat respiratory system under normal and endotoxin-induced pathological conditions. J Anat 216, 407-416
Karemaker R, Kavelaars A, ter Wolbeek M, Tersteeg-Kamperman M, Baerts W, Veen S, Samsom JF, Visser GH, van Bel F, Heijnen CJ (2008) Neonatal dexamethasone treatment for chronic lung disease of prematurity alters the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system activity at school age. Pediatrics 121, e870-e878
Karrasch S, Holz O, Jörres RA (2008) Aging and induced senescence as factors in the pathogenesis of lung emphysema. Respir Med 102, 1215-1230
Ko YC, Chien HF, Jiang-Shieh YF, Chang CY, Pai MH, Huang JP, Chen HM, Wu CH (2009) Endothelial CD200 is heterogeneously distributed, regulated and involved in immune cell-endothelium interactions. J Anat 214, 183-195
Kolla V, Gonzales LW, Bailey AN, Wang P, Angampalli S, Godinez MH, Madesh M, Ballard PL (2009) Carcinoembryonic cell adhesion molecule 6 in human lung: regulated expression of a multifunctional type II cell protein. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 296, L1019-L1030
Koning N, Bo L, Hoek RM, Huitinga I (2007) Downregulation of Macrophage Inhibitory Molecules in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions. Annals of Neurology 62, 504-514
Kreutzber GW (1996) Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. Glia 19, 312-318
Lee L, Liu J, Manuel J, Gorczynski RM (2006) A role for the immunomodulatory molecules CD200 and CD200R in regulating bone formation. Immunol Lett 105, 150-158
Li YH, Brauner A, Jensen JS, Tullus K (2002) Induction of Human Macrophage Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 by Ureaplasma urealyticum and Downregulation by Steroids. Biol Neonate 82, 22-28
Liggins GC (1969) Premature delivery of foetal lambs infused with glucocorticoids. J Endocrinol 45, 515-523
Liu B, Kimura Y (2007) Local immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection is diminished in senescence-accelerated mice. J Gen Virol 88, 2552-2558
Lizotte PP, Hanford LE, Enghild JJ, Nozik-Grayck E, Giles BL, Oury TD (2007) Developmental expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and its response to hyperoxia in the neonatal rat lung. BMC Dev Biol 7, 15-23
LossinskyAS, Wisniewski HM (1998) Immunoultrastructural Expression of ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 Occurs Prior to Structural Maturity of the Murine Blood-Brain Barrier. Dev Neurosci 20, 518-524
Lyons A, Downer EJ, Crotty S, Nolan YM, Mills KH, Lynch MA (2007) CD200 ligand receptor interaction modulates microglial activation in vivo and in vitro: a role for IL-4. J Neurosci 27, 8309-8313
Mainali ES, Kikuchi T, Tew JG (2005) Dexamethasone inhibits maturation and alters function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells from cord blood. Pediatr Res 58, 125-131
Mammel MC, Green TP, Johnson DE, Thompson TR (1983) Controlled trial of dexamethasone therapy in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Lancet 1, 1356-1358
Marszalek A, Daa T, Kashima K, Nakayama I, Yokoyama S (2000) Ultrastructural and Morphometric Studies Related to Expression of the Cell Adhesion Molecule PECAM-1/CD31 in Developing Rat Lung. J Histochem Cytochem 48, 1283-1289
Marszalek A, Daa T, Kashima K, Nakayama I, Yokoyama S (2001) Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of CD31 during lung development in the rat. Cells Tissues Organs 169, 49-54
Martin DS, Walsh M, Miller AM, Skerrett HE, Byrne P, Mandel A, Bolton AE, Lynch MA (2009) A novel phospholipid-based drug formulation, VP025, modulates age- and LPS-induced microglial activity in the rat. Neuroimmunomodulation 16, 400-410
Matsuno F, Chowdhury S, Gotoh T, Iwase K, Matsuzaki H, Takatsuki K, Mori M, Takiguchi M (1996) Induction of the C/EBP beta gene by dexamethasone and glucagon in primary-cultured rat hepatocytes. J Biochem 119, 524-532
McMaster WR, Williams AF (1979) Identification of Ia glycoproteins in rat thymus and purification from rat spleen. Eur J Immunol 9, 426-433
Merat S, Fruebis J, Sutphin M, Silvestre M, Reaven PD (2000) Effect of aging on aortic expression of the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and atherosclerosis in murine models of atherosclerosis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 55, B85-B94
Meuth SG, Simon OJ, Grimm A, Melzer N, Herrmann AM, Spitzer P, Landgraf P, Wiendl H (2008) CNS inflammation and neuronal degeneration is aggravated by impaired CD200–CD200R-mediated macrophage silencing. Journal of Neuroimmunology 194, 62-69
Meyer KC, Ershler W, Rosenthal NS, Lu XG, Peterson K (1996) Immune dysregulation in the aging human lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153, 1072-1079
Merz U, Pfäffle R, Peschgens T, Hörnchen H (1998) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in preterm infants weighing < or = 1250 g: association with perinatal data and chronic lung disease. Acta Paediatr 87, 313-317
Montón C, Ewig S, Torres A, El-Ebiary M, Filella X, Rañó A, Xaubet A (1999) Role of glucocorticoids on inflammatory response in nonimmunosuppressed patients with pneumonia: a pilot study. Eur Respir J 14, 218-220
Moriyama C, Betsuyaku T, Ito Y, Hamamura I, Hata J, Takahashi H, Nasuhara Y, Nishimura M (2010) Aging enhances susceptibility to cigarette smoke-induced inflammation through bronchiolar chemokines. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 42, 304-311
Morris RJ, Beech JN (1987) Sequential expression of OX2 and Thy-1 glycoproteins on the neuronal surface during development. An immunohistochemical study of rat cerebellum. Dev Neurosci 9, 33-44
Nauck M, Karakiulakis G, Perruchoud AP, Papakonstantinou E, Roth M (1998) Corticosteroids inhibit the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 341, 309-315
Neal CR Jr, Weidemann G, Kabbaj M, Vázquez DM (2004) Effect of neonatal dexamethasone exposure on growth and neurological development in the adult rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 287, R375-R385
Neuroinflammation Working Group (2000) Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging 21, 383-421
Newman PJ, Berndt MC, Gorski J, White GC 2nd, Lyman S, Paddock C, Muller WA (1990) PECAM-1 (CD31) cloning and relation to adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. Science 247, 1219-1222
Niederkorn JY (2003) Mechanisms of immune privilege in the eye and hair follicle. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 8, 168-172
Nolte C, Moos M, Schachner M (1999) Immunolocalization of the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 in epithelia of rodents. Cell Tissue Res 298, 261-273
O'Brien CD, Cao G, Makrigiannakis A, DeLisser HM (2004) Role of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs of PECAM-1 in PECAM-1-dependent cell migration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 287, C1103-C1113
Orlandi A, Francesconi A, Marcellini M, Ferlosio A, Spagnoli LG (2004) Role of ageing and coronary atherosclerosis in the development of cardiac fibrosis in the rabbit. Cardiovasc Res 64, 544-552
Oshika E, Liu S, Ung LP, Singh G, Shinozuka H, Michalopoulos GK, Katyal SL (1998) Glucocorticoid-induced effects on pattern formation and epithelial cell differentiation in early embryonic rat lungs. Pediatr Res 43, 305-314
Preston S, Wright GJ, Starr K, Barclay AN, Brown MH (1997) The leukocyte/neuron cell surface antigen OX2 binds to a ligand on macrophages. Eur J Immunol 27, 1911-1918
Rathod MA, Rogers PM, Vangipuram SD, McAllister EJ, Dhurandhar NV (2009) Adipogenic cascade can be induced without adipogenic media by a human adenovirus. Obesity (Silver Spring) 17, 657-664
Reynolds PR, Kasteler SD, Cosio MG, Sturrock A, Huecksteadt T, Hoidal JR (2008) RAGE: developmental expression and positive feedback regulation by Egr-1 during cigarette smoke exposure in pulmonary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 294, L1094-L1101
Rosenblum MD, Olasz E, Woodliff JE, Johnson BD, Konkol MC, Gerber KA, Orentas RJ, Sandford G, Truitt RL (2004a) CD200 is a novel p53-target gene involved in apoptosis-associated immune tolerance. Blood 103, 2691-2698
Rosenblum MD, Olasz EB, Yancey KB, Woodliff JE, Lazarova Z, Gerber KA, Truitt RL (2004b) Expression of CD200 on Epithelial Cells of the Murine Hair Follicle: A Role in Tissue-Specific Immune Tolerance? J Invest Dermatol 123, 880-887
Rygiel TP, Rijkers SK, Ruiter TD, Stolte EH, Valk M, Rimmelzwaan GF, Boon L, Loon AM, Coenjaerts FE, Hoek RM, Tesselaar K, Meyaard L (2009) Lack of CD200 enhances pathological T cell responses during influenza infection. J Immunol 183, 1990-1996
Sabatini F, Silvestri M, Sale R, Serpero L, Giuliani M, Scarso L, Favini P, Rossi GA (2003) Concentration-dependent effects of mometasone furoate and dexamethasone on foetal lung fibroblast functions involved in airway inflammation and remodeling. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 16, 287-297
Schimmenti LA, Yan HC, Madri JA, Albelda SM (1992) Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule, PECAM-1, modulates cell migration. J Cell Physiol 153, 417-428
Schulz C, Petrig V, Wolf K, Kratzel K, Kohler M, Becker B, Pfeifer M (2003) Upregulation of MCAM in primary bronchial epithelial cells from patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 22, 450-456
Schwab R, Hausman PB, Rinnooy-Kan E, Weksler ME (1985) Immunological studies of ageing. X. Impaired T lymphocytes and normal monocyte response from elderly humans to the mitogenic antibodies OKT3 and Leu 4. Immunology 55, 677-684
Shirasawa M, Fujiwara N, Hirabayashi S, Ohno H, Iida J, Makita K, Hata Y (2004) Receptor for advanced glycation end-products is a marker of type I lung alveolar cells. Genes Cells 9, 165-174
Silvestri M, Fregonese L, Sabatini F, Dasic G, Rossi GA (2001) Fluticasone and salmeterol downregulate in vitro, fibroblast proliferation and ICAM-1 or H-CAM expression. Eur Respir J 18, 139-145
Snelgrove RJ, Goulding J, Didierlaurent AM, Lyonga D, Vekaria S, Edwards L, Gwyer E, Sedgwick JD, Barclay AN, Hussell T (2008) A critical function for CD200 in lung immune homeostasis and the severity of influenza infection. Nature Immunology 9, 1074-1083
Snyder JM, Rodgers HF, O'Brien JA, Mahli N, Magliato SA, Durham PL (1992) Glucocorticoid effects on rabbit fetal lung maturation in vivo: an ultrastructural morphometric study. Anat Rec 232, 133-140
Sugimoto K, Takayasu H, Nakazawa N, Montedonico S, Puri P (2008) Prenatal treatment with retinoic acid accelerates type 1 alveolar cell proliferation of the hypoplastic lung in the nitrofen model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 43, 367-372
Suzuki K, Hooper SB, Wallace MJ, Probyn ME, Harding R (2006) Effects of Antenatal Corticosteroid Treatment on Pulmonary Ventilation and Circulation in Neonatal Lambs With Hypoplastic Lungs. Pediatr Pulmonol 41, 844-854
Takanashi S, Hasegawa Y, Kanehira Y, Yamamoto K, Fujimoto K, Satoh K, Okamura K (1999) Interleukin-10 level in sputum is reduced in bronchial asthma, COPD and in smokers. Eur Respir J 14, 309-314
Tankersley CG, Shank JA, Flanders SE, Soutiere SE, Rabold R, Mitzner M, Wagner EM (2003) Changes in lung permeability and lung mechanics accompany homeostatic instability in senescent mice. J Appl Physiol 95, 1681-1687
Thomas AJ, Ferrier IN, Kalaria RN, Davis S, O'Brien JT (2002) Cell adhesion molecule expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in major depression in the elderly. Br J Psychiatry 181, 129-134
Toapanta FR, Ross TM (2009) Impaired immune responses in the lungs of aged mice following influenza infection. Respir Res 10, 112-130
Tsuji T, Aoshiba K, Nagai A (2006) Alveolar cell senescence in patients with pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174, 886-893
Tsuji T, Aoshiba K, Nagai A (2010) Alveolar Cell Senescence Exacerbates Pulmonary Inflammation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Respiration 80, 59-70
Turato G, Zuin R, Miniati M, Baraldo S, Rea F, Beghé B, Monti S, Formichi B, Boschetto P, Harari S, Papi A, Maestrelli P, Fabbri LM, Saetta M (2002) Airway inflammation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: relationship with lung function and radiologic emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166, 105-110
Unemoto K, Sakai M, Shima H, Guarino N, Puri P (2003) Increased expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the lung of nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rats. Pediatr Surg Int 19, 365-370
Wade KC, Guttentag SH, Gonzales LW, Maschhoff KL, Gonzales J, Kolla V, Singhal S, Ballard PL (2006) Gene induction during differentiation of human pulmonary type II cells in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 34, 727-737
Walker DG, Dalsing-Hernandez JE, Campbell NA, Lue LF (2009) Decreased expression of CD200 and CD200 receptor in Alzheimer's disease: A potential mechanism leading to chronic inflammation. Experimental Neurology 215, 5-19
Webb M, Barclay AN (1984) Localisation of the MRC OX-2 glycoprotein on the surfaces of neurones. J Neurochem 43, 1061-1067
Wright GJ, Puklavec MJ, Willis AC, Hoek RM, Sedgwick JD, Brown MH, Barclay AN (2000) Lymphoid/Neuronal Cell Surface OX2 Glycoprotein Recognizes a Novel Receptor on Macrophages Implicated in the Control of Their Function. Immunity 13, 233-242
Wright GJ, Jones M, Puklavec MJ, Brown MH, Barclay AN (2001) The unusual distribution of the neuronal/lymphoid cell surface CD200 (OX2) glycoprotein is conserved in humans. Immunology, 102, 173-179
Xie X, Chen J, Wang X, Zhang F, Liu Y (2006) Age- and gender-related difference of ACE2 expression in rat lung. Life Sci 78, 2166-2171
Yokota Y, Wakai Y, Mine Y, Goto S, Nishida M, Kuwahara S (1988) Degradation of Host Defenses against Respiratory Tract Infection by Klebsiella pneumoniae in Aged Mice. Infect Immun 56, 966-971
Yu K, Chen Z, Wang S, Gorczynski R (2005) Decreased Alloreactivity Using Donor Cells from Mice Expressing a CD200 Transgene Under Control of a Tetracycline-Inducible Promoter. Transplantation 80, 394-401
Zhou X, Perez F, Han K, Jurivich DA (2006) Clonal senescence alters endothelial ICAM-1 function. Mech Ageing Dev 127, 779-785
Zhou Z, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Garlanda C, DeLisser HM (1999) Antibody against murine PECAM-1 inhibits tumor angiogenesis in mice. Angiogenesis 3, 181-188